Key Concepts in Science as Recommended by Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
In youtube we have several thousand videos; where Science is discussed at sufficiently higher levels, than normally educated Engineers know. I have seen thousands of these Science videos because of my Bias towards spending time with Science ( or my Hobby being Science ). The information density; meaning the new things taught or discussed in the Video is very low in general. So if I tell any student or friend to see these thousands of videos, surely they will not see. Really all of us do not have so much time. Every person has different priorities, and truthfully so many things to do. While these words may be known to many; I also observed that in Panel discussions the reverent Persons are unaware of quite a few proven / well understood facts. Lot of time is wasted when a Panel member makes wrong statement or uses wrong words, and another member corrects him to say the right words. A Scientist as a Panel member sitting in the dais, in Science talk shows; is expected to know all the facts and use exact right words which should not be wrong or have any multiple meaning.
Let me quote some examples ...
1 ) Eienstein 100 years ago was not aware of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, or say "expansion of Universe is accelerating". In the context of stars, Galaxies, Celestial events ( such as a Supernova explosion ) he correctly said that if someone travels at a very high speed towards a Galaxy he will see the events earlier than the people who remain back on Earth. The word "now" has different meanings in different parts of the world. With resepect to People at Earth we can travel into the future, at very long distances. So an Astronaut can see a Supernova explosion before People in Earth see it.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to near distances, in Earth; and confused about flow of time from Past to future.
1 ) Eienstein 100 years ago was not aware of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, or say "expansion of Universe is accelerating". In the context of stars, Galaxies, Celestial events ( such as a Supernova explosion ) he correctly said that if someone travels at a very high speed towards a Galaxy he will see the events earlier than the people who remain back on Earth. The word "now" has different meanings in different parts of the world. With resepect to People at Earth we can travel into the future, at very long distances. So an Astronaut can see a Supernova explosion before People in Earth see it.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to near distances, in Earth; and confused about flow of time from Past to future.
2 ) Since last 80 years ( Approx ) of Quantum Mechanics it is well known, ( well understood, and Mathematically well formulated; Backed up or confirmed by several experiments ) that smaller Particles can tunnel easily. So an electron or Neutrino can tunnel more easily than a Proton, Neutron or Mesons. As we have group of Particles or as Complexity increases such as a Folded Protein or a Ball in the Macro world, then then the Wave Phases randomly cancel out. The Properties of Tunneling, Interference, Diffraction etc does not hold. So Balls thrown through bars in a cage will bounce or pass through. Diffraction of a Ball or Interference of Balls is a meaningless Question or Waste of time to be discussed. We don 't have to take such big objects as Balls or Human Beings. If we take Molecules or Amino Acids; the Quantum World discussions are not relevant any more. In the Quantum World "Calculations"; we only have Probabilities, not Deterministic or Predictable. The Quantum state collapses; when observed. The entangled particles also get affected. These Quantum world concepts are not needed or not extendable to macro world.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to Bigger Objects and discussing about time reversal, Time Travel etc.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to Bigger Objects and discussing about time reversal, Time Travel etc.
3 ) Second Law of Thermodynamics is understood well since Last 100 years. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics, entropy, the measure of the disorder in a closed system. It is about Statistical Laws of Randomness, Organization, elastic collisions, Entropy, Temperature etc. The Entropy of the Universe is almost always increasing, because the Universe is expanding. There can be small local fluctuations in Entropy and disorderliness randomly and due to attractive forces such as Gravity or Strong force etc. Photosynthesis, formation of Molecules, formation of Polymers or sugars or Proteins from monomers, Secondary Structures, Tertiary structures such as folded Proteins joining up mechanically and increasing order are understood in context of "open systems" and stability Laws which as more prevailing than second law. In an open system, there can be an influx of energy into the system capable of reinvigorating the structure; in full accord with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Energy input can decrease entropy, and can simultaneously increase order. So a tree can grow by "bunching up" carbohydrates, Animals can grow by digesting carbohydrate chains, etc. Self-organization is a natural property of complex genetic systems. There is a spontaneous crystallization of order out of complex systems, and that this spontaneity can occur with no need for natural selection or any other external force. Dynamic systems, have a tendency to become more concentrated and heterogeneous as they evolve.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changes this context and tries to apply a lower version of 2nd law of thermodynamics only; in every situation. Seeing the holistic picture is not in the good habit of many. It is expected Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time; should be well known and well understood by everyone.
[ May be I am assuming a world where the Panelists of Science Discussion forums will not contradict or correct one another in Public. They can argue and compromise in private discussions, and in public all say the same correct words. ]
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But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changes this context and tries to apply a lower version of 2nd law of thermodynamics only; in every situation. Seeing the holistic picture is not in the good habit of many. It is expected Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time; should be well known and well understood by everyone.
[ May be I am assuming a world where the Panelists of Science Discussion forums will not contradict or correct one another in Public. They can argue and compromise in private discussions, and in public all say the same correct words. ]
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I recommend students to know the following Key Concepts
- The paradox of predictability
- Kolmogorov complexity
- Chaos Versus Complexity
- Dynamic networks or complex systems
- Concept of emergence
- Patterns Amid Complexity
- Red Queen effect
- Determinism VS Predictability
- Poincare fluctuations
- epistemic uncertainty
- Aumann's agreement theorem
- LQG ( Loop Quantum Gravity )
- Occam's Razor
- Ology
- Ontology
- Nomology
- Bohmian quantum theories or Bohmian mechanics
- Planck length, Space, time etc
- Stability of Solar System
- Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time
- How Prabability is distorted in Human Mind by Prospect Theory
- Anna Karenina principle
Many years ago Laplace made an error. Laplace assumed an Universe, in which all of the rules of the are fixed. In this type of universe, as Laplace pointed out, if we knew enough information about the current state of the universe in addition to all of its fundamental and unchanging laws, we would be able both to calculate the entire history of the universe and to predict its entire future. There would be no room for free will, which would be seen merely as an illusion. The actual solar system contains eight planets, six of which were known to Newton, Millions of Asteroids and each planet and rock exerts small, periodically varying, gravitational forces on all the other. The puzzle posed by Newton is whether the net effect of these periodic forces on the planetary orbits averages to zero over long times, so that the planets continue to follow orbits similar to the ones they have today, or whether these small mutual interactions gradually degrade the regular arrangement of the orbits in the solar system, leading eventually to a collision between two planets, the ejection of a planet to interstellar space, or perhaps the incineration of a planet by the Sun. Even though, the interplanetary gravitational interactions are very small, the force on Earth from Jupiter, the largest planet, is only about ten parts per million of the force from the Sun—but the time available for their effects to accumulate is even longer: over four billion years since the solar system was formed, and almost eight billion years until the death of the Sun. The effects of various forces, stability or instability with various possible random initial conditions, were tried in computers.
BUT ... Chaos theory studies these mechanistic types of systems but it tends to emphasise the principle of feedback whereby two variables are influenced by each other: this can lead to non-linearity and the variables behaving in seemingly chaotic ways. An important insight of Chaos Theory is the sensitivity of a chaotic system to initial conditions due to the non-linearity of the system. What this means is that if the initial conditions of a chaotic system were changed microscopically, then over a long enough period of time the outcome of the whole system will be completely different. This is often referred to as The Butterfly Effect. However, it is important to emphasize that if the initial conditions of the chaotic system were unchanged between two simulations to an infinite degree of precision, the outcome of the two will be the same over any period of time. So the butterfly effect really only serves to contrast the outcomes in two marginally different systems that are still deterministic i.e. machine-like. In one simulation, the butterfly flapped its wings, in the other it did not.
The science of Complexity happens somewhere between totally ordered and totally random systems. Complex systems are denoted by the fact that they may be generated by a relatively simple set of subprocesses; a few things interacting, but producing tremendously divergent behavior. As Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann phrased it: “Surface complexity arising out of deep simplicity.” One might also call this: deterministic chaos; in other words, it appears random but isn’t. In complex systems, there is a concept known as a global cascade, which is similar to what people often mean by the butterfly effect but it is in fact fundamentally different. A global cascade is basically a network-wide domino effect that occurs in a dynamic network, made famous by Duncan Watts in 2002. Watts showed that sometimes a complex system proved robust in the face of a modest shock (it might just wobble slightly); but in other instances, the same shock might cascade across the system, showing it to be fragile.
Whatever we measure, there is a factor of error. Atomic clocks measuring time interval upto 17 decimal places, have error factors at the 18 th place. We know "time interval" ticks slower near more gravity, compared to less gravitational field. So time interval at the roof of the lab will tick quicker, and record more number of ticks, compared to ground floor of the Lab. The atomic clocks with 17 decimal places Precision, can see the difference in Time interval ticks with a hight difference of 40 cms. Now in normal real world we hardly work or do things with 2 to 3 decimal places of Precision. Meaning things are not exactly repeatable. If we keep hitting a ball with 2.345 Newton force repeatedly, at a decided angle, each time there will be a different ball, different angle, different value of the force, within various error factors. If we imagine a slightly different initial direction, the trajectory will at first be only slightly different. And collisions with the straight walls will not tend to increase very rapidly the difference between trajectories. But collisions with the convex object will have the effect of amplifying the differences. After several collisions with the convex body or bodies, trajectories that started out very close to one another will have become wildly different. So a student should know that the future is not repeatable. With a ball itself if so much of Chaos, complexity etc, then imagine what happens for people, future, success and fame of persons, Careers, accidents, disease, lottery .... Nothing is predictable in the Trillion random incidences.
In Quantum world the complexity or chaos of repeating is more. Diffraction, entangled particles, Interference, interaction with virtual particles that pop up, various decays and transformations, etc creates a probability soup. At the microscopic level the world is ultimately mysterious and chancy.
So both in micro world and macro world events are not repeatable. Further it goes, with more interactions, outcomes may or may not fall into boundaries, or envelopes. In some cases there are fractal outcomes, some cases Gaussian, some cases long tail, the list can go on.
In chaotic dynamical systems come in a great variety of types: discrete and continuous, 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional and higher, particle-based and fluid-flow-based, and so on. Mathematically, we may suppose all of these systems share SDIC ( Sensitive dependence on initial conditions ). But generally they will also display properties such as unpredictability, non-computability, Kolmogorov-random behavior, and so on—at least when looked at in the right way, or at the right level of detail.
Also laws of Physics are different in different parts of the world. Near or at Singularities, such as near Blackhole, the known laws breakdown. We do have concepts of Planck length, Planck space, Planck time etc. The maximum temperature that we can theoretically have is the temperature where photons are emitted with wavelength of Planck length. At that high temperature more particles, and virtual particles are created. The energy starts getting converted to mass, and thus temperature can 't increase any more.
So both in micro world and macro world events are not repeatable. Further it goes, with more interactions, outcomes may or may not fall into boundaries, or envelopes. In some cases there are fractal outcomes, some cases Gaussian, some cases long tail, the list can go on.
In chaotic dynamical systems come in a great variety of types: discrete and continuous, 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional and higher, particle-based and fluid-flow-based, and so on. Mathematically, we may suppose all of these systems share SDIC ( Sensitive dependence on initial conditions ). But generally they will also display properties such as unpredictability, non-computability, Kolmogorov-random behavior, and so on—at least when looked at in the right way, or at the right level of detail.
Also laws of Physics are different in different parts of the world. Near or at Singularities, such as near Blackhole, the known laws breakdown. We do have concepts of Planck length, Planck space, Planck time etc. The maximum temperature that we can theoretically have is the temperature where photons are emitted with wavelength of Planck length. At that high temperature more particles, and virtual particles are created. The energy starts getting converted to mass, and thus temperature can 't increase any more.
Anna Jordanous and team found the following aspects of Creativity.
Our Challenge is to implement all these for Students
Rhetoric means Using language effectively to please or persuade; while it also means High-flown style; excessive use of verbal ornamentation and Loud and confused and empty talk.
Isocrates (436–338 BC), an ancient Greek rhetorician, was one of the ten Attic orators. Among the most influential Greek rhetoricians of his time, Isocrates made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works. According to George Norlin, Isocrates defined rhetoric as outward feeling and inward thought of not merely expression, but reason, feeling, and imagination. Like most who studied rhetoric before and after him, Isocrates believed it was used to persuade ourselves and others, but also used in directing public affairs. Isocrates described rhetoric as "that endowment of our human nature which raises us above mere animality and enables us to live the civilized life".
A sophist or sophister was a specific kind of teacher in both Ancient Greece and in the Roman Empire. Many sophists specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric, though other sophists taught subjects such as music, athletics, and mathematics. In general, they claimed to teach arete ("excellence" or "virtue," applied to various subject areas), predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. There are not many writings from and about the first sophists. The early sophists' practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay resulted in the condemnations made by Socrates through Plato in his Dialogues, as well as by Xenophon in Memorabilia and, somewhat controversially, by Aristotle who, being paid to tutor Alexander the Great, could be accused of being a Sophist (although Aristotle did not actually accept payment from Philip, Alexander's father, but requested that, in lieu of payment, Philip reconstruct Aristotle's home town of Stagira, which Philip had destroyed in a previous campaign, terms which Philip accepted).
The Greek sophos, related to the noun sophia, had the meaning "skilled" or "wise" since the time of the poet Homer and originally was used to describe anyone with expertise in a specific domain of knowledge or craft. For example, a charioteer, a sculptor or a warrior could be described as sophoi in their occupations. Gradually, however, the word also came to denote general wisdom and especially wisdom about human affairs (for example, in politics, ethics, or household management).
Many of the sophistic educators were characterized as deceitful because they were more concerned with making a profit from teaching persuasive trickery than of producing quality orators that would promote Athenian democracy. Isocrates was more concerned with the latter of these objectives and sought to separate himself from these less reputable sophistic teachers.
Western People generally don 't talk about Indian Traditions
Isocrates (436–338 BC), an ancient Greek rhetorician, was one of the ten Attic orators. Among the most influential Greek rhetoricians of his time, Isocrates made many contributions to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works. According to George Norlin, Isocrates defined rhetoric as outward feeling and inward thought of not merely expression, but reason, feeling, and imagination. Like most who studied rhetoric before and after him, Isocrates believed it was used to persuade ourselves and others, but also used in directing public affairs. Isocrates described rhetoric as "that endowment of our human nature which raises us above mere animality and enables us to live the civilized life".
A sophist or sophister was a specific kind of teacher in both Ancient Greece and in the Roman Empire. Many sophists specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric, though other sophists taught subjects such as music, athletics, and mathematics. In general, they claimed to teach arete ("excellence" or "virtue," applied to various subject areas), predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. There are not many writings from and about the first sophists. The early sophists' practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay resulted in the condemnations made by Socrates through Plato in his Dialogues, as well as by Xenophon in Memorabilia and, somewhat controversially, by Aristotle who, being paid to tutor Alexander the Great, could be accused of being a Sophist (although Aristotle did not actually accept payment from Philip, Alexander's father, but requested that, in lieu of payment, Philip reconstruct Aristotle's home town of Stagira, which Philip had destroyed in a previous campaign, terms which Philip accepted).
The Greek sophos, related to the noun sophia, had the meaning "skilled" or "wise" since the time of the poet Homer and originally was used to describe anyone with expertise in a specific domain of knowledge or craft. For example, a charioteer, a sculptor or a warrior could be described as sophoi in their occupations. Gradually, however, the word also came to denote general wisdom and especially wisdom about human affairs (for example, in politics, ethics, or household management).
Many of the sophistic educators were characterized as deceitful because they were more concerned with making a profit from teaching persuasive trickery than of producing quality orators that would promote Athenian democracy. Isocrates was more concerned with the latter of these objectives and sought to separate himself from these less reputable sophistic teachers.
Western People generally don 't talk about Indian Traditions
You must know How School Makes Kids Less Intelligent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Yt6raj-S1M
Let us Prepare Our Kids for Life, Not Standardized Tests
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rvhb9aoyeZs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Yt6raj-S1M
Let us Prepare Our Kids for Life, Not Standardized Tests
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rvhb9aoyeZs
The Book list that We generally use is as follows
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1 ) Concepts of Physics by H C Verma Part 1 and 2
2 ) Maths R S Agarwal ( std 11 and 12 )
3 ) Books by Prof. N N Ghosh
4 ) IIT JEE RGB Guide for Physics and Chemistry
5 ) 40 days of Chemistry for Engineering exams
6 ) Competition Science Vision Magazines
7 ) Schaum series 3000 Solved examples in Chemistry ( Physics also written below in 19 )
8 ) Schaum series 3000 Solved examples in Organic Chemistry
9 ) Inorganic Chemistry by O P Tandon
10 ) Organic Chemistry by Jagdamba Singh ( As per our analysis this is the best book of Organic Chemistry in India )
11 ) Objective Organic Chemistry - R K Gupta Arihant or Organic Chemistry by Cengage and Organic Chemistry by Disha Publication
12 ) Problems in Chemistry - Arihant - R K Gupta
13 ) Physical Chemistry - O P Tandon
14 ) Physical Chemistry - R K Gupta Arihant
15 ) Mathematics for Std 11and 12 CBSE - Khattar
16 ) IIT JEE Mathematics Khattar Pearson
17 ) IIT JEE Maths by TMH Guide and AIEEE ( IIT JEE main ) Maths guide by Tata Mc Graw Hill ( TMH )
18 ) 40 years of IIT JEE solutions of Phy, Chem, Maths by Arihant or Disha Guide
( The 40 year Maths, Physics solution is preferably by Arihant )
19) Schaum 3000 solved example in Physics
20 ) Numerical Chemistry book by any author such as Mukherjee or Sarin
21 ) Objective Physics by D Mukherjee
22 ) For CBSE Chemistry Oswal and Pradeep Guide for standard 11 and 12
23 ) For CBSE Physics Pradeep Guide for standard 11 and 12
24 ) IIT JEE Mathematics by Cengage Publications
25 ) Past papers and solutions of VIT
26 ) Past papers and solutions of Manipal
27 ) Past papers and solutions of CET
28 ) Past papers and solutions of COMEDK
29 ) Past papers and solutions of BITSAT
30 ) IIT JEE Mathematics by M L Khanna
31 ) CET an COMEDK preparation books from BOSCO publications
32 ) Objective Physics by Krishna's Publication - Shobhna Sharma
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If there are students are of Standard 9 or 10 we need to add the following
- NTSE preparation books
- H C Verma Physics books for standard 9 and 10
AMTI Books
https://www.amtionline.com/book_list_publication.asp#name_tag
KVPY preparation Books
vignettes in physics by Venkatraman can be bought from
http://www.amazon.in/s/?ie=UTF8&keywords=vignettes+in+physics&tag=googinhydr1-21&index=stripbooks&hvadid=183197836206&hvpos=1t1&hvnetw=g&hvrand=356696207224115888&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=b&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9062010&hvtargid=kwd-40002101797&ref=pd_sl_4wgqdy4b4d_b
What is Mathematics by Courant
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_kYBqLc5QoQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=what+is+Mathematics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiirO2D3urTAhXmDMAKHSvwDmQQ6AEIITAA#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20Mathematics&f=false
What is Mathematics Really by Reuben Hersh
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=R-qgdx2A5b0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=what+is+Mathematics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiirO2D3urTAhXmDMAKHSvwDmQQ6AEIKTAB#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20Mathematics&f=false
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In case any student once to prepare for Mathematics Olympiad ( RMO INMO IMO )
then Mathematics by Shailesh Shirali is needed.
[ We will NOT teach Number Theory and other topics for Math Olympiad ]
Algebra by Hall and Knight
and Algebra by Barnard and Child
Please download the following books
1 ) Book on Gene or Genome
http://bioinformaticsinstitute.ru/sites/default/files/genome_the_autobiography_of_a_species_in_23_chapters_-_matt_ridley.pdf
2 ) You should read the books by Daniel Kahneman,
https://vk.com/doc23267904_175119602
3 ) Dan Arley.
http://www.e-reading.club/bookreader.php/138702/Ariely_-_Predictably_Irrational__The_Hidden_Forces_That_Shape_Our_Decisions.pdf
4 ) The Black Swan - by Nassim Taleb
http://shifter-magazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Taleb_The-Black-Swan.pdf
also
see http://stavochka.com/files/Nate_Silver_The_Signal_and_the_Noise.pdf
5 ) Nudge by Thaler and Sunstein
https://ethicslab.georgetown.edu/studio/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Richard_H._Thaler_Cass_R._Sunstein_Nudge_Impro_BookFi.org_.pdf
6 ) book which explains pricing is " The undercover Economist "
https%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-cursos.cl%2Fingenieria%2F2008%2F2%2FIN2C1%2F2%2Fmaterial_docente%2Fbajar%3Fid_material%3D192590&usg=AFQjCNENE73B20lg0yTs8z2nAwbeRVXqHw&bvm=bv.113370389,d.c2E
or
http://ebook.stepor.com/book/the-undercover-economist-76396-pdf.html
7 ) Please download http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-89958-069-3.volltext.frei.pdf
8 ) The Paper Rich vs King. Startups are for retaining control even after losing money
http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2006/Wasserman.pdf
and Competition Science Vision
https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_FegDAAAAMBAJ#page/n49/mode/2up
https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_Nr7W41_P-08C#page/n21/mode/2up
https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_N-gDAAAAMBAJ#page/n69/mode/2up
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