Physics Pages and Links
-
http://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/diamagnetic-paramagnetic-ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic-ferrimagnetic-piezoelectricity-pyroelectricity-ferroelectricity-antiferroelectricity-superconductivity-troutons-law-and-clausius-clapeyron-eq/
-
http://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-properties-of-material/
-
http://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/ncert-cbse-physics-standard-11-mechanical-properties-of-fluids-chapter-9/
-
Free Download of pdf e-Books can be done from
https://zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/free-pdf-e-book-download-for-iit-jee-cbse-isc-cet-physics-chemistry-maths-from-professor-subhashish-skmclasses/
Text of the eBooks by Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Spoon Feeding – Physics
Simplified Knowledge Management Classes Bangalore
My name is Subhashish Chattopadhyay. I have been teaching for IIT-JEE, Various International Exams ( such as IMO [ International Mathematics Olympiad ], IPhO [ International Physics Olympiad ], IChO [ International Chemistry Olympiad ] ), IGCSE ( IB ), CBSE, I.Sc, Indian State Board exams such as WB-Board, Karnataka PU-II etc since 1989. As I write this book in 2016, it is my 27 th year of teaching. I was a Visiting Professor to BARC Mankhurd, Chembur, Mumbai, Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education ( HBCSE ) Physics Olympics camp BARC Campus.
I am Life Member of …
- IAPT ( Indian Association of Physics Teachers )
- IPA ( Indian Physics Association )
- AMTI ( Association of Mathematics Teachers of India )
- National Human Rights Association
- Men’s Rights Movement ( India and International )
- MGTOW Movement ( India and International )
And also of
IACT ( Indian Association of Chemistry Teachers )
The selection for National Camp ( for Official Science Olympiads - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy ) happens in the following steps ….
1 ) NSEP ( National Standard Exam in Physics ) and NSEC ( National Standard Exam in Chemistry ) held around 24 rth November. Approx 35,000 students appear for these exams every year. The exam fees is Rs 100 each. Since 1998 the IIT JEE toppers have been topping these exams and they get to know their rank / performance ahead of others.
2 ) INPhO ( Indian National Physics Olympiad ) and INChO ( Indian National Chemistry Olympiad ). Around 300 students in each subject are allowed to take these exams. Students coming from outside cities are paid fair from the Govt of India.
3 ) The Top 35 students of each subject are invited at HBCSE ( Homi Bhabha Center for Science Education ) Mankhurd, near Chembur, BARC, Mumbai. After a 2-3 weeks camp the top 5 are selected to represent India. The flight tickets and many other expenses are taken care by Govt of India.
Since last 50 years there has been no dearth of “Good Books“. Those who are interested in studies have been always doing well. This e-Book does not intend to replace any standard text book. These topics are very old and already standardized.
There are 3 kinds of Text Books
- The thin Books - Good students who want more details are not happy with these. Average students who need more examples are not happy with these. Most students who want to “Cram” quickly and pass somehow find the thin books “good” as they have to read less !!
- The Thick Books - Most students do not like these, as they want to read as less as possible. Average students are “busy” with many other things and have no time to read all these.
- The Average sized Books - Good students do not get all details in any one book. Most bad students do not want to read books of “this much thickness“ also !!
We know there can be no shoe that’s fits in all.
Printed books are not e-Books! Can’t be downloaded and kept in hard-disc for reading “later”
………
So if you read this book later, you will get all kinds of examples in a single place. This becomes a very good “Reference Material”. I sincerely wish that all find this “very useful”.
Students who do not practice lots of problems, do not do well. The rules of “doing well” had never changed …. Will never change !
After 2016 CBSE Mathematics exam, lots of students complained that the paper was tough!
On 21 st May 2016 the CBSE standard 12 result was declared. I loved the headline
In 2015 also the same complain was there by many students
So we see that by raising frivolous requests, even upto parliament, actually does not help. Many times requests from several quarters have been put to CBSE, or Parliament etc for easy Math Paper. These kinds of requests actually can-not be entertained, never will be.
In March 2016, students of Karnataka PU-II also complained the same, regarding standard 12 ( PU-II Mathematics Exam ). Even though the Math Paper was identical to previous year, most students had not even solved the 2015 Question Paper.
These complains are not new. In fact since last 40 years, ( since my childhood ), I always see this; every year the same setback, same complain!
In this e-Book I am trying to solve this problem. Those students who practice can learn.
No one can help those who are not studying, or practicing.
Learn more at skmclasses.weebly.com/iit-jee-home-tuitions-bangalore.html
Twitter – twitter.com/ZookeeperPhy
Facebook – facebook.com/IIT.JEE.by.Prof.Subhashish/
Blog – skmclasses.kinja.com
A very polite request :
I wish these e-Books are read only by Boys and Men. Girls and Women, better read something else; learn from somewhere else.
Foreword for the Book, by Dr. Navsky Gupta
Director and Consultant, Shankar Netrika Eye Center, Mumbai
Studied at University of California, Irvine, and Volgograd Medical Academy
-
On human apes by the storytelling chimpanzee
My view of human apes
Let me be clear at the onset of my view. I am not proud of my species which calls itself Homo sapiens.
You just need to look our sorry history of violence, warring and massacres over power, resources and religion.
I think, for the most part, the human ape thinks, acts and reproduces as do his great ape cousins. (they mate, have family, have culture etc. as shown by studies of Jane Goodall, Desmond Morris and many more)
Our evolution of higher faculties
Yet, for an ape, we have come a long way forward. The journey has been slow and arduous.
The first ape like humans probably arose (quiet literally) on their two feet some 5 to 7 million years ago (that is 50,000 to 70,000 centuries ago).
The great apes as a family go back 15 million years.
Somewhere down the line we developed imagination, curiosity, and the ability to consider “What if ?”
These qualities of imagination, curiosity and abstract thinking are vital components of storytelling so that when developed, a mere mention or even the thought of a word can evoke artificial, imaginative or real worlds in the mind.
Other animals too have traits of intelligence
We are not certain if our cousin great apes have it or not, and if they have, to what extent it is developed.
Curiosity is certainly very common in animal kingdom.
It is a human hubris to think that we are sole possessor of this facility.
Other animals are as curious as us including our cousin apes, cats, rodents to name a few?
Curiosity is an inquisitive thinking that involves observation, exploration, investigation, learning and finally changes in behavior.
Curiosity has survival and reproductive value which is essential for success of DNA transmission, the raison d’etre for any kind of life based on carbon and DNA.
Curiosity involves several neurological aspects such as motivation and reward, attention, memory and learning.
Our crippling shortcomings
The other thing that we humans need to be aware is that we are in the end apes and very flawed apes at that.
No doubt we have higher intelligence and contemplate abstract thinking.
Yet, our evolutionary mind uses principles that had served us well when we were hunter-gatherers in the African savannas but now do us grave injustice.
They are termed cognitive fallacies.
The list of these heuristics (mental shortcuts), biases, is devastatingly huge and long.
They become a fertile ground for the breeding of irrationality in human apes.
Worse, irrationality is highly contagious.
Classification of cognitive biases
These cognitive biases are divided into three categories:
1. Decision making and belief biases:
There are more than 80 of these.
One good example is the bandwagon effect or the herd mentality. This explains how easily a temple, or church or a statue gets tagged as “lucky”.
2. Social biases
There are at least 25 of these.
The classic one being, the just-world hypothesis also known as the moral luck. It is a belief that good stuff happens to virtuous and ill happens to the diabolical, deservingly of course.
Another good example is the Barnum effect (closely related to subjective validation) wherein an individual considers a general and a vague statement highly specific to his or her own personality.
Example: Disciplined and self controlled outside, you tend to be worrisome and insecure inside.
Entire chicanery of astrology, palmistry and astrology are based on this one bias.
3. Memory errors and biases
There are at least 60 of them
The peak-end rule is a suitable example. It is the assessment of any experience by an individual largely on how they felt it at its peak and at its termination. This has a special significance for medical procedures and surgeries.
Limitations of curiosity, logic and abstract thinking
You will realize that just being curious and having the ability of abstract thinking is not enough.
These two generally end up in giving rise to either philosophy or worse, religion.
These traits alone would very likely have us end up in creating a world view that is largely hopeful, helpful and endearing but factually incorrect.
This in fact did happen for most of the time in human history.
Added with these two, if one begins to apply logic and proofs, the brain is capable of generating powerful mathematics.
Yet, all these devises and tools namely curiosity, imagination, logic and mathematical proofs have proved themselves deficient in curbing our remarkable ability to fool ourselves.
Experimental Science is the best tool ever devised to understand reality
The only tool and the best method that we humans came up with understanding reality is experimentation, particularly well controlled, repeatable verifiable experiments that can minimize the experimenter’s bias.
In medicine, the gold standard of drug testing for its efficacy and safety is the placebo controlled double blind clinical trial.
It is not an easy task to conduct an original experiment.
Education’s Biggest Failure
Our school education’s profoundest failure is exactly this.
It does not inculcate either questioning or original thinking or more specifically critical thinking.
We fail to teach our students the idea of how to propose a hypothesis and go about testing it.
Our schooling fails to provide to even the best outgoing student the notion of conceiving an original experiment to prove or disprove an idea.
Only few people are good experimentalists, meaning they take care to isolate their study from events that can undue influence its outcome.
The most important aspect about the experimental findings is that it should be repeatable, verifiable by other people who repeat them under similar conditions in other places.
It is the one biggest universal failure of education system all over the world.
Education is currently seen as a way to attain professional career and job security which is not bad per se.
But something very important has been lost.
Do we encourage a student to write an original paper?
Do we encourage a student to ever lay out a plan for considering an original experiment?
In fact, in our education, do we even mention that so many unknown things remain to discover.
May be it is so that there is now so much to know that it overwhelms a young mind.
At least most young minds.
The reason for the failure of education
What prevents us from imparting the type of education we often know about, speak about but fail to carry out?
You will be surprised at the answer.
It is overpopulation; too many of us human apes.
( Did you notice Female Life expectancy is always higher than Men ! Do you know why ? )
If someone were to ask me what is the key problem today, I would say that we are simply too many of us today.
India or South Asia is an extreme example but almost all the nations face this hideous calamity.
Are nation states able to provide clean air and water to their citizens?
Are they able to provide a basic housing to their citizens?
Are they able to provide even basic level healthcare to their citizens?
What about jobs?
Many argue between capitalism, socialism, mixed system and so on and so forth.
I think they keep missing the key issue.
Denial is probably the right word.
Such a populace simply cannot be given the fundamental rights as enshrined in the constitutions of most nation states.
Most would not sit to listen to this and may get up and leave in protest.
Stating the problem
But let me make my case.
Just feeding, giving clean water and jobs is not the way we should be looking at the citizens of the world; though even that itself is a herculean task and even the most developed nation states are grappling with the problem.
I want to go beyond this.
Why has education, the process of acquiring knowledge become such a painful task for most young people?
Let us see this step by step.
For starters, every child right from a day she is born needs a decent health care and nutrition.
The idea is to get very good schooling.
Good schools are few and the race starts right here.
Only very few percentage of humans born will get good schooling.
Second step, after the school, it is the college.
The idea of scoring top percentages is to get into the best colleges.
We all know that in general in any country, including the United States, only a tiny percentage of colleges or universities offer a life enhancing and transforming program.
Good education needs great teachers.
Great and dedicated teachers are a rarity as a society can afford to pay and reward only a handful of good teachers, professors.
Following that, we have the problem of jobs or a professional career.
Here again one encounters a cut throat competition and only a few will land up with a satisfactory job.
As it is, most of us humans are average and really not very productive for a society.
In fact, most of us can be or turn out to be a burden for the society.
A planet that has fewer people, can be better educated, can be given better lives, and can be given better policing /security and a speedier and effective justice.
Crime itself will come down.
The lesser we are, the more we will care for each other.
Moreover, more productive and educated people are more likely to contribute funds not only for the resources needed to run a society but to higher pursuits of sciences and mathematics.
This idea is extremely repulsive and disgusting to nearly everybody as it goes against our biological drive, our most primal instinct.
But what needs to be done must be done.
Otherwise we will be doomed to mediocrity and worse, nightmarish suffering that is visible all around us.
Someone asked me the one biggest mistake we have made.
I think it is this.
We have allowed runaway breeding of ourselves.
If we wish all schools to impart scientific teaching and inculcate scientific methods, we need to have fewer of them very good ones with better facilities with fewer pupils to care after.
Just being a few would increase love and tolerance for each other and further our cooperation.
Going one step further
In this context, another important pops up.
We are aware that resources are scare, may it be for education, for health, for research, for fuels, for energy.
We, if are intelligent, and rational enough; must plan our death once we realize that our contribution to the society is nil.
After that, we become a parasite and a hindrance for the younger generation who exist and who are to come.
This is one of the biggest prices we are paying for the success of medicine.
Ageing and geriatric diseases are taking a huge toll on the national economies, especially of the developed world where the state bears the expenses of the early to a large extent.
Finally when the time comes, one needs to embrace death by making death peaceful, planned and curbing our greedy desire to go on and on.
Story Telling Chimpanzee
See panarrans.blogspot.in/
A Dose on Teaching Methodologies
Often Ideas, opinion, concepts and / or "Point of views" are better explained by contrasting examples. Here I will explain "Teaching Methodologies" with contrasting facts, to invoke logic and thoughts.
Thought Provoke 1 –
Certain facts about Stock Market are known to many, but not to all. The "Blue Chip and / or Large cap" stocks are traded the most. More people want to own pieces of these Big / Successful companies. The high trading volume, and the Lots of money into these stocks confirm this. Next in interest are Medium Sized companies, followed by Mid Caps, Small caps, Penny stocks ... so on.
Even in Mutual Funds, more money is in Large Cap Funds or Blue chip Funds. The least is in Penny stocks. Most days there is no trading in Penny stocks. To buy stocks that are not being traded, someone has to contact and request brokers specifically. There are millions of examples where someone 's money got "locked" into non-traded stocked and became very difficult to exit.
Now think why is this ? Market as overall is "extremely intelligent". The Market as a whole rewards or punishes performance, trends, future Growth / Profit / Prospects Ruthlessly. People in general want Stability, Liquidity, Quicker and Steady Profit. Investing in trees which will grow and give you return after 25 years is hardly acceptable in the world where computers trade in seconds for every arbitrage advantage. Blue chip, Big companies are huge, are around for long time with lots of data with their ups and downs, so many performance analysis and graphs ... in contrast to IPOs or startups! Is it interesting that 90% startups Vanish within 5 years ?
Replace Companies with students, in the above discussion. Which is more riskier to bet on ( for future results / Success in life / Results / Money Earned etc ) on toddlers ? or on students in Standard 8 ? Or on Students of Standard 10 ? students of standard 12 ? Students in Famous colleges ? ( such as NITs or IITs etc ) ? Guys with IIT + IIM combination ? etc. If you or someone else meets 10,000 students of age 4 to 6 years, what can be concluded about any individuals performance ? What can we guess about group performance ? What can we predict about all of them ?
[ I expect people to know that NOTHING can be predicted with any group or individuals. Read Nassim Taleb's book The Black Swan ]
- -
Thought Provoke 2 –
Meet a random group of people and tell them to name some Famous Physicists. ( Doesn't Matter Alive or Dead ). Most probably you will get the names Albert Einstein, Newton, Galileo Galilei, .... ( You can have fun assuming that I don't know any other names ! ). Well ... You will get some names say take atleast 10 - 15 names. [ Most probably the list will not have names of John Stewart Bell, Alain Aspect, William George Unruh, John Bardeen or say Hendrik Casimir in the list. Even though these guys are best of the bests, general People do not know their names !]
Next tell the random group to name some ( at least 15 ) Famous Chemistry Guys ... This is will tough. Most probably the names you will get are Mendeleev, Dalton, Lavoisier, Joseph Priestly, Fritz Haber, Frederick Sanger, etc. I am sure this list will vary widely, from group to group. Most people will not know that Frederick Sanger is the only Person with Two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, and Linus Pauling once in Chemistry and once in Peace. Almost everyone knows that Marie Curie got Nobel Prize once in Physics and once in Chemistry. While most people will not know that John Bardeen in the only Person to Nobel Physics Prize twice !
If you tell the group to make a list of top 10 ( or famous ) Botanists ? or Zoologists ? ... Hardly any group will able to tell you a few names.
What about name of 10 Psychologists ? Most probably the only name you ever get is Sigmund Freud. No one will tell you names of Gordon Allport and S. Odbert.
[ All explanations given by Freud are wrong, and crap. Modern Psychologists, call Freud worst than a quack. See how Professor Bloom, from Yale laugh at Freud, ( and I agree with Prof. Bloom ), in the class...
youtube.com/watch?v=P3FKHH2RzjI&list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F ]
If the random group is told to make a list of 10 Famous Persons in general, then most will try to put names of movie Stars or say Music Legends. I have conducted these discussions with many groups, and seen that if Movie Stars, or Music stars are not allowed to be named, then it really becomes difficult for the guys in the group to name 10 Famous persons. Though some will simply say ... "There are too many .... " ... start with Mahatma Gandhi ....
What about a list of Famous Atheists ? Will people in India readily name Nobel Laureates C. V. Raman, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar etc as Atheists ?
My Personal list of Famous and Successful people is Nicholas Winton, Dean Radin, Luca Turin, Satyen Bose, Gertrude Elion, Dr. Harrison Schmitt, Emmy Noether, Kurt Godel, Desmond Morris, Alan Turing, Irena Sendler, Andreas Vesalius, Richard Stallman, Roman Polanski, Christopher Alexander, Carl Sagan, Perelman, Arno Penzias, Ilya Prigogyne, Nadia Comaneci, Marcel Marceau, Augusto Boal, Anthony nesty, Pele, Roger Milla, Vaclav Havel, Jim Jarmusch etc. This is because of various reasons, and with lot of searching, thoughts, pondering ...
By now it is already 2-3 minutes of long boring harangue ... is it ? So the Bomb Question ...
Which schools were all these guys from ?
Do you realize that success of each of these guys are due to huge randomness, lots of hard work, luck, and time specific. Do you realize that thousands of Billionaires, Millions of Millionaires have revealed all details of their hard work, but the "Success sequence" can not be repeated.
Go to any school which is say 60 or 70 years old; you will find 1 or 2 ex students as scientists in NASA, very senior guy in some large cap company etc. [ My school KMPM High School Bistupur also "boasts" of 3-4 guys in Nasa etc. Personally I have never heard any school talking of ex-student being in ISRO. I wonder does ISRO have Scientists ? Are Schools happy about them ? Is it more prestigious to be in NASA or in ISRO ? Does guys from NIT or IIT join ISRO ? Why does "Prestigious Schools" in India send students for "Summer Tour" to NASA but NOT to ISRO ?
So many interesting questions ... No answers. No one agrees with any answers ! These were only thought provoking discussions ...
When there is NO consensus about "Good Schools" then is there any consensus on "Teaching Methodology" ?
What are various Teaching Methodologies ?
- -
Thought Provoke 3 –
Behind my Home, in an Independent House, a Lady has put up a board. She runs a toddler play-school. In the Board about her, and about the school, she says ... "Montessori education Certified from Europe .... From some 'Famous' certification agency ". Well around my home, within 3 km there are more than 15 toddler playschools. Each distinguish themselves from "others" in some way or other. Each say they are better because of some Certification, or some teaching methodology.
Now no one talks of teaching Methodology of "Famous Educationist", the first Nobel Laureate of Asia, Robindranath Thakur. Surely what ever Robindranath had said or advocated is "very old" and should be scrapped ! Who cares of old things ? [ except of course if it is Vintage car or painting selling opportunity ! ]
I personally don't care about what Robindranath had advocated. I did not try to find out. I am busy with many other things. These will the words of many or most people!
One of the drawbacks of common Human beings is "not to search and compare" but to get influenced by many Marketing / advertisement methods. People get influenced by suggestions, word of mouth, advices, and Modern Technical experiences such as Mobile Apps. These are huge business opportunities.
We have vedanta way of teaching by Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Very big group of institutions, who are convinced that "their method of teaching" is the best.
PSBB Millennium Group of Schools, say in their website ... combined strength of over a decade of 'thought leadership' in best pedagogic practices of the Learning Leadership Foundation and more than five decades of academic excellence...
BGS group of schools say in their website ... Fostering independent thinking, thoughtful decision-making, critical analysis, appreciation with intellectual humility to accept difference in opinion. Helping the student to discover what it is to live and grow with clarity of thought, with harmony in Nature, with beauty and freedom in the world. Inculcating the best of Indian culture and tradition among the pupils. Creating responsible, disciplined and secular citizens, who are fully aware of their social, moral and cultural obligations and commitments, with a desire for unbounded service to humanity.
Aurobindo schools, Ashrams, follow .... Integral Education regards the child as a growing soul and helps him to bring out all that is best, most powerful, most innate and living in his nature. It helps the child develop all facets of his personality and awaken his latent possibilities so that he acquires. They say ... Rupantar, one of our special initiatives, is a strategically designed initiative that targets the highest impact areas in Education with innovative solutions to transform an entire state education system in India.
A guy named Gadadhar Chattopadhyay ( not related to me ), became very Famous. Or should I say, yet he is famous ? I see his photograph in many houses, randomly; as I visit. There are many ashrams, in various parts of the world ... even in Bangalore, named as Ramkrishna Ashram, or Ramkrishna Paramhansa Ashram ... He also tried something on education reforms. His advice were also there for those who want to listen. The Ramkrishna Schools do follow their own "Teaching methodologies". Bhakti, Love, Kritya, Yoga .... the list is long.
Lots of kids go to Abacus classes. All the above techniques were surely enough, for teaching Maths. To become "good at Maths" the parents donate in Abacus classes.
Since when did you start assuming that Vedic Maths, and Abacus is enough to make all students good ?
Kumon, created by Toru Kumon, is a private tutoring organization. The Kumon Method is the mathematics and reading educational method which is practiced in franchised Kumon centers. Lots of Parents are donating in this method as well, so that Children can become whiz kids in Maths.
Little Einsteins Pre-School Branding is another money making venture. They also claim to be better than others. They use "Multiple Intelligence" framework. Now this is a framework; while others were using mere methodologies. Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences utilizes aspects of cognitive and developmental psychology, anthropology, and sociology to explain the human intellect. Although Gardner had been working towards the concept of Multiple Intelligence's for many years prior, the theory was introduced in 1983, with Gardner's book, Frames of Mind. These are Research Backed theories. In contrast Indian Gurus never talk of any research backing. Gardner's theory challenges traditional, narrower views of intelligence. Previously accepted ideas of human intellectual capacity contend that an individual's intelligence is a fixed entity throughout his lifetime and that intelligence can be measured through an individual's logical and language abilities. According to Gardner's theory, an intelligence encompasses the ability to create and solve problems, create products or provide services that are valued within a culture or society. Originally, the theory accounted for seven separate intelligence's. Subsequently, with the publishing of Gardner's Intelligence Re-framed in 1999, two more intelligence's were added to the list.
Curry's onion model (Curry, 1983) was developed with four layers -- personality learning theories, information processing theories, social learning theories, and multidimensional and instructional theories.
Personality learning theories define the influences of basic personality on preferences to acquiring and integrating information. Models used in this theory include Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which measures personality in dichotomous terms - extroversion versus introversion, sensing versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perception, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, which classifies people as rationals, idealists, artisans, or guardians.
Information processing theories encompass individuals' preferred intellectual approach to assimilating information, and includes David Kolb's model of information processing, which identifies two separate learning activities: perception and processing.
Social learning theories determine how students interact in the classroom and include Reichmann's and Grasha's types of learners: independent, dependent, collaborative, competitive, participant, and avoidant.
Multidimensional and instructional theories address the student's environmental preference for learning and includes the Learning Style Model of Dunn and Dunn and the multiple intelligence's theory of Howard Gardner.
The World with 7 Billion people, and growing, gives opportunity to so many, to make their own share of money.
Kidzee another revolution in branded schools, say ... Regular seminars and workshops are held to align parents with Kidzee’s approach and enable them to develop a safe, healthy, hygienic and developmentally appropriate environment, even at home. iLLUME kit, which is a part of every Kidzee, is chosen by Kidzee team of experts to ensure that it stimulates all the intelligence's of a child and provides her with multiple pathways to enhance learning. The focus is on providing learning aids that help the child to explore and learn in ways that interest her. Feedback is shared with the parents on regular intervals wherein areas for further development are identified and mutually agreed upon, thereby supporting the child in multiple ways.
ICF.com provides program and policy services designed to enable positive student and teacher outcomes in early childhood, K–12, postsecondary, and adult education. They say ... ICF provides training and technical assistance on education initiatives that drive positive and long-lasting change at the national, state, and local level. ICF specializes in their own methodology or approach of MDA ( Multiple Dimension Approach ).
cfrce.com Centre for Fundamental Research and Creative Education, says in their website ...
(CFRCE) is an organization dedicated to positive change and self-actualization and is at once a platform for untrammelled Inquiry and Research and a Talent Hotspot espousing Accelerated Learning in its deepest sense.
CFRCE levels the playing field for individuals and students by empowering them to take active and independent, systemic and systematic charge of their learning and education, inquiry and research, entrepreneurial and financial potential, driven primarily by intrinsic motivation, meaning and purpose, irrespective of extrinsic incentives or patronage.
CFRCE challenges the status quo in educational theory and practice -that narrowly classifies individuals as achievers or failures, bright or dull, talented or non-talented -and leverages individual learning to an extraordinary level of deep practice, mastery and creativity. It thrives in making learning a tremendously evocative, exhilarating and ennobling optimal experience or flow. Thereby, learning resolves itself into its natural role as an instinct, or more precisely, as an implicate order or neuro-cognitive potential that develops and expresses itself by spontaneous self-organization once the hindrances and obstacles to its unfoldment are dissolved, removed or overcome.
In the CFRCE programs earnest students and inquiring individuals at diverse stages starting from primary through high school, undergraduate and postgraduate levels are empowered to take years and sometimes even decades, off their learning curve by a unique combination of personal development, domain mastery and professional eminence, and attain world class levels of excellence and achievement.
Tablet and Mobile Apps teaching methodology ...revolution... by idiots, for the Idiots. In this methodology every parent presenting the student a Tablet, a smart Phone ( Dumb phones wont do ! ); transforms every kid to a whiz-kid. Costlier Tablets, and Jazzy Phones will make a better Whiz-kid! Just by press of a button ( sorry the icon of the App ), the Whiz-kids can learn any subject in the world. By chance if they come to know that something is missing, they can google it !
Dr. Rajendra Prasad topped in Many subjects in various schools and colleges. What was the teaching methodology in the schools and colleges ?
We yet enjoy leave on Birthday of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. He also gave his take in Teaching methodologies. If someone who is not bothered about his "teachings" then should he be allowed to celebrate Teachers Day ?
[ researchinformation.org/files/Dr.-Santosh-Kumar-Behera.pdf ]
Never ask which school did Srinivasa Ramanujan go ? What teaching methodology did his teachers follow ?
I have read many articles which argue that ability to Play Chess; is the best measure for IQ. If I believe in these kind of crap; should I reject students who do not play chess, or say doesn’t play well ? When a student approaches me, should I ask the first question... "Did you go to Abacus classes in childhood" ? "Do you play chess well" ?
Let us assume only top 100 rank holders of IIT-JEE are only smart guys in this world. So in 60 years we got only 60 X 100 = 6000 unknowns. Let it be loud and clear that from every random school and colleges rarely a smart guy shines, we only get Millions of Unknowns. There is no point in asking what happened to school batch-mates or college friends of Erwin Schrödinger.
I can write many more pages on these "Teaching Methodologies". Better I ask some hard questions ....
When we were naming Famous / Successful people did we name any India or IITan ? IIT Kharagpur is around since 1951. How many guys from IIT could become famous ?
[ Now don't jump and quickly tell me names of Sundar Pichai, Nandan Nilekani, or Narayana Murthy. Sundar is famous since very recently. What happened to all the IIT guys since last 60 years ? Also Nandan or Narayana are famous for Business reasons or for Money; NOT for technical reasons, or any inventions. Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling are more important; more famous than Nandan or Murthy. ]
Vinod Dham famously known as Father of Pentium Chip was randomly from DCE Delhi College of Engineering.
It is well known that Professors at IIT are 100 times smarter than the students. Most IIT students find it difficult to cope up at college. A large percent ( someone told me close to 50% ) of the IIT students get a back in some subject some year.
Well if the Professors are so smart, then how many famous Professors were named in the above discussions ?
In contrast it is well known widely discussed opinon that Students in IIM are far better / superior than the IIM Professors. So no question of naming any famous professor of IIM as Sucessful or role model. We never named any ... did we ?
I shouldn't ask how many IIM Alumni became famous in so many decades.
China has 568 billionaires versus the United States 535 as of 2016. Had seen a headline in Bloomberg ... "Chinese eat so much pork that the sellers are Billionaires!"
Does each and every Billionaire become my role model ?
Just because they made lot of money, each of my students should venerate them ?
How many People know name of Aliko Dangote – Net worth: $15.7 Billion - The Richest Man of Africa ?
Which school were these people from ? If we do not care of Aliko Dangote's school, then why should we bother about Nandan's School ? Did Mr. Murthy go to school ? I don't think everyone is eager to go to that school !
The United States has had the most Nobel Prize winners, with 336 winners overall. It has been most successful in the area of Physiology or Medicine, with 94 laureates since 1901. Similarly, the United Kingdom that majority of its 117 Nobel laureates winning in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine. The top five countries with the most Nobel laureates are all western nations - with the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Sweden topping the rankings for the best minds in peace, literature, science and economics.
Recall the concepts of Determinism vs Predictability. Randomly as I meet my ex-Students, each say some story of their life or other. Someone is a Doctor from some college, so someone is in Navy. Someone is an Engineer, while someone is running his own business, or studied "Hotel Management". In general people want to feel good of themselves, and justify the outcome as "good". Each and every person see his own outcome as the "very good". Whatever he is doing is termed as success, and achievement. No one believes or agrees with external definitions of success or achievement given by someone else!
Who is more successful ... or achieved more ... amongst Sam Walton and Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu ?
[ Now most people will say Apples and Oranges can not and should not be compared ... Well we could have asked Potatoes and Pomegranates, which are better ? Though I named Sam because he wrote a book regarding success mantras; how to make money! ]
Did the parents, friends or close associates knew that the guy will become Billionaire ?
What about Reading Books, Being Humble, Ready to learn, Choose a Mentor, Understand your Dreams clearly, Persevere, Seeing Videos .....
youtube.com/watch?v=7bB_fVDlvhc
What "Teaching Methodologies" were followed in the schools in which all these guys went ?
Let it be Loud and clear ... School or College does not matter. Now how can the teaching methodology of the School and College matter ? which methodology for what ?
There is no consensus regarding "Thinking Techniques" or Should I say, "methods". Now a days we have to do "out of the Box thinking", normal thinking, or just "thinking" is undefined. Someone who is not doing "out of the box thinking" is termed as, not so smart. Edward De Bono taught us Po, 6 Thinking Hats, Lateral Thinking ... etc. I am not sure if my Boss will appreciate me if I say I am trying these methods. For most Bosses, "out of the Box ... " is enough and only acceptable technique. How are the Gurus, and Practitioners of Mind Mapping, "The Checklist", Picture Association, Change Perspective, "Get Up and Go Out", Brainstorming, Random Input, Reversal, SCAMPER, Reframing, Morphological Analysis, Storyboarding, Synectics, Metaphorical thinking, Lotus Blossum Technique, NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming) Techniques, Assumption Smashing, LARC Method, Simplex, TRIZ method, Fuzzy Thinking, Breakthrough Thinking ... doing ?
For some people now a days, plan is known as Hack. Growth Plan is Growth Hack. Coding is Hacking ...
Is there any consensus on Management Techniques ? Management by Goal Setting, Management by Objective, Management by Profit Centers, Management by Micro Profit, Management by exception, Management by Tactics, Management by Quality Control, Management by Total Quality, Management by Customer Focus, Management by Customer Delight, Management by Planning, Management by Forecasting, Management by Organizing, Management by Commanding, Management by "coordinating", Management by cost benefit Analysis, Management by Zero Base budgeting, Management by Log-Frame Analysis, Management by Current State Assessment, ...
All these are most commonly replaced with "Management by Meetings", Management by Wondering Around, Management by Shouting, Management by Con-calls, Management by Continuous Reminders, Management by Bribing ... Actually all these are Management by ..."the technique and terms the Boss wants ! "
Moms use only one technique ... Management by continuous Nagging, Chiding, Scolding, Pushing, Threatening, Ashaming, Beating ...
Key Concepts in Science as Recommended by Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
In youtube we have several thousand videos; where Science is discussed at sufficiently higher levels, than normally educated Engineers know. I have seen thousands of these Science videos because of my Bias towards spending time with Science ( or my Hobby being Science ). The information density; meaning the new things taught or discussed in the Video is very low in general. So if I tell any student or friend to see these thousands of videos, surely they will not see. Really all of us do not have so much time. Every person has different priorities, and truthfully so many things to do. While these words may be known to many; I also observed that in Panel discussions the reverent Persons are unaware of quite a few proven / well understood facts. Lot of time is wasted when a Panel member makes wrong statement or uses wrong words, and another member corrects him to say the right words. A Scientist as a Panel member sitting in the dais, in Science talk shows; is expected to know all the facts and use exact right words which should not be wrong or have any multiple meaning.
Let me quote some examples ...
1 ) Eienstein 100 years ago was not aware of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, or say "expansion of Universe is accelerating". In the context of stars, Galaxies, Celestial events ( such as a Supernova explosion ) he correctly said that if someone travels at a very high speed towards a Galaxy he will see the events earlier than the people who remain back on Earth. The word "now" has different meanings in different parts of the world. With resepect to People at Earth we can travel into the future, at very long distances. So an Astronaut can see a Supernova explosion before People in Earth see it.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to near distances, in Earth; and confused about flow of time from Past to future.
2 ) Since last 80 years ( Approx ) of Quantum Mechanics it is well known, ( well understood, and Mathematically well formulated; Backed up or confirmed by several experiments ) that smaller Particles can tunnel easily. So an electron or Neutrino can tunnel more easily than a Proton, Neutron or Mesons. As we have group of Particles or as Complexity increases such as a Folded Protein or a Ball in the Macro world, then then the Wave Phases randomly cancel out. The Properties of Tunneling, Interference, Diffraction etc does not hold. So Balls thrown through bars in a cage will bounce or pass through. Diffraction of a Ball or Interference of Balls is a meaningless Question or Waste of time to be discussed. We don 't have to take such big objects as Balls or Human Beings. If we take Molecules or Amino Acids; the Quantum World discussions are not relevant any more. In the Quantum World "Calculations"; we only have Probabilities, not Deterministic or Predictable. The Quantum state collapses; when observed. The entangled particles also get affected. These Quantum world concepts are not needed or not extendable to macro world.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to Bigger Objects and discussing about time reversal, Time Travel etc.
3 ) Second Law of Thermodynamics is understood well since Last 100 years. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics, entropy, the measure of the disorder in a closed system. It is about Statistical Laws of Randomness, Organization, elastic collisions, Entropy, Temperature etc. The Entropy of the Universe is almost always increasing, because the Universe is expanding. There can be small local fluctuations in Entropy and disorderliness randomly and due to attractive forces such as Gravity or Strong force etc. Photosynthesis, formation of Molecules, formation of Polymers or sugars or Proteins from monomers, Secondary Structures, Tertiary structures such as folded Proteins joining up mechanically and increasing order are understood in context of "open systems" and stability Laws which as more prevailing than second law. In an open system, there can be an influx of energy into the system capable of reinvigorating the structure; in full accord with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Energy input can decrease entropy, and can simultaneously increase order. So a tree can grow by "bunching up" carbohydrates, Animals can grow by digesting carbohydrate chains, etc. Self-organization is a natural property of complex genetic systems. There is a spontaneous crystallization of order out of complex systems, and that this spontaneity can occur with no need for natural selection or any other external force. Dynamic systems, have a tendency to become more concentrated and heterogeneous as they evolve.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changes this context and tries to apply a lower version of 2nd law of thermodynamics only; in every situation. Seeing the holistic picture is not in the good habit of many. It is expected Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time; should be well known and well understood by everyone.
[ May be, I am assuming a world where the Panelists of Science Discussion forums will not contradict or correct one another in Public. They can argue and compromise in private discussions, and in public all say the same correct words. ]
I recommend students to know the following Key Concepts
- The paradox of predictability
- Kolmogorov complexity
- Chaos Versus Complexity
- Dynamic networks or complex systems
- Concept of emergence
- Patterns Amid Complexity
- Red Queen effect
- Determinism VS Predictability
- Poincare fluctuations
- epistemic uncertainty
- Aumann's agreement theorem
- LQG ( Loop Quantum Gravity )
- Occam's Razor
- Ology
- Ontology
- Nomology
- Bohmian quantum theories or Bohmian mechanics
- Planck length, Space, time etc
- Stability of Solar System
- Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time
- How Prabability is distorted in Human Mind by Prospect Theory
- Anna Karenina principle
Many years ago Laplace made an error. Laplace assumed an Universe, in which all of the rules of the are fixed. In this type of universe, as Laplace pointed out, if we knew enough information about the current state of the universe in addition to all of its fundamental and unchanging laws, we would be able both to calculate the entire history of the universe and to predict its entire future. There would be no room for free will, which would be seen merely as an illusion. The actual solar system contains eight planets, six of which were known to Newton, Millions of Asteroids and each planet and rock exerts small, periodically varying, gravitational forces on all the other. The puzzle posed by Newton is whether the net effect of these periodic forces on the planetary orbits averages to zero over long times, so that the planets continue to follow orbits similar to the ones they have today, or whether these small mutual interactions gradually degrade the regular arrangement of the orbits in the solar system, leading eventually to a collision between two planets, the ejection of a planet to interstellar space, or perhaps the incineration of a planet by the Sun. Even though, the interplanetary gravitational interactions are very small, the force on Earth from Jupiter, the largest planet, is only about ten parts per million of the force from the Sun—but the time available for their effects to accumulate is even longer: over four billion years since the solar system was formed, and almost eight billion years until the death of the Sun. The effects of various forces, stability or instability with various possible random initial conditions, were tried in computers.
[ Compound Pendulum with LED showing Chaotic movement is shown at
youtube.com/watch?v=GFxPMMkhHuA ]
BUT ... Chaos theory studies these mechanistic types of systems but it tends to emphasise the principle of feedback whereby two variables are influenced by each other: this can lead to non-linearity and the variables behaving in seemingly chaotic ways. An important insight of Chaos Theory is the sensitivity of a chaotic system to initial conditions due to the non-linearity of the system. What this means is that if the initial conditions of a chaotic system were changed microscopically, then over a long enough period of time the outcome of the whole system will be completely different. This is often referred to as The Butterfly Effect. However, it is important to emphasize that if the initial conditions of the chaotic system were unchanged between two simulations to an infinite degree of precision, the outcome of the two will be the same over any period of time. So the butterfly effect really only serves to contrast the outcomes in two marginally different systems that are still deterministic i.e. machine-like. In one simulation, the butterfly flapped its wings, in the other it did not.
The science of Complexity happens somewhere between totally ordered and totally random systems. Complex systems are denoted by the fact that they may be generated by a relatively simple set of subprocesses; a few things interacting, but producing tremendously divergent behaviour. As Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann phrased it: “Surface complexity arising out of deep simplicity.” One might also call this: deterministic chaos; in other words, it appears random but isn’t. In complex systems, there is a concept known as a global cascade, which is similar to what people often mean by the butterfly effect but it is in fact fundamentally different. A global cascade is basically a network-wide domino effect that occurs in a dynamic network, made famous by Duncan Watts in 2002. Watts showed that sometimes a complex system proved robust in the face of a modest shock (it might just wobble slightly); but in other instances, the same shock might cascade across the system, showing it to be fragile.
Whatever we measure, there is a factor of error. Atomic clocks measuring time interval upto 17 decimal places, have error factors at the 18 th place. We know "time interval" ticks slower near more gravity, compared to less gravitational field. So time interval at the roof of the lab will tick quicker, and record more number of ticks, compared to ground floor of the Lab. The atomic clocks with 17 decimal places Precision, can see the difference in Time interval ticks with a height difference of 40 cms. Now in normal real world we hardly work or do things with 2 to 3 decimal places of Precision. Meaning things are not exactly repeatable. If we keep hitting a ball with 2.345 Newton force repeatedly, at a decided angle, each time there will be a different ball, different angle, different value of the force, within various error factors. If we imagine a slightly different initial direction, the trajectory will at first be only slightly different. And collisions with the straight walls will not tend to increase very rapidly the difference between trajectories. But collisions with the convex object will have the effect of amplifying the differences. After several collisions with the convex body or bodies, trajectories that started out very close to one another will have become wildly different. So a student should know that the future is not repeatable. With a ball itself if so much of Chaos, complexity etc, then imagine what happens for people, future, success and fame of persons, Careers, accidents, disease, lottery .... Nothing is predictable in the Trillion random incidences.
In Quantum world the complexity or chaos of repeating is more. Diffraction, entangled particles, Interference, interaction with virtual particles that pop up, various decays and transformations, etc creates a probability soup. At the microscopic level the world is ultimately mysterious and chancy.
So both in micro world and macro world events are not repeatable. Further it goes, with more interactions, outcomes may or may not fall into boundaries, or envelopes. In some cases there are fractal outcomes, some cases Gaussian, some cases long tail, the list can go on.
In chaotic dynamical systems come in a great variety of types: discrete and continuous, 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional and higher, particle-based and fluid-flow-based, and so on. Mathematically, we may suppose all of these systems share SDIC ( Sensitive dependence on initial conditions ). But generally they will also display properties such as unpredictability, non-computability, Kolmogorov-random behaviour, and so on—at least when looked at in the right way, or at the right level of detail.
Also laws of Physics are different in different parts of the world. Near or at Singularities, such as near Blackhole, the known laws breakdown. We do have concepts of Planck length, Planck space, Planck time etc. The maximum temperature that we can theoretically have is the temperature where photons are emitted with wavelength of Planck length. At that high temperature more particles, and virtual particles are created. The energy starts getting converted to mass, and thus temperature can 't increase any more.
The Rich and Poor divide is very huge in this world. Privileged are those who have the luxury to sue someone or other for slightest “discomfort”. In some cases “mental discomfort” is sighted as the cause for suing ….
We do not have the same rules or facilities for all in this world. See the images below and think who these poor men can sue? Can they sue anyone? Do they have money to sue anyone?
These poor men can’t afford hearse service. Nor there is any Public help or support. Can they sue anyone for “mental discomfort” and / or agony ? Society has pampered rich women with privileged laws and facilities. Who cares for poor Man ‘s Feelings ?
In contrast poor boys and Men are always left to fend themselves.
You should be horrified to see how much important the feelings of Rich Feminists are …
See breitbart.com/big-government/2015/09/25/u-n-womens-group-calls-for-web-censorship/
If you talk to a woman in Nottinghamshire, East Midlands in the United Kingdom and she doesn't want to be spoken to by you, prepare to get a call from the police.
( How dare Men, talk to rich women ? )
washingtonexaminer.com/county-in-uk-makes-it-a-hate-crime-to-upset-women/article/2596356#!
[ Who saves and helps Savvy, Rich, Painted faced, Wearing high heels, Women with Manicured and Pedicured nails ? Dirty hands … and White Knights … ]
I can only say that … “Poverty is very sad ! “
This book is dedicated to the following greats who died in Poverty, yet did their best in the subjects, they were passionate in. I couldn’t achieve infinitesimal part of their passion even being so well to do!
1 ) Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ( Kazan, Russia ) 1823 - known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry. William Kingdon Clifford called Lobachevsky the "Copernicus of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work. He was dismissed from the university in 1846, ostensibly due to his deteriorating health: by the early 1850s, he was nearly blind and unable to walk. He died in poverty in 1856.
Nikolai was an atheist.
-
2 ) Egon Schiele - Prolific artist Egon Schiele succumbed to the Spanish Influenza that took 20,000,000 lives in Europe in 1918. Schiele ’s wife Edith (who was six months pregnant at the time) died three days before him in their tiny apartment in Vienna. They were broke and hungry, and Schiele spent as much time as he could drawing. He was only 28 years old and spent his last moments alone drawing his wife’s body before his own untimely death.
-
3 ) Abraham de Moivre 1667-1754 (87, natural causes) Despite being a gifted and renowned mathematician in France, de Moivre spent much of his life in poverty. He was a Calvinist, and when the Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 (a decision that is unequivocally considered to have damaged France), de Moivre left France for England. He remained virtually destitute, de Moivre was unable to secure employment and was often known to play chess for money in order to afford sustenance. Eventually succumbing to the ravages of poverty and old age, de Moivre predicted the day of his own death using a simple arithmetic progression in the number of hours he slept per day. The day he predicted 24 hours of sleep was the day he died.
-
4 ) Domenikos Theotokopoulos AKA El Greco - Master of the Spanish Renaissance who studied under Titian, El Greco was known for his contorted figures in his paintings. Born in 1541, El Greco as he came to be known, studied in Rome before moving to Spain. What he wasn’t known for was being a huge ladies man, or family man, as he followed various studios and painting masters across Europe. Some of his best known works were created for the Spanish royal family. El Greco was able to make a living as an artist for some time before he fell out of favor and became the subject of ridicule. He served as an inspiration for painters that brought forth the Expressionist and Cubist movements. Unfortunately after his work was scorned and laughed at he was unable to continue to make a living as a painter. It wasn’t until 250 years after he died that the rest of the art world noticed his paintings. He was a big careerist and was described in letters in 1563 as a “maestro Domenigo” a “master” when he was just 22 years old. He died unrecognised and alone in Toledo, Spain on the 7th of April 1614.
-
5 ) Niels Abel ( 1802-1829 Age - 26, pneumonia) Plagued by poverty and a lack of renown, Abel and his work went unrecognized during his lifetime. He spent time in Paris hoping to gain recognition and publish his work, but was unable to afford adequate means to sustain his health. In addition to being underfed, Abel contracted pneumonia. His pneumonia worsened on a trip to visit his fiancée for Christmas. He soon died, only two days before a letter arrived indicating that a friend had managed to find secure him a place as a professor in Paris. He never saw his work take root, nor did he ever secure a paying job as a mathematician, nor did he have opportunity to marry his fiancée.
-
6 ) Oscar Wilde - His famous last words really set the tone for Oscar Wilde’s end, “My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death. Though Wilde was a celebrity of the age and his works sold well, he was known to have extravagant spending habits. One or other of us has got to go.” After his imprisonment he had been given a very small yearly allowance from the estate of his deceased wife, and was not helped at all by his former lover Lord Alfred Douglas, who had at that time just inherited a large sum. Living essentially in poverty in Paris, he was known to wander, bumping into old friends and spending what little cash remained on alcohol. Reportedly, when a doctor attending to him during his last days asked to be paid for his services, Wilde joked that he would die as he had lived - beyond his means. He passed away in a hotel room in Paris completely bankrupt from paying legal fees for his arrest and imprisonment for the crime of homosexuality. If that wasn’t bleak and cruel enough, it was during this period that his works were becoming extremely popular. Unnnfairrrrrrr.
-
7 ) Frank Ramsey 1903-1930 (26, jaundice) Ramsey is known for his work in mathematics, specifically combinatorics and logic/foundations, but is also remembered as a gifted philosopher and economist. Ramsey suffered from lifelong liver problems, and was often unable to focus on work for more than a few hours a day. In spite of this, he gained renown as a promising young philosopher and mathematician, until a severe attack of jaundice hospitalized him in 1930. He died during an operation meant to alleviate the problem.
-
8 ) Claude Monet – As the founder of French Impressionism, Monet’s paintings usually dealt with landscape scenes in a moment. While his seminal work “Impression, Sunrise” is now studied and appreciated in art colleges around the world, it was widely derided by critics when it was first revealed. Monet received little but abuse from public and critics alike, who complained that the paintings were formless, unfinished, and ugly. He and his family endured abject poverty. By the 1880s, however, his paintings started selling.
-
9 ) Srinivasa Ramanujan 1887-1920 (32, malnutrition/hepatic amebiosis ) The story of Ramanujan is well known among mathematicians, if not in general. Described as a prodigy, savant, genius, etc., Ramanujan taught himself mathematics as a youth and began to devise results in analytical number theory and other areas of mathematics in isolation. He was quite poor and unable to afford school, and his exclusive devotion to mathematics precluded him from scholarship funding. He spent much of his life seriously ill, and spent a fair amount of time unable to secure any position as a scholar or mathematician. Eventually, he came to England to work with G.H. Hardy. Sadly, his long-term illness continued, and he succumbed to a combination of malnutrition and a parasitic liver infection.
10 ) Vincent Van Gogh – It is hard not to think of tragedy when considers the life of Vincent Van Gogh. If there was ever a fine line between madness and genius, Vincent Van Gogh crossed it quite early in his career. Without his time in insane asylums and self-inflicted ear mutilation, the world would have never had “The Starry Night” and “The Potato Eaters.” Despite his countless post-Impressionist chefs-d’oeuvres, Van Gogh only sold one painting in his lifetime. It sold for the equivalent of approximately $109 dollars. Although he is famous for his works such as “The Starry Night” this artist battled mental illness most of his life. Unfortunately he finally lost this battle and cut his ear off in 1888, committing suicide not long after that by shooting himself in the chest. His last words were, “The sadness will last forever.” He died broke and destitute.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/vincent-van-gogh-who-prefered-to-paint-without-eating/
-
11 ) Dmitri Egorov 1869-1931 (61, starvation) Egorov made important contributions in the areas of analysis, differential geometry, and integral equations, including a fundamental result named for him in real analysis. Luzin was Egorov's first student, and was one member of a school that developed under Egorov to study real functions. Egorov became a leader and administrator in the Moscow Mathematical Society and at the Institute for Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University. Egorov became a vocal opponent to the anti-religious persecution in the time following the Russian revolution, and was dismissed from the IMM. However, he remained active and well-respected in his position in the MMS, supported by his peers in the organization. Outside influences began to manipulate the society, and within a year, Egorov was dismissed from his position and arrested. He went on a hunger strike in prison and died in the prison hospital (or, as some reports state, at a colleague's home).
-
12 ) Johannes Vermeer – Vermeer was a 17th-century painter with eleven children, massive debt and a habit of working very slowly and painstakingly on his paintings. While Vermeer painted the “Girl with a Pearl Earring,” he certainly was not draped in them during his life. Instead of having the elite or nobility commission works, Vermeer’s genre of painting was catered to the provincial middle class. After the French invaded the Netherlands in 1672, the Dutch economy suffered terribly and Vermeer was left in hopeless debt. He suffered from a number of physical afflictions as well as mental illness. In 1675 Vermeer borrowed money in Amsterdam, using his mother-in-law as a surety. Soon after, the Dutch genre painter actually left his family in debt upon his death. After his death some of his paintings ( he created about 40 in his lifetime ) were sold with the names of other artists on them to make them more valuable. It took three centuries for Vermeer to be recognized as a master painter of the Dutch Golden Age for his use of light, tranquility and the unusual subject matter of peasants that populated his works. Though he did have patrons who paid him, he never made much and lived on the verge of poverty much of his life, eventually leaving his family in debt when he died at age 43.
-
13 ) Mathew Brady - The "Father of Photojournalism" is best known for his invaluable photographs of the American Civil War. Though he was a successful and well-known portrait photographer before the war began (Abraham Lincoln's likeness on the $5 bill is modeled after Brady's portrait of him), he spent around $100,000 during the war on his photographs, which numbered in the thousands. The pictures brought the truth and grotesque horror of the war to the doorsteps of all Americans - a marked change from the propaganda and half-truths coming from print journalists at the time. Unfortunately, after the war no one wanted to be reminded of the horrors of it, and Brady was unable to sell his photographs or recoup his losses. Eventually Congress bought his collection for a mere $2,840, but Brady's life had already been ruined by poverty and alcoholism, and he died in relative obscurity in 1896.
-
14 ) Paul Gauguin – Poverty became Gauguin’s reality. Then his favorite daughter Aline died of pneumonia and Clovis, his son, died from a blood infection. Gauguin’s escapades were far more exotic than his peers which eventually landed him in French Polynesia. There, he produced masterpieces like “Spirit of the Dead Watching,” which largely inspired primitivism – an important art movement of the 19th century. After many years of poverty and sickness, Gauguin died from heart failure, alone and unaware of the mark his art would later make on the 20th century.
-
15 ) Nikola Tesla - Early in the 20th century, brilliant scientist Nikola Tesla was a world-famous inventor and regular headline news-maker. As for genius, we have Tesla to thank for alternating current, radio, wireless technology, neon lamps, and X-rays. Sadly, Tesla’s life was a series of run-ins with guys like Thomas Edison, who famously stiffed Tesla out of $50,000, and Guglielmo Marconi, who stole the credit for the invention of the radio by using 17 of Tesla’s patents. Tesla died penniless in 1943 in the New Yorker Hotel, where he had lived for 10 years after being evicted from another hotel for not paying his bill.
-
16 ) Stephen Foster - Though you may not be familiar with Stephen Foster's name, you undoubtedly know his songs. Foster is considered the "Father of American Music," penning the works "Camptown Races," "Swanee River," "Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair," "Beautiful Dreamer" and "Oh! Susanna" among many others, some of which function as current state songs. Foster's melodies were popular in his time ( and remain so today, despite some controversy ), and he wished to make a living as a professional songwriter. Unfortunately, the lack of copyright laws or a structure for the payment of royalties meant Foster made very little to nothing on performances and reprints of his work. Foster died at the age of 37 with 38 cents in his pocket.
-
17 ) Jean-Honore Fragonard - Jean-Honore Fragonard was born in Grasse, Provencal in 1732 and became one of the most famous painters of the Rococo period. His family moved to France in 1738, where he was heavily influenced by the Baroque style. His art career started out promisingly enough, having attended the Ecole Royale des Eleves Protégés in Paris. Fragonard was then sent to Italy, where he spent time at the French academy in Rome. He had some success after returning to France, preferring to do private commissioned work. Some of his best known pieces were “Coresus and Callirhoe” and “The Swing”. He was well-known for his sensual and erotic style, complimented by his sense of whimsy and fantasy. Unfortunately, Fragonard was unable to adapt to the new style that eventually came into popularity over “Rococo” called “Neo-classical”. That ended his career and he died in relative obscurity and poverty in 1806.
-
18 ) Herman Melville - The celebration of the Moby Dick author’s genius did not begin until well after he could enjoy — or profit from — the recognition. It took a solid 30 years after Herman Melville’s death before his epic whaling novel was recognized as a masterpiece of American literature. By then he had long since abandoned any hopes of living off his writing, instead working as a customs inspector for 19 years. When he died of a heart attack in 1891, he was broke and virtually unknown. The only paper to mention his passing referred to him as a "long forgotten" author.
-
19 ) James Barry - James Barry born in Ireland in 1741 was a self–taught artist. He’s best known for his six part series of paintings, “The Progress of Human Culture”. He completed these for the Great Room of the Royal Society of Arts. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1773 and taught as a Professor there from 1782 to 1799. Barry was one of the earliest of the “romantic” painters in Britain and although he died in poverty in 1806 he was thought to be the most important Irish Neoclassical artist.
20 ) Joseph Gandy - Reviews for a 2006 book on the life of Joseph Gandy referred to him as a "stifled genius" and "our greatest architectural artist." But history has mainly forgotten the genius that was Gandy, who lived and worked in Britain in the early 1800s. Despite being a major figure in Romantic culture and creating some of the best architectural drawings of all time, he was a commercial failure and was thrown into debtor’s prison. He died in a windowless asylum that his family had him committed to, and the whereabouts of his grave are unknown.
-
21 ) Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec was born in France in 1864. He was a close friend of Vincent Van Gogh, even using him as a subject for his painting. Toulouse-Lautrec is considered one of the great painters of the Post-Impressionist period. He favored painting the theatrical life of Paris in the 1800’s, giving his audiences personal and provocative peeks inside the Moulin Rouge. Unfortunately, Toulouse-Lautrec suffered from a variety of health issues including pycnodysostosis (a disease that causes very short brittle bones). This may have been the culprit that caused his short stature. Depression caused Toulouse-Lautrec to begin drinking and he died in poverty in 1901 from complications of alcoholism as well as syphilis.
22 ) Richard Heck - 2010 Nobel Chemistry prizewinner died aged 84 in Manila. He was Penniless. Famous for his Heck reaction that he discovered in the late 1960s and then spent three decades refining, he won the Nobel for it along with two Japanese chemists working in a similar field.
-
23 ) Gustave C. Langenberg Born in 1859 in Germany this painter became known as “The Painter on Horseback”. He painted many portraits including a portrait of Queen Wilhelmina, which hangs even today at the Royal Palace at The Hague. Langenberg fought in the Boer War as a member of the British Army. He painted many battle scenes of his time there. Afterward spending time in Mexico, Langenberg painted Mexican scenes including the Hill Indians and Mexican natives. Although he toured much of the world and spent time with Kings and Queens, he died alone and penniless in 1915.
24 ) Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn Rembrandt was born in 1606 and he became one of the greatest painters of all time and certainly the most important in Dutch history. Historians credit him with bringing on the “Dutch Golden Age”. He was best known for his portraits. Rembrandt also painted many biblical scenes. He was credited with having great empathy into the human condition, which helped him to capture his subjects in a way no one else could seem to manage. Unfortunately his life was fraught with tragedy and after his wife died and his friends deserted him, he was pushed into bankruptcy and unable to find any more work. He died in obscurity and poverty in 1669.
-
25 ) Amedeo Modigliani - Born in 1884, Modigliani was an Italian artist. He painted and sculpted, spending most of his career in France. He was known for his unique portraits and lush nudes. Modigliani’s family was very poor and tragedy followed him from an early age. He was a true bohemian, drinking absinthe, smoking hashish, and attending wild parties. Modigliani lived fast and hard and died of tubercular meningitis at the age of 35, leaving his nine-month pregnant wife behind. She was so distraught over his death she committed suicide the very next day jumping five stories to her death.
26 ) Franz Schubert - Like van Gogh, Schubert was exceptionally prolific in his short life as a classical composer ( he died at the age of 31, just one year after the death of his contemporary, Beethoven). Also similarly to van Gogh, Schubert's works were of little interest to those of his age, and considered inferior to Bach and Beethoven. Because of his financial difficulties, Schubert often lead a rather bohemian and at time nomadic lifestyle, but it did not slow down his production. His music influenced later composers such as Brahms and Mendelssohn, and the complexity and beauty of his melodies are now thought to be on par with Mozart ( you may recognize one little song of his called "Ave Maria"), solidifying his place in the canon of neglected geniuses who died in obscurity.
-
27 ) William Blake - William Blake was another artistic luminary working in obscurity in his day. Though he died poor and unknown, he did not have any debts. Blake was one of the first artists of the 18th century to rebel against Rationalism and move forward into the Romantic Age, and was unsurprisingly considered "mad" because of it. At the time of his death Wordsworth wrote of him, "There was no doubt that this poor man was mad, but there is something in the madness of this man which interests me more than the sanity of Lord Byron and Walter Scott." Blake was known not only for his paintings but also for his fantastic engravings that illustrated his poetry. Despite attempts at exhibitions of his works, no interest was attracted at the time, which did not deter (thankfully) Blake from continuing to produce. He was buried in an unmarked grave at Bunhill Fields in 1827.
28 ) Edgar Allan Poe - Without a doubt now one of the most recognizable names in literature, Edgar Allen Allan Poe was one of the first writers to attempt to make a living on just that, and unfortunately embodied the Romantic notion of life as a starving artist because of it. Facing a myriad of rejections early in his career, even after Poe was published (in 1839 with a volume of short stories, "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque") he initially received no money for his work. Despite the relative success of stories such as "The Gold Bug," Poe was unable to make enough money to support his family. Whether attempting to start his own magazines or simply working at journals that ultimately failed, Poe's revenue stream seem to have a life-long curse of bad luck. His beloved wife died in 1847, and two years later Poe was hospitalized and died in utter poverty under famously mysterious circumstances.
-
29 ) Sammy Davis, Jr. - The famous Rat Pack singer is reported to have made over $50 million in his lifetime, but died in 1990 $15 million in debt (much of it, like in the case of Joe Louis, was owed to the IRS). Though he made around $1 million a year at the height of his career, the notorious "swinging world" of the Rat Pack nearly bankrupted Davis. According to Matt Birkbeck's book "Deconstructing Sammy," Davis actually rejected surgery in 1989 on his throat that may have saved him, because of his dismal finances. He reasoned that without his voice he couldn't sing and therefore couldn't make any more money. Birkbeck spoke to NPR in 2008 to talk about Sammy's regrettable decline from superstardom to poverty.
30 ) Antonio Meucci - At least in the United States, Alexander Graham Bell has enjoyed far more acclaim than Antonio Meucci, whose name likely invokes a resounding "Who?" from most Americans. But in 2002, Congress gave Meucci his just credit for the invention of the telephone, or the "teletrofono" as he had called it. Bell simply called it "mine" when he stole the idea from Meucci ’s papers, which he had sent to Bell’s company in the hopes of securing financial backing. Meucci sued him but died, penniless, in 1889, never having been able to profit from his genius.
See
kellenmyers.org/deaths.html
blog.redbubble.com/2014/02/6-famous-artists-who-died-poor-and-alone/
realclearscience.com/blog/2015/02/mathematicians_die_in_horrible_ways.html
finearttips.com/2011/10/10-famous-artists-who-died-before-their-art-was-recognized/
therichest.com/rich-list/poorest-list/10-famous-artists-that-died-penniless/
Did you notice that these great passionate Men, did not quit from their work or Passion. They did not switch to some other means of “ making money “ even in abject Poverty! Men are in Love ( war ) with their Work, Creations, Problems, Research, Search of new Knowledge …
Kamikaze Pilots can only be Men. Passionate great men doesn’t know “how to quit” or simply Can’t quit.
It is quite expected that, the advice for quitting will come from women …
youtube.com/watch?v=6MBaFL7sCb8
youtube.com/watch?v=wfNX1cHk-fE
In case of calamity there are broadly “Two Ways” to survive. Women prefer to runaway, hide ( change jobs / change family / change Protector ). This is a very valid way, a very intelligent / safe way, to continue living. Running away ensures Survival.
But the Second Way, which most Men Prefer, is to fight it out! It is to “Solve the Problem” to survive! This is a very valid way, but bit foolish / unsafe way ! This ensures living. After the problem is solved it ensures Survival.
This book is for young students say around the age of 13 to Max 20 years. So to elaborate the above survival techniques, let us see some very simple or common example.
If there is a fire then all women rush out to extinguish the fire, risking whatever …. While Men are hardly seen, as every Man has taken recluse in some far away safe place …
Am I saying or seeing something wrong ?
Why are the Maths Department of every College, or Every IIT is full with Women ?
99% Women, and rarely 1% Men somehow making it ?
This book is dedicated to Hardworking Men who solve Problems …
Preface
We all know that in the species “Homo Sapiens “, males are bigger than females. The reasons are explained in standard 10, or 11 ( high school ) Biology texts. This shapes or size, influences all of our culture. Before we recall / understand the reasons once again, let us see some random examples of the influence
Random - 1
If there is a Road rage, then who all fight ? ( generally ? ). Imagine two cars driven by adult drivers. Each car has a woman of similar age as that of the Man. The cars “ touch “ or “ some issue happens”. Who all comes out and fights ? Who all are most probable to drive the cars ?
( Men are eager to fight, eager to rule, eager for war. Men want to drive. Men want to win )
Random - 2
Heavy metal music artists are all Men. Metallica, Black Sabbath, Motley Crue, Megadeth, Motorhead, AC/DC, Deep Purple, Slayer, Guns & Roses, Led Zeppelin, Aerosmith ….. the list can be in thousands. All these are grown-up Boys, known as Men.
( Men strive for perfection. Men are eager to excel. Men work hard. Men want to win. )
Random - 3
Apart from Marie Curie, only one more woman got Nobel Prize in Physics. ( Maria Goeppert Mayer - 1963 ). So, … almost all are men.
( Men want to excel. Men strive for perfection. Men want to win. Men work hard. Men do better than women. )
Random - 4
The best Tabla Players are all Men.
( Men want to excel. Men strive for perfection. Men want to win. Men work hard. Men do better than women. )
Random - 5
History is all about, which all Kings ruled. Kings, their men, and Soldiers went for wars. History is all about wars, fights, and killings by men. Who won, and who controlled !
Boys start fighting from school days. Girls do not fight like this
( Men are eager to fight, eager to rule, eager for war. Men want to drive. Men want to win. )
Random - 6
The highest award in Mathematics, the “ Fields Medal “ is around since decades. Till date only one woman could get that. ( Maryam Mirzakhani - 2014 ). So, … almost all are men.
( Men want to excel. Men strive for perfection. Men want to win. Men work hard. Men do better than women. )
Random - 7
Actor is a gender neutral word. Could the movie like “ Top Gun “ be made with Female actors ? The best pilots, astronauts, Fighters are all Men.
Random - 8
In my childhood had seen a movie named “ The Tower in Inferno “. In the movie when the tall tower is in fire, women were being saved first, as only one lift was working….
Many decades later another movie is made. A box office hit. “ The Titanic “. In this also …. As the ship is sinking women are being saved. Men are disposable. Men may get their turn later… ( never ) !!
Movies are not training programs. Movies do not teach people what to do, or not to do. Movies only reflect the prevalent culture. Men are disposable; is the culture in the society. Knowingly, unknowingly, the culture is depicted in Movies, Theaters, Stories, Poems, Rituals, etc. I or you can’t write a story, or make a movie in which after a minor car accident the Male passengers keep seating in the back seat, while the both the women drivers come out of the car and start fighting very bitterly on the road. There has been no story in this world, or no movie made, where after an accident or calamity, Men are being helped for safety first, and women are told to wait.
Random - 9
Artists generally follow the prevalent culture of the Society. In paintings, sculptures, stories, poems, movies, cartoon, Caricatures, knowingly / unknowingly, “ the prevalent Reality “ is depicted. The opposite will not go well with people. If deliberately “ the opposite “ is shown then it may only become a special art, considered as a special mockery.
Random - 10
Men go to “girl / woman’s house” to marry / win, and bring her to his home. That is a sort of winning her. When a boy gets a “ Girl-Friend “, generally he and his friends consider that as an achievement. The boy who “ got / won “ a girl-friend feels proud. His male friends feel, jealous, competitive and envious. Millions of stories have been written on these themes. Lakhs of movies show this. Boys / Men go for “ bike race “, or say “ Car Race “, where the winner “ gets “ the most beautiful girl of the college.
( Men want to excel. Men are eager to fight, eager to rule, eager for war. Men want to drive. Men want to win. )
Prithviraj Chauhan ‘ went ` to “ pickup “ or “ abduct “ or “ win “ or “ bring “ his love. There was a Hindi movie ( hit ) song … “ Pasand ho jaye, to ghar se utha laye “. It is not other way round. Girls do not go to Boy’s house or man’s house to marry. Nor the girls go in a gang to “ pick-up “ the boy / man and bring him to their home / place / den.
Random - 11
We have the word "ice cold". While, when it snows heavily, the cleaning of the roads is done by Men. Ice avalanche is cleared by Guns, by Men.
Can women do this please ?
Random - 12
There are many remote mines in this world which are connected by rails through Hilly regions. These railroads move through steep ups and downs. Optimum speed of the train has to be maintained !! The expert driver has to ensure that the brakes do not burn out, if driven too slow. The speed should be enough so that next climbing can be done. Sudden braking is not possible ! ; as the load of the wagons will derail the train, and that will mean huge loss and deaths. The Drivers are Men who risk their lives in every journey.
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster happened on March 11, 2011. This was primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake ( magnitude 9.0 ). Lots of radioactive materials were scattered in the environment thorough “vent” to reduce the internal pressure and the hydroponic explosions of the nuclear reactors.
Old Men, Pensioners, Seniors offered to cleanup the Nuclear damage as 'suicide corps' See edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/31/japan.nuclear.suicide/
I deeply appreciate such gesture to "Save" the society. While I wish to draw your attention to a much deeper/important questions !!
Why old women did not Volunteer to clean the Nuclear site ?
Old women are not pregnant ! Women get menopause sometime in their early 40s. Why is it so common in the Society to "Save" older women as well, and "spare" or “deprive” old men ? Why old men are treated so badly ? Why are Men eager to fight every war ?
[ Climbing Everest or any Mountain Peak, or say crossing Atlantic solo, or reaching the North Pole / South Pole; Almost ALL are Men isn't it .... Researching into technology, inventing and discovering new frontiers of Science is also a war! In every case it is Almost ALL Men ]
Very Sad, bad habit of Million years, is driving the world for so much of "Good" and "BAD" !
The reader / student should not assume that I have not read enough Philosophy; where it is taught that GOOD or BAD are only individual’s mental interpretations. I am mature enough to say the above words as .... ' Million years of Good Habit of "Fighting to Win and Survive" has led Men to all sorts of difficulties, accidents, discomforts, loss .... '
Most women are just Thankless to Men, and their efforts. Women just use Men like parasite or Leeches. They see all the facilities’ and benefits as their right !
( Unfortunately most men submit themselves to be used / exploited like this ! MGTOW s are one of the exceptions. )
In all countries the Laws / Traditions / Customs / Society norms etc have been systematically twisted in favor of women to ensure that Women get "everything". While Nothing is available for Men !
For example Money, Job, Certificate, Facilities etc are given to Widow and ( may be Mom ) of the deceased MAN; who died 'fighting ' ! The Law or norm is not for the father of the Soldier. [ Think … who is dying ? Who is surviving ? Who is getting the benefits ? who is being deprived ? ]
( These images are a few amongst Millions of images which are available. All make the same point )
Men are only for working ! ( sorry, hunting ! ) always … that’s what most people think !
Every woman has a womb. The women ( rather their Wombs ) were protected / kept safe, so that children are born. That was the survival method to continue the species…
Let us name the best of the Mathematicians …
Leonhard Euler, Isaac Newton, Carl Gauss, Fermat, Henri Poincaré, Lagrange, David Hilbert, G.W. Leibniz ...
( See fabpedigree.com/james/mathmen.htm )
Why all these great names are of Men ? Why women could not contribute, in the cozy safe home ?
A newly married couple goes out in car … and if there is a flat tire ( known as puncture in India ) then who opens the wheels ? who replaces from the stepney ?
Womb being protected ? Why women don’t help ?
How much is the Society or Men paying for wombs ? This penance is till which age ?
No woman works for “ Male Suicide “ issues. Even-though, the rate of suicide in men are many times higher, than that of women. Women are never bothered about Men. Some women work only for “women issues “.
telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/11965029/Middle-aged-male-suicide-rate-rises-by-40-per-cent-since-2008.html
scroll.in/article/669061/married-men-are-most-likely-to-commit-suicide-in-india
Human beings are in general not comfortable with New ideas or New Paradigms or say new doctrines. New ideas take time to shape up !
( I am aware of Hundredth monkey effect ... scientists were conducting a study of macaque monkeys on the Japanese island of Koshima in 1952. These scientists observed that some of these monkeys learned to wash sweet potatoes, and gradually this new behavior spread through the younger generation of monkeys—in the usual fashion, through observation and repetition. Watson then concluded that the researchers observed that once a critical number of monkeys was reached, i.e., the hundredth monkey, this previously learned behavior instantly spread across the water to monkeys on nearby islands.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredth_monkey_effect )
dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3317316/Monkeys-food-hygiene-Macaques-clean-potatoes-grain-eating-fewer-parasites.html
Robindranath Thakur, the first Nobel Laureate of Asia, was follower / believer of Bromho. His father Debendranath Thakur,( As son of Dwarkanath Tagore, a close friend of Ram Mohan Roy ) philosopher and religious reformer, active in the Brahmo Samaj ("Society of Brahmā," also translated as "Society of God"), which aimed to reform the Hindu religion and way of life. He was one of the founders in 1848 of the Brahmo religion, which today is synonymous with Brahmoism.
When Robindronath wanted to open a school in Calcutta, many people did not want to send their children to a "Bromho Teacher ". So In 1901 Tagore moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram.
Chatimtala Kaanch Ghor the Bramho Mandir, at Santiniketan
[ English People could not pronounce Thakur. They used to distort it as Tagore .... Over time the family name is called as Tagore by most non-Bengalis ]
Abdus Salam the only Physics Nobel Laureate of Pakistan was an Ahmadiyya; by faith. Ahmadiyya religion is not accepted in Pakistan. [ The theological amendment in the constitution of Pakistan does not allow members of the Ahmadiyya faith to call themselves Muslims. ] Abdus Salam had to shift to Trieste, Italy. Salam was buried in Bahishti Maqbara, a cemetery established by the Ahmadiyya Community at Rabwah, Punjab, Pakistan, next to his parents' graves. The epitaph on his tomb initially read "First Muslim Nobel Laureate". The Pakistani government removed "Muslim" and left only his name on the headstone. The word "Muslim" was initially obscured on the orders of a local magistrate before moving to the national level.
blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19695/we-are-sorry-dr-abdus-salam/
blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/31969/dr-abdus-salam-and-all-the-wrong-choices-pakistan-made/
nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/salam-bio.html
In some cases accepting the Truth takes very long time....
Pope John Paul II apologised on behalf of the Catholic Church for the mistreatment of Galileo in the 17th century. The dispute between the Church and Galileo has long stood as one of history's great emblems of conflict between reason and dogma, science and faith. At the time of his condemnation, Galileo had won fame and the patronage of leading Italian powers like the Medicis and Barberinis for discoveries he had made with the astronomical telescope he had built. But when his observations led him to proof of the Copernican theory of the solar system, in which the sun and not the earth is the center, and which the Church regarded as heresy, Galileo was summoned to Rome by the Inquisition. Forced to Recant. Galileo took back his statement, but still lived under house arrest for the rest of his life. It took 359 years and the leadership of Pope John Paul II (left) to recognize the wrong. On October 31, 1992, he formally apologized for the "Galileo Case" in the first of many famous apologies during his papacy.
youtube.com/watch?v=JUAsLcFPeNw
History of Gravity …
Galileo to Einstein youtube.com/watch?v=2H_zvoENNXo
youtube.com/watch?v=QGQq2aB3cWE
youtube.com/watch?v=mPxwgyJtJXI
nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html
For new ideas …. See …
slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2009/06/the_herbivores_dilemma.html
wisedup.org/antiphysical-men-giving-sex-relationships/
pairedlife.com/dating/Dating-10-Things-Men-Dont-Do-Anymore
Random – 13 ( will you be comfortable with new ideas ? )
Almost all of us are very biased. Instead of I asking some questions; see the following images
independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/women-are-genetically-programmed-to-have-affairs-evolution-university-texas-scientists-suggest-a7203501.html
In all cultures the onus of Proving himself not guilty, lies on the Man; while it is enough for the woman just to accuse, and cry. Tears are taken as proof of Crime !
Random - 14
Rich people; often are very hard working. Successful business men, establish their business ( empire ), amass lot of wealth, with lot of difficulty. Lots of sacrifice, lots of hard work, gets into this. Rich people’s wives had no contribution in this wealth creation. Women are smart, and successful upto the extent to choose the right/rich man to marry. So generally what happens in case of Divorces ? Search the net on “ most costly divorces “ and you will know. The women;( who had no contribution at all, in setting up the business / empire ), often gets in Billions, or several Millions in divorce settlements. [ Just because the wife has womb ]
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/misandry-and-men-issues-a-short-summary-at-single-place/
See skmclasses.kinja.com/save-the-male-1761788732
It was Boys and Men, who brought the girls / women home. The Laws are biased, completely favoring women. The men are paying for their own mistakes.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/biased-laws/
( Man brings the Woman home. When she leaves, takes away her share of big fortune! )
uplifting-love.com/2013/08/80-percent-of-divorces-are-filed-by.html
Random - 15
A standardized test of Intelligence will never be possible. It never happened before, nor ever will happen in future. No IQ test results will be acceptable by all. In the net there are thousands of charts which show that the intelligence scores of girls / women are lesser. Debates of Trillion words, does not improve performance of Girls.
I am not wasting a single second debating or discussing with anyone, on this. I am simply accepting ALL the results. IQ is only one of the variables which is required for success in life. Thousands of books have been written on “ Networking Skills “, EQ ( Emotional Quotient ), Drive, Dedication, Focus, “ Tenacity towards the end goal “ … etc. In each criteria, and in all together, women ( in general ) do far worse than men. Bangalore is known as “ ….. capital of India “. [ Fill in the blanks ]. The blanks are generally filled as “ Software Capital “, “ IT Capital “, “ Startup Capital “, etc. I am member in several startup eco-systems / groups.
I have attended hundreds of meetings, regarding “ technology startups “, or “ idea startups “. These meetings have very few women. ( Generally in most meetings there are no women at all ! ). Starting up new companies are all “ Men’s Game “ / “ Men’s business “. Only in Divorce settlements women will take their goodies, due to Biased laws. There is no dedication, towards wealth creation, by women. Women want easy money.
Random - 16
Many men, as fathers, very unfortunately treat their daughters as “ Princess “. Every “ non-performing “ woman / wife was “ princess daughter “ of some loving father. Pampering the girls, in name of “ equal opportunity “, or “ women empowerment “, have led to nothing.
See skmclasses.kinja.com/progressively-daughters-become-monsters-1764484338
See skmclasses.kinja.com/vivacious-vixens-1764483974
There can be thousands of more such random examples, where “ Bigger Shape / size “ of males have influenced our culture, our Society. Let us recall the reasons, that we already learned in standard 10 - 11, Biology text Books. In humans, women have a long gestation period, and also spends many years ( almost a decade ) to grow, nourish, and stabilize the child. ( Million years of habit ) Due to survival instinct Males want to inseminate. Boys and Men fight for the “ facility ( of womb + care ) “ the girl / woman may provide. Bigger size for males, has a winning advantage. Whoever wins, gets the “ woman / womb / facility “. The male who is of “ Bigger Size “, has an advantage to win…. Leading to Natural selection over millions of years. In general “ Bigger Males “; the “ fighting instinct “ in men; have led to wars, and solving tough problems ( Mathematics, Physics, Technology, startups of new businesses, Wealth creation, Unreasonable attempts to make things [ such as planes / Flying Machines ], Hard work …. )
So let us see the IIT-JEE results of girls. Statistics of several years show that there are around 17, ( or less than 20 ) girls in top 1000 ranks, at all India level. Some people will yet not understand the performance, till it is said that … year after year we have around 980 boys in top 1000 ranks. Generally we see only 4 to 5 girls in top 500. In last 50 years not once any girl topped in IIT-JEE advanced. Forget about Single digit ranks, double digit ranks by girls have been extremely rare. It is all about “ good boys “, “ hard working “, “ focused “, “Bel-esprit “ boys.
In 2015, Only 2.6% of total candidates who qualified are girls ( upto around 12,000 rank ). while 20% of the Boys, amongst all candidates qualified. The Total number of students who appeared for the exam were around 1.4 million for IIT-JEE main. Subsequently 1.2 lakh ( around 120 thousands ) appeared for IIT-JEE advanced.
IIT-JEE results and analysis, of many years is given at zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-iseet-main-and-advanced-results/
In Bangalore it is rare to see a girl with rank better than 1000 in IIT-JEE advanced. We hardly see 6-7 boys with rank better than 1000. Hardly 2-3 boys get a rank better than 500.
See skmclasses.weebly.com/everybody-knows-so-you-should-also-know.html
So what “ some women “ are doing ?
Thousands of people are exposing the heinous crimes that Motherly Women are doing, or Female Teachers are committing. See facebook.com/WomenCriminals/
Some Random Examples must be known by all
In Facebook, and internet + whatsapp etc we have unending number of posts describing frustration of men / husbands on naughty unreasonable women. Most women are very illogical, Punic, perfidious, treacherous, naughty, gamey bitches.
We also see zillions of Jokes which basically describe how unreasonable women / girls are. How stupid they are, making life of Boys / Men / Husband a hell.
While each of these girls was someones daughter. Millions of foolish Dads are into Fathers rights movement, who want their daughter back for pampering.
Most girls are being cockered, coddled, cosseted, mollycoddled, featherbedded, spoilt into brats.
Foolish fathers are breeding Monsters who are filing false rape cases. Enacting Biased Laws. Filing False domestic violence cases. Filing false sexual assault cases. Asking for alimony, and taking custody of the Daughter, not allowing the " monster " to meet dad. The cycle goes on and on and on.
Foolish men keep pampering future demons who make other Men's life a hell. ( Now read this again from beginning ). Every day we see the same posts of frustration.
nicewemen.wordpress.com/
Each women as described below was someone’s Pampered Princess …
Monster women have very easy and cozy life. Easy to demand anything and get law in favor !
If the lawmakers submit to these strange demands of say … “ Stare Rape ! “; then we can easily see what kind of havoc that will create.
In several countries or rather in several regions of the world, family system has collapsed, due to bad nature and naughty acts of women. Particularly in Britain, and America, almost 50% people are alone, lonely, separated, divorced or failed marriages. In 2013, 48% children were born out of wedlock. It was projected that by 2016, more than 51% children will be born, to unmarried mothers. In these developed countries " paternity fraud " by women, are close to 20%. You can see several articles in the net, and in wikipedia etc. This means 1 out of 5 children are calling a wrong man as dad. The lonely, alone “ mothers " are frustrated. They see the children as burden. Love in the Society in general is lost, long time ago. The types of “ Mothers “ and “ Women “ we have now …………
By now if you have assumed that Indian women are not doing any crime then please become friends with MRA Guri facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004138754180
He has dedicated his life to expose Indian Criminals
Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Read warrenfarrell.org/TheBook/index.html
Read pdfarchive.info/pdf/S/Sm/Smith_Helen_-_Men_on_strike.pdf
Read judgybitch.com/2013/09/17/what-would-happen-if-no-men-showed-up-for-work-today/
Preface for Science
Many Scientists have made, very good TV programs; to teach Science. Carl Sagan, Desmond Morris, Jacques Cousteau, Neil deGrass Tyson, James Burke, Jacob Bronowski, Bill Nye, Andrew Pontzen, Sean Carroll, Michio Kaku, Brian Cox, Brian Greene, Freeman Dyson, Dr. Don Lincoln ... the list is long. BBC, Discovery Channel, Nova, Nature, Science Planet .... the list of good Channels is big.
Even though these programs are being delivered free, ( add education programs of Govt. of India, which are also very good ); not sure how many are correctly learning.
youtube.com/watch?v=4sLGCeeA1UI&list=PLaMjJl9Tuw7HoCo8wzZNwMC7jjo3nrEvx
As I randomly talk to lots of students ... I find ...
The Science understanding of Urban, Rich children, in general; is abysmal.
The Science fiction movies, showing Aliens; or winning war with Aliens are more popular and influential. Doraemon making "time machine" so easily, and doing "time travel" so often intrigues children more. ( for General Knowledge see skmclasses.weebly.com )
India is an uniquely peculiar country; has 1.3 Billion people, obsessed with thousands of stupid things. Superstitious Religious Rituals, Hundreds of festivals, 'What to do' and 'what not to do' [ on a full moon day, on a No Moon day, on 11 th day of Lunar month ], before and after an eclipse, what to eat and what not to eat, what to wear and what not to wear, Caste, Gotra, “methods and steps” for Puja or Prayer, hundreds of ways to control or restrict or influence others etc... ; keeps people busy.
Students have major influence and learning's from these superstitious life style, and fiction / 'stupid movies' rather than from good Science TV shows.
[ if you ask any Science Question to any student, first reaction is “Ye to course mein nahi hai”! ]
Another most important obsession of Indians is to become Engineers; well somehow .... 14 Lakh ( 1.4 million ) students appear for IIT JEE exam. ( Not about IITs or NITs etc ) Almost all are stark idiots; study "Engineering" in some college or other .... the story goes on.
In general students / people in India do not know or understand the following ...
One of the most important drawbacks of Human beings is Anthropophilia. We love to imagine that ... God, Aliens, Robots etc, are similar to us. Tell a small child to draw a Robot, and almost 100% cases you see a Humanoid being drawn. It is not about the child being intelligent or smart. It is a fundamental ‘mental block’ that we harbor in general. [ when I was a kid, and if someone had told me to draw a Robot, I would have surely drawn a Humanoid ]
( if I tell you to draw a “Chemical Robot” then ? )
We feel comfortable with Humanoid Robots only
It takes lot of Training and maturity to understand that all machines are Robots. A car is a Robot. A crane is a Robot. Mars Rover is a Robot. Robots can be of any size and shape, serving a particular purpose.
Similarly Aliens do not have to look like us. We have five fingers in our hands, and five toes in our legs because Monkeys have the same. We all evolved step by step from some primitive fish, which had five bones / cartilages in its fins. The fish from which we all evolved had 2 pairs of fins. The pair of fins which was nearer to the head became hands, and the pair at the rear became legs.
Now imagine an Alien evolving from a fish, which had 3 pairs of fins ! or say 17 pairs ! then that may lead to ....
Some children will be quick to identify that Aliens may not evolve from fish, can be different pathways ... in that case they will look very different from us isn't it !
As I write all these in 2016, I say .... " Soon we will find various life-forms in Mars, Moons of Jupiter, Jupiter, and Asteroids ! "
Back to Anthropophilia ... It is very difficult to get rid of this. Christiaan Huygens the great Dutch Scientist ‘logically concluded’ from observations as follows ...
Jupiter has Atmosphere, so it will rain in Jupiter, so Jupiter must have seas and Oceans, so the "life forms" in Jupiter must have boats, the boats need rope, and rope must be made from trees / fiber, so "they" should have hemp plants ...
Huygens was the first to make a submarine which could go down in water, by a few meters. In those days, around 1650 there was no plane, rocket or space travel. So do you see Huygens could not imagine Aliens in Jupiter flying in Planes or Rockets. While movies now show Aliens in Rockets!
[ Students must know about various limitations of Human beings. Professor Daniel Kahnemen ( 2002 Nobel Laureate ) has long list of Human Limitations in his book.
see vk.com/doc23267904_175119602
I collected some limitations, and wrote an article. See skmclasses.kinja.com/bias-we-all-are-biased-1761664826
Scientists have advised a list of "must learn" for students, to appreciate / understand Science better.
See Read edge.org/responses/what-scientific-concept-would-improve-everybodys-cognitive-toolkit
It is mandatory for students; to know all the points given in the above links; whom I personally teach ]
Chimps and Humans have 96 Percent common genes; Research and Gene Study Finds. But Humans and Chimps can't communicate, or discuss. Orangutans are our nearest relatives. We humans are 97% the same as orangutans, gene study shows. But we can't converse with any other species. A little bit of sign language of say 100 "words" or a Dog understanding "instructions" of his master is not what is being referred here. Earth has several Million species, while observations as of now, does not show "communication" across two separate species. Let us not bring in Symbiotic relationship into this. It is about intelligent communication, discussions, debate, learning from each other etc. Can Humans communicate with insects or birds chirping ?
Imagine a World where Lions were communicating with insects, or say Otters communicating with birds ! The ecosystem as we know, has all these staying together ... so close ! All like a family !! telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/09/11/dolphins-recorded-having-a-conversation-for-first-time/
Simard discovered that different tree species are in contact with one another.
Some birds which fly very long distances; do that by sensing Magnetic fields. The eyes of the bird is sensing these feeble magnetic field of Earth by Quantum entangled Particles. As the light photons reach and “react” with various Chemicals, the entangled particles are released. These particles “enable” the birds brain to detect Magnetic fields. Does one bird communicate or Guide another with similar mechanisms ?
Trees, it turns out, have a completely different way of communicating: they use scent. It was found that acacias start pumping toxic substances into their leaves to rid themselves of the large herbivores, when being eaten. Beeches, spruce, and oaks all register pain as soon as some creature starts nibbling on them. When a caterpillar takes a hearty bite out of a leaf; the tissue around the site of the damage changes. In addition, the leaf tissue sends out electrical signals, just as human tissue does when it is hurt. However, the signal is not transmitted in milliseconds, as human signals are; instead, the plant signal travels at the slow speed of a third of an inch per minute. Accordingly, it takes an hour or so before defensive compounds reach the leaves to spoil the pest’s meal. Trees live their lives in the really slow lane, even when they are in danger. If the roots find themselves in trouble, this information is broadcast throughout the tree, which can trigger the leaves to release scent compounds. And not just any old scent compounds, but compounds that are specifically formulated for the task at hand. [ Discussing more of this later in the book ]
Now do we see the limitations about our obsession, with "communicating" with Aliens ?
The nearest stars are several light years away. Even if we improve the technology to travel 1000 times faster than the fastest rockets it will take thousands of years to travel to nearest "Earth like" planets. I personally rule out any more discussions on travelling and meeting and communicating with Aliens.
The life forms ( which we will soon find ) in Mars, Moons of Jupiter, Jupiter etc have to be analyzed for DNA. Will these life-forms have DNA ? Will these Aliens have molecules similar to what we see in organisms here in Earth ? These are important questions in Xenobiology, Astrobiology etc. We have to wait for data.
Science is study of data, experimental verification, logical conclusions.
We have made XNA. We have made various kinds of Artificial life, including Arsenic, Selenium based pathways. But extremeophiles also have the same kind of DNA or molecules that we see in all organisms. Same kinds of mRNA etc. Why didn't life grow and evolve multiple times ? We don't know as of now. Or did life evolve / grow multiple times in the same way ? Intelligent human beings will keep researching, and we will know the answers.
The only Sanskrit word in Standard 11-12 Science CBSE text books is Tincal ( which is the word for Borax). The books ( rightly ) are full with German names. Students are unaware the Potassium was derived from an Arabic word Potash, ashes of ( roots ) of plant.
( not talking about last 50 or 100 years ) Not a single chemical element were purified / synthesized or discovered in India, by any Indian. Indium (In = #49): Indicum (Latin) means indigo. The pigment indigo was named after indicon (Greek) in allusion for its coming from India. On August 18th, 1868 by French astronomer Jules Janssen. While in Guntur, India, Janssen observed a solar eclipse through a prism, whereupon he noticed a bright yellow spectral line (at 587.49 nanometers) emanating from the chromosphere of the Sun. This led to discovery of Helium. In 1937, Discovery of Astatine was reported by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name "dakin" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series, and the true identity of dakin is not known.
[ not considering the ancient elements which were known to others also ... Supher, Zinc, Mercury and thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indian-role-in-producing-superheavy-element-117/article5986191.ece ]
As a culture Indians preferred Ayurveda. Identify the trees, smash the leaves, take the bark and / or the roots, make a paste, in some cases add honey etc … and this paste or potion cures everything. If we do not have a medicine for some disease, or if the medicine is not effective, then the argument is … “we did not search the trees in the jungle enough !”. The belief being solution / medicine for every disease is out there in the jungle!
This culture is grossly opposite to get into the details, identify the molecules, find the reaction pathways. Modern techniques is not seen as good. In fact opposite … older things are considered better. The claim often is “some grandfather’s grandfather was a great Ayurvedic Doctor, since several generations they are using some paste, and they now the best.
With this kind of a culture Indians cannot and did not find pharmacophores.
[ see eurekaselect.com/81348/article
ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/Pharmacology/Pages/history.aspx
adaptogens.org/adaptogen/history ]
An extremely superstitious culture, avoiding to get-into any details, easy way of “chalta hai” had its Dark effect. Indians are averages and poor, because hardly there was any value-add !
Most people in India; think in the following way …
Let us see contribution of some Mathematicians and Scientists; who did great work but students generally don’t know about them.
Eugene Wigner - After his sojourn in Berlin, Wigner returned to Budapest to work in his father's tannery. Somehow and somewhere from there, he returned to Berlin joining the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute working first under Karl Weissenberg and later under Richard Becker. There he explored quantum mechanics of Erwin Schrödinger and group theory ( founded by the genius Evariste Galois who was obsessed with polynomials equations and their solutions ). At the age of 25, in 1927, in Germany somewhere he introduced the group theory into quantum mechanics. He published it formally in 1931 at the age of 29:
"Group Theory and Its Application to the Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra."
He soon thereafter introduced symmetries (rotations, translations, and CPT- charge parity and time reversal symmetry) into quantum mechanics. He formulated and proved a theorem which became the cornerstone of the mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics. Eugene Wigner was so impressed with the usefulness of abstract mathematics in nuclear physics and quantum mechanics that he went on to write a landmark article in 1960 titled:
"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences".
In 1930, Princeton University recruited both Jeno Pal Wigner and Janos Von Neumann at 7 times the salary they were drawing in Europe. Both these geniuses anglicized their first names to "Eugene" and "John" respectively and soon thereafter became naturalized citizens of the United States.
-
Janos Bolyai (Transylvania, Hapsburg Empire) 1822 - one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry — a geometry that differs from Euclidean geometry in its definition of parallel lines. The discovery of a consistent alternative geometry that might correspond to the structure of the universe helped to free mathematicians to study abstract concepts irrespective of any possible connection with the physical world.
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ( Kazan, Russia ) 1823 - known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry. William Kingdon Clifford called Lobachevsky the "Copernicus of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work. He was dismissed from the university in 1846, ostensibly due to his deteriorating health: by the early 1850s, he was nearly blind and unable to walk. He died in poverty in 1856.
Nikolai was an atheist.
-
Bernhard Riemann (Breselenz, Jameln, Kingdom of Hanover) 1853: student of Gauss - Influential German mathematician who made lasting and revolutionary contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry. In the field of real analysis, he is mostly known for the first rigorous formulation of the integral, the Riemann integral, and his work on Fourier series. His contributions to complex analysis include most notably the introduction of Riemann surfaces, breaking new ground in a natural, geometric treatment of complex analysis. His famous 1859 paper on the prime-counting function, containing the original statement of the Riemann hypothesis, is regarded, although it is his only paper in the field, as one of the most influential papers in analytic number theory. Through his pioneering contributions to differential geometry, Riemann laid the foundations of the mathematics of general relativity.
-
Felix Klein (Düsseldorf, Prussia) 1870s - German mathematician and mathematics educator, known for his work in group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen Program, classifying geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a hugely influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the day.
-
Marcel Grossman (Budapest) 1910s tutored Einstein on differential geometry and tensor calculus - mathematician and a friend and classmate of Albert Einstein. Grossmann was a member of an old Swiss family from Zurich. His father managed a textile factory. He became a Professor of Mathematics at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, today the ETH Zurich, specializing in descriptive geometry.
-
Gregario Ricci-Curbastro (Italy) 1880s - Italian mathematician born in Lugo di Romagna. He is most famous as the inventor of tensor calculus, but also published important works in other fields. With his former student Tullio Levi-Civita, he wrote his most famous single publication, a pioneering work on the calculus of tensors, signing it as Gregorio Ricci. This appears to be the only time that Ricci-Curbastro used the shortened form of his name in a publication, and continues to cause confusion. Ricci-Curbastro also published important works in other fields, including a book on higher algebra and infinitesimal analysis, and papers on the theory of real numbers, an area in which he extended the research begun by Richard Dedekind.
-
Ernst Mach (Moravia, Austrian Empire) 1900s who totally abhorred Newton's idea of absolute space and time - Austrian physicist and philosopher, noted for his contributions to physics such as study of shock waves. Quotient of one's speed to that of sound is named the Mach number in his honor. As a philosopher of science, he was a major influence on logical positivism, American pragmatism and through his criticism of Newton, a forerunner of Einstein's relativity.
-
Hendrik Lorentz (Netherlands) 1900s - Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations which formed the basis of the special relativity theory of Albert Einstein. According to the biography published by the Nobel Foundation, "It may well be said that Lorentz was regarded by all theoretical physicists as the world's leading spirit, who completed what was left unfinished by his predecessors and prepared the ground for the fruitful reception of the new ideas based on the quantum theory." For this he received many honours and distinctions during his life, including—from 1925 to his death in 1928—the role of Chairman of the exclusive International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
-
Willem De Sitter (Netherlands) 1920s - Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. De Sitter made major contributions to the field of physical cosmology. He co-authored a paper with Albert Einstein in 1932 in which they discussed the implications of cosmological data for the curvature of the universe. He also came up with the concept of the de Sitter space and de Sitter universe, a solution for Einstein's general relativity in which there is no matter and a positive cosmological constant. This results in an exponentially expanding, empty universe. De Sitter was also famous for his research on the planet Jupiter.
-
Alexander Friedmann (St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) 1920s - was a Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his pioneering theory that the universe was expanding, governed by a set of equations he developed now known as the Friedmann equations.
-
Georges Lemaitre (Belgium) 1920s - was a Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven. He proposed the theory of the expansion of the universe, widely misattributed to Edwin Hubble. He was the first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law and made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant, which he published in 1927, two years before Hubble's article. Lemaître also proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe; which he called his "hypothesis of the primeval atom" or the "Cosmic Egg".
-
One of the greatest help we apes got; was with the discovery or invention of mass spectrometry.
The men who invented this device were (at least Two; as claimed by the Western English speaking world).
1. Englishman Francis William Aston in 1919
2. Canadian American Arthur Jeffrey Dempster in 1918.
Just imagine as Europe was involved in one of their bloodiest slaughter and carnage, these men were quietly working in their labs devising an instrument that could sort out atoms and ions based on their charge to mass ratio.
( I wish to emphasize yet again that even though atoms are a fact, we using the term atomic theory till date. )
By 1919, Aston had achieved 2 feats:
1. He showed that atoms of a single element could have different isotopes thereby establishing as fact that even non radioactive elements have isotopes.
2. He had invented the first mass spectroscope.
The Canadian Dempster had greatly improved on it, greatly increasing its accuracy in identifying compounds by mass of elements in a sample. This was a gigantic step to our understanding of nature.
-
David Goldberg - David Edward Goldberg ( born September 26, 1953) is an American computer scientist, civil engineer, and professor at the department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering (IESE) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and is most noted for his work in the field of genetic algorithms. He is the director of the Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL) and the chief scientist of Nextumi Inc. He is the author of Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, one of the most cited books in computer science.
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on bio-inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection.
-
Lotfi Zadeh - The term fuzzy logic was introduced with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi Zadeh. Fuzzy logic had however been studied since the 1920s, as infinite-valued logic—notably by Łukasiewicz and Tarski. Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1, considered to be "fuzzy". By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be 0 or 1, often called "crisp" values. Fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence.
-
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts - (1943) created a computational model for neural networks based on mathematics and algorithms called threshold logic. This model paved the way for neural network research to split into two distinct approaches. One approach focused on biological processes in the brain and the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence.
In the late 1940s psychologist Donald Hebb created a hypothesis of learning based on the mechanism of neural plasticity that is now known as Hebbian learning. Hebbian learning is considered to be a 'typical' unsupervised learning rule and its later variants were early models for long term potentiation. Researchers started applying these ideas to computational models in 1948 with Turing's B-type machines.
Farley and Wesley A. Clark (1954) first used computational machines, then called "calculators," to simulate a Hebbian network at MIT. Other neural network computational machines were created by Rochester, Holland, Habit, and Duda (1956).
Frank Rosenblatt (1958) created the perceptron, an algorithm for pattern recognition based on a two-layer computer learning network using simple addition and subtraction. With mathematical notation, Rosenblatt also described circuitry not in the basic perceptron, such as the exclusive-or circuit, a circuit which could not be processed by neural networks until after the backpropagation algorithm was created by Paul Werbos (1975).
Neural network research stagnated after the publication of machine learning research by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert (1969), who discovered two key issues with the computational machines that processed neural networks. The first was that basic perceptrons were incapable of processing the exclusive-or circuit. The second significant issue was that computers didn't have enough processing power to effectively handle the long run time required by large neural networks. Neural network research slowed until computers achieved greater processing power.
-
Interval arithmetic, interval mathematics, interval analysis, or interval computation, is a method developed by mathematicians since the 1950s and 1960s, as an approach to putting bounds on rounding errors and measurement errors in mathematical computation and thus developing numerical methods that yield reliable results. Very simply put, it represents each value as a range of possibilities. For example, instead of estimating the height of someone using standard arithmetic as 2.0 meters, using interval arithmetic we might be certain that that person is somewhere between 1.97 and 2.03 meters. In mathematics, a (real) interval is a set of real numbers with the property that any number that lies between two numbers in the set is also included in the set. For example, the set of all numbers x satisfying 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is an interval which contains 0 and 1, as well as all numbers between them.
This concept is suitable for a variety of purposes. The most common use is to keep track of and handle rounding errors directly during the calculation and of uncertainties in the knowledge of the exact values of physical and technical parameters. The latter often arise from measurement errors and tolerances for components or due to limits on computational accuracy. Interval arithmetic also helps find reliable and guaranteed solutions to equations and optimization problems.
-
Nassim Nicholas Taleb and Benoit Mandelbrot -
Nassim is a Lebanese-American essayist, scholar, statistician, former trader, and risk analyst, whose work focuses on problems of randomness, probability, and uncertainty. His 2007 book The Black Swan was described in a review by the Sunday Times as one of the twelve most influential books since World War II. He advocates what he calls a "black swan robust" society, meaning a society that can withstand difficult-to-predict events.
Benoit Mandelbrot was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life." He referred to himself as a "fractalist". He is recognized for his contribution to the field of fractal geometry, which included coining the word "fractal'", as well as developing a theory of "roughness and self-similarity" in nature. He spent most of his career in both the United States and France, having dual French and American citizenship. In 1958, he began a 35-year career at IBM, where he became an IBM Fellow, and periodically took leaves of absence to teach at Harvard University. Because of his access to IBM's computers, Mandelbrot was one of the first to use computer graphics to create and display fractal geometric images, leading to his discovering the Mandelbrot set in 1979. He showed how visual complexity can be created from simple rules. He said that things typically considered to be "rough", a "mess" or "chaotic", like clouds or shorelines, actually had a "degree of order." His math and geometry-centered research career included contributions to such fields as statistical physics, meteorology, hydrology, geomorphology, anatomy, taxonomy, neurology, linguistics, information technology, computer graphics, economics, geology, medicine, cosmology, engineering, chaos theory, econophysics, metallurgy, taxonomy and the social sciences.
Nassim, Benoit Mandelbrot and many others showed that application of Fractals / Mandrelbot is better to predict several practical outcomes, in contrast to Gaussian distribution analysis.
-
Charles Darwin told his friend that, he guesses; Life may have started in a shallow hot pond. Darwin was many hundred years ahead of his times.
The Murchison meteorite that fell near Murchison, Victoria, Australia in 1969 was found to contain over 90 different amino acids, nineteen of which are found in Earth life. Comets and other icy outer-solar-system bodies are thought to contain large amounts of complex carbon compounds (such as tholins) formed by these processes, darkening surfaces of these bodies.
The early Earth was bombarded heavily by comets, possibly providing a large supply of complex organic molecules along with the water and other volatiles they contributed.
The University of Waterloo and University of Colorado conducted simulations in 2005 that indicated that the early atmosphere of Earth could have contained up to 40 percent hydrogen—implying a much more hospitable environment for the formation of prebiotic organic molecules. The escape of hydrogen from Earth's atmosphere into space may have occurred at only one percent of the rate previously believed based on revised estimates of the upper atmosphere's temperature.
Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York reported the possibility of oxygen available around 4.3 billion years ago. Their study reported in 2011 on the assessment of Hadean zircons from the earth's interior (magma) indicated the presence of oxygen traces similar to modern-day lavas.
700 Million years after Earth's origin, ( around 3.8 Billion years ago ), the Rocks have signatures of Microbe Life. Just 540 million year ago diversity of life happened ( Cambrian Explosion ). So for almost 3 Billion years Earth had only Microbes. The day was around 22 hours then, as Earth was rotating quicker.
Studies have been made of the amino acid composition of the products of "old" areas in "old" genes, defined as those that are found to be common to organisms from several widely separated species, assumed to share only the last universal ancestor (LUA) of all extant species. These studies found that the products of these areas are enriched in those amino acids that are also most readily produced in the Miller–Urey experiment. This suggests that the original genetic code was based on a smaller number of amino acids – only those available in prebiotic nature – than the current one.
Cyanobacteria are able to survive extreme conditions. They live in Antarctica as well as in mountain springs. One species was isolated even from polar bear hairs.
Cyanobacteria get their name from the bluish pigment phycocyanin, which they use to capture light for photosynthesis as they also contain chlorophyll. Their name comes from the Greek word for blue, cyanos. Cyanobacteria have been living on the Earth for more than 3 billion years. They alter genetically and develop various evolutionary lines. They have survived here for a uniquely long time. These are microscopic, they are rich in chemical diversity. the chloroplast in plants is a symbiotic cyanobacterium, taken up by a green algal ancestor of the plants sometime in the Precambrian. These bacteria are often found growing on greenhouse glass, or around sinks and drains. The Red Sea gets its name from occasional blooms of a reddish species of Oscillatoria, and African flamingos get their pink color from eating Spirulina.
The scientific community has gained a clearer understanding of the evolution of cyanobacteria of the Synechococcus group. It is one of the largest groups of cyanobacteria, widespread from the poles to the equator, in the sea as well as on land. Petr Dvorák, a phycologist from the Faculty of Science, has compared their genes and constructed, with the help of molecular biology, the first complex phylogenetic tree of this group, an interpretation of its evolution.
It shows that; the beginning of life, coincides with a hypothetical event that occurred 4 billion to 3.85 billion years ago, known as the Late Heavy Bombardment, in which asteroids pummeled Earth and the solar system's other inner planets. These impacts may have provided the energy to jumpstart the chemistry of life.
Studies suggest that asteroid impacts may break down formamide — a molecule thought to be present in early Earth's atmosphere — into genetic building blocks of DNA and its cousin RNA, called nucleobases.
Chemist Svatopluk Civiš, of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and his colleagues used a high-powered laser to break down ionized formamide gas, or plasma, to mimic an asteroid strike on early Earth. The reaction produced scalding temperatures of up to 4,230 degrees Celsius, sending out a shock wave and spewing intense ultraviolet and X-ray radiation. The chemical fireworks produced four of the nucleobases that collectively make up DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
The Amino acids joinup to make various Proteins. These lead to microbes. Stromatolites produced Oxygen, and increased the Oxygen content in the atmosphere over Billion years. The Oxygen also made Iron oxide out of Iron dissolved in Water, which deposited as layers of Iron ore.
See about Trilobites at research.amnh.org/paleontology/trilobite-website/twenty-trilobite-fast-facts
fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/Stromatolites.htm
jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses01/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/Stromatolites-Thelongestl.html
Dvorák and his colleagues utilised also a genome sequence of a new genus of cyanobacteria found in a peatbog in Slovakia. It was named Neosynechococcus. Algology (from algae) is a branch of biology studying algae and cyanobacteria. It deals with the systematisation, phylogenesis, and ecology of these organisms. It also includes physiology, biochemistry, and genetics.
See youtube.com/watch?v=SOGwoFkPtT8
The Miller–Urey experiment was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment investigating abiogenesis, it was conducted in 1952 by Stanley Miller, with assistance from Harold Urey, at the University of Chicago and later the University of California, San Diego. Scientists examining sealed vials preserved from the original experiments ( of Stanley Miller ) were able to show that there were actually well over 20 different amino acids produced in Miller's original experiments.
See youtube.com/watch?v=57merteLsBc
In 1961, Joan Oró found that the nucleotide base adenine could be made from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in a water solution. His experiment produced a large amount of adenine, the molecules of which were formed from 5 molecules of HCN. Also, many amino acids are formed from HCN and ammonia under these conditions. Experiments conducted later showed that the other RNA and DNA nucleobases could be obtained through simulated prebiotic chemistry with a reducing atmosphere.
See youtube.com/watch?v=xyhZcEY5PCQ
Next Study Evolution
- evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/side_0_0/origsoflife_05
youtube.com/watch?v=QqG01ihQjoo
-
There are many near Earth Asteroids; that are being constantly monitored, since 1990s. This is to avoid any major impact that may wipeout life from Earth. International cooperation exists, to plan for destroying the Asteroid which is directed towards Earth. Near-Earth asteroids are in a different class than main belt asteroids, as they are much closer energetically to Earth.
There are three main orbits of near-Earth asteroids: Amor, Aten, and Apollo.
Most intersect with the Earth’s orbit at some point during their trip around the sun, making this the prime time to analyze them with a telescope, or even rendezvous with them on a prospecting mission with our Arkyd spacecraft.
See planetaryresources.com/2015/10/studying-close-approaches-of-near-earth-asteroids/
47,000 of the probable Asteroids have been listed.
dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2145699/New-Nasa-sky-scan-reveals-47-000-hazardous-near-Earth-asteroids-330ft-wide--BIGGER.html
Craig Venter and his team of Nobel Laureates, and other very smart Scientists, have been working on Artificial or Synthetic life for long.
See youtube.com/watch?v=ayfF1v7rifw
-
Gordon Allport and S. Odbert - The OCEAN model of "Big Five personality traits", rather modern Psychology was started by these two Men. The Big Five personality traits, also known as the five factor model (FFM), is a model based on common language descriptors of personality (lexical hypothesis). These descriptors are grouped together using a statistical technique called factor analysis (i.e. this model is not based on experiments). This widely examined theory suggests five broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and psyche. The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, often listed under the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Beneath each proposed global factor, a number of correlated and more specific primary factors are claimed. For example, extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions.
In 1884, Sir Francis Galton was the first person who is known to have investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to derive a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language: the lexical hypothesis. In 1936, Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton's hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives which they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits from the dictionaries at that time. In 1940, Raymond Cattell retained the adjectives, and eliminated synonyms to reduce the total to 171. He constructed a self-report instrument for the clusters of personality traits he found from the adjectives, which he called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Based on a subset of only 20 of the 36 dimensions that Cattell had originally discovered, Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal claimed to have found just five broad factors which they labeled: "surgency", "agreeableness", "dependability", "emotional stability", and "culture". Warren Norman subsequently relabeled "dependability" as "conscientiousness".
After “God, Puja & Prayer”, being the 1st ; the 2nd worst illusion, that hampers Science; is “Gut feeling”. The Havoc or mayhem of “Gut feeling” is very prominently seen regarding Psychology, or People skills ( of most people ). Close to 99% people conduct interviews and take ‘people decisions’, without caring anything about Psychology.
Long back I wrote “Millions of Interviews are being conducted every day, where the interviewer knows nothing about Psychology, while believes that her gut feeling is guiding for correct decisions”. [ the reader will have to agree with this, if he heard about OCEAN model for the first time, here ]
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/interview-techniques-and-the-things-you-cannot-find/
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/are-people-very-logical-and-rational-then-why-should-we-be-polite-with-all/
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/correlated-adjectives-this-personality-trait-predicts-your-tendency-to-lie-and-cheat/
Psychology stands on the conclusions drawn after experiments. Some most important experiments being Milgram Experiment, Stanford Prison experiment, Hawthorne experiment, Bad Samaritan experiment, Attractiveness experiments, Evolutionary Psychology experiment, Decoy experiments, Equity theory of Motivation experiments, etc …
The experiments that I used to talk about while teaching Senior Corporate Managers are listed at
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/psychology-experiments-and-summary-of-the-subject/
-
Is Economics a Branch of Science ?
Not discussing about Economists here, as my personal opinion about, "works and contribution of Economists" is very poor. All of them argue and fancy in disagreeing with each and every thing told by someone. Economics has no consensus, no agreed rules, driven more by politics, and / or dynamic situations. No prediction by any Economist comes Correct or True; consistently. Media interviews thousands of these "strange foolish guys", and trys to "understand" an average. Randomly someone's prediction matches the actual outcome, and Predictions of 999 of the other morons deviate. These guys are always busy, analyzing and confirming that in past what had happened was "inevitable", while in the same breath, they accept that "no clue about the future". None had predicted the “inevitable” though. The stupidest of all the doomsters is Thomas Malthus. He has a "world record" of its kind, as ALL his predictions came wrong.
[ The second record holder will be of course Sigmund Freud. All explanations given by Freud are wrong, and crap. Modern Psychologists, call Freud worst than a quack. See how Professor Bloom, from Yale laugh at Freud, ( and I agree with Prof. Bloom ), in the class... youtube.com/watch?v=P3FKHH2RzjI&list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F
even Aristotle did better than these stupids. See something what Aristotle said is true, given below in this book ]
Personally I have read several books in Economics, and several thousand ( may be more than 10,000 ) scholarly articles. All will call me a fool, for every prediction; I make on Economy, or anything in Economics. As usual no one will agree with me, I know. I never try to talk about Economics, as you all saw, here, just now! I agreed with Millions of others, 'to Not to' believe in anything an Economist says or predicts.
A very small "summary" of what these 'idiots' have done is at
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/a-butcher-makes-kima-of-economics/
[ My friends occasionally say … “even Russia has Russian economists” … ]
Nassim Taleb has called for cancellation of the Nobel Prize in Economics, saying that the damage from economic theories can be devastating. ( and I agree with him ).
-
In contrast to economics, Finance Law/Rules and Marketing Tricks/Techniques are supreme. Very correctly Millions call these subjects as "Financial Science" and "Marketing Science".
The learning's here are generally not attributed to a particular person. There are many Key concepts, which are correct; and accurate! These enable people to take right decisions, to make money, be profitable, to generate employment, to avoid and reduce loss, to sale, and keep businesses going.
For whatever we do, we have to deal with people, and earn money or make profit. So the basic understanding of Psychology, the Laws of Finance, and the 'Tricks and trades' of Marketing ( Science ) are must for all. Human beings in general, harbor many limitations; which Economists disregard. One of the first assumptions of Economics, "The Rational Human beings" is wrong.
See the list of Biases at skmclasses.kinja.com/bias-we-all-are-biased-1761664826
Some of the key concepts of Finance are NPV ( Net Present Value ), ROI ( Return on Investment ), Risk/Return Tradeoff, Diversification, ROCE ( Return on Capital Employed ), Discounted Cash flow, Time value of Money, Liquidity, Budgeting etc. The list is big. It takes many months of correct studies, to understand and master these. Those who apply these rules and learning's well; are paid well. People in general do not disagree to fight with what Finance Gurus says.
It is extremely important for every student to know that everyone is not working or running after profit, or ROI. The world is full with Philanthropic acts. There are Billions of Altruists. Too much of priority towards money, makes people cold, cruel, isolated, un-helping, and in-human …
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/do-you-know-who-was-dashrath-manjhi/
-
Marketing Science is Art. Successful Marketing gurus are paid very well. I have not seen insults and fights, towards Marketing Gurus. People just do not hate them like Economists. There are some key concepts.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/25-points-on-brand-and-marketing/
Personally I will always remain a toddler, regarding Tricks and details of Marketing.
When I was in Standard 9, my Aunt ( Cousin sister of my Mom ), started a very small chemical business. She was staying in a different city, and I “managed” the business affairs, in Jamshedpur. I had to meet lot of people at various offices, advertise, give sale pitches, sale, follow-up with people, get payments, and generate profit etc.
This gave me very interesting exposure to human behavior, organizations, processes, human nature and follies, greed etc. Much later I managed my own IIT JEE coaching / Business.
With this background, I am adding “a Pinch of Salt” in the Ocean of Management.
[ meaning, I do not think, my words are going to teach or contribute anything ]
Regarding advertisement, I have observed that people are in silos, or islands. Mostly unaware what is going on in other islands. People expect advertisement in their own silo, or island. So advertisement is required to be done in multiple mediums / channels. If I advertise in newspaper, ( say about Govt. of India, official Olympiads ), some people will say … “school did not tell anything”. If I advertise in Google adwords, guys in Facebook will not know. Any amount of “Radio Messages” done, will not stop people saying … “the CSR ( corporate Social responsibility ) department did not send any mailer ! …
It is extremely costly to advertise in every island. Small businesses just cannot afford such expenditures. So advertisement always remains insufficient, as per my perception. Effectiveness of the advertisements, and success is always unknown. As per my perception, the young MBA’s handling the budget randomly try various things, playing randomly with “others money”. Randomly there is some result/response, that is termed / “show cased” as success. Gurus handling crores of advertisement budget will have their own “correct” experience. 99.99% people / small businesses are not relevant in that.
[ Google adwords in my experience or observation; is very costly, and not at all effective. Adwords is absolute waste of money. Facebook in contrast maintains lots of connections, the visitors repeat of their own, so much more persistent. ]
As per my perception; Advertisement is not a communication, at all. It is an enabler, so that if someone searches, then can find the links / details quickly. Only those who search, if they get some details, of something; earlier than another; the former has higher chance being considered.
[ Did you notice that top 50 or 100 Management Gurus, and / or “Best selling Management Books“ are not Indian ]
-
Science is closely related to Technology. I personally cannot distinguish.
3D Printing was started by Chuck Hull
As of 2016 ( apart from Lakhs of Industrial Applications ) Body-parts are being 3D printed
See youtube.com/watch?v=a1Ikv3yHs0w
And youtube.com/watch?v=_RO5DSIB1GE
Xenotransplantation
youtube.com/watch?v=6rKUBBjaa0g
youtube.com/watch?v=qFQo28AahAE
-
Artificial Blood
Since 1990s various kinds of Artificial Blood has been made. I read many reports! Research to improve is always on.
youtube.com/watch?v=9I7oUuZBG4c
-
Artificial Photosynthesis or Chlorophyll
youtube.com/watch?v=hU-T0ht2OdQ
youtube.com/watch?v=N8LHqoNber4
-
Nanotechnology
youtube.com/watch?v=xlYIex2TF5g
youtube.com/watch?v=7hRjhxi2uL0
-
Metamaterials
youtube.com/watch?v=taSfueSfmag
youtube.com/watch?v=26J5n_8_6TQ
-
Molecular Motors
youtube.com/watch?v=WH5rwsu5tzI
-
Quantum Computer
youtube.com/watch?v=0dXNmbiGPS4
youtube.com/watch?v=u9zx7QOKPno
For list of emerging Technologies see
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies
-
Bio-batteries: creating energy from bacteria ( or Microbial Fuel Cell )
Research reported by Dr Tom Clarke's team at the University of East Anglia's Department of Biological Sciences has shown how thousands of tiny molecular wires embedded in the surface of a bacterium called Shewanella oneidensis can directly transmit an electric current to inorganic minerals such as iron and manganese oxides, or the surface of electrodes. The phenomenon, known as direct extracellular electron transfer (DEET), occurs because of the way that some bacteria living in environments lacking oxygen export electrons that are generated through their respiratory cycle. Examples include Shewanella, and some species of another bacterium known as Geobacter.
See eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2013/07/growing-power.cfm
Regarding Indian Scientists journosdiary.com/2016/09/10/iisc-india-bacteria-power-tiny-engine/
-
Communication in trees
Trees, it turns out, have a completely different way of communicating: they use scent. Four decades ago, scientists noticed something on the African savannah. The giraffes there were feeding on umbrella thorn acacias, and the trees didn’t like this one bit. It took the acacias mere minutes to start pumping toxic substances into their leaves to rid themselves of the large herbivores. The giraffes got the message and moved on to other trees in the vicinity. But did they move on to trees close by? No, for the time being, they walked right by a few trees and resumed their meal only when they had moved about 100 yards away.
The acacia trees that were being eaten gave off a warning gas ( specifically, ethylene ) that signaled to neighbouring trees of the same species that a crisis was at hand. Right away, all the forewarned trees also pumped toxins into their leaves to prepare themselves. The giraffes were wise to this game and therefore moved farther away to a part of the savannah where they could find trees that were oblivious to what was going on. Or else they moved upwind. For the scent messages were carried to nearby trees on the breeze, and if the animals walked upwind, they could find acacias close by that had no idea the giraffes were there.
This ability to produce different compounds is another feature that helps trees fend off attack for a while. When it comes to some species of insects, trees can accurately identify which bad guys they are up against. The saliva of each species is different, and the tree can match the saliva to the insect. Indeed, the match can be so precise that the tree can release pheromones that summon specific beneficial predators. The beneficial predators help the tree by eagerly devouring the insects that are bothering them. For example, elms and pines call on small parasitic wasps that lay their eggs inside leaf-eating caterpillars. As the wasp larvae develop, they devour the larger caterpillars bit by bit from the inside out. Not a nice way to die. The result, however, is that the trees are saved from bothersome pests and can keep growing with no further damage. The fact that trees can recognize saliva is, incidentally, evidence for yet another skill they must have. For if they can identify saliva, they must also have a sense of taste.
A drawback of scent compounds is that they disperse quickly in the air. Often they can only be detected within a range of about 100 yards. Quick dispersal, however, also has advantages. As the transmission of signals inside the tree is very slow, a tree can cover long distances much more quickly through the air if it wants to warn distant parts of its own structure that danger lurks. A specialized distress call is not always necessary when a tree needs to mount a defence against insects. The animal world simply registers the tree’s basic chemical alarm call. It then knows some kind of attack is taking place and predatory species should mobilize. Whoever is hungry for the kinds of critters that attack trees just can’t stay away.
Trees can also mount their own defence. Oaks, for example, carry bitter, toxic tannins in their bark and leaves. These either kill chewing insects outright or at least affect the leaves’ taste to such an extent that instead of being deliciously crunchy, they become biliously bitter. Willows produce the defensive compound salicylic acid, which works in much the same way. But not on us. Salicylic acid is a precursor of aspirin, and tea made from willow bark can relieve headaches and bring down fevers. Such defence mechanisms, of course, take time. Therefore, a combined approach is crucially important for arboreal early-warning systems.
Trees also warn each other using chemical signals sent through the fungal networks around their root tips. which operate no matter what the weather. Surprisingly, news bulletins are sent via the roots not only by means of chemical compounds but also by means of electrical impulses that travel at the speed of a third of an inch per second. In comparison with our bodies, it is, admittedly, extremely slow. However, there are species in the animal kingdom, such as jellyfish and worms, whose nervous systems conduct impulses at a similar speed. Once the latest news has been broadcast, all oaks in the area promptly pump tannins through their veins.
Tree roots extend a long way, more than twice the spread of the crown. So the root systems of neighbouring trees inevitably intersect and grow into one another—though there are always some exceptions. Even in a forest, there are loners, would-be hermits who want little to do with others. Can such antisocial trees block alarm calls simply by not participating? Luckily, they can’t. For usually there are fungi present that act as intermediaries to guarantee quick dissemination of news. These fungi operate like fibre-optic Internet cables. Their thin filaments penetrate the ground, weaving through it in almost unbelievable density. One teaspoon of forest soil contains many miles of these ‘hyphae’. Over centuries, a single fungus can cover many square miles and network an entire forest. The fungal connections transmit signals from one tree to the next, helping the trees exchange news about insects, drought, and other dangers. Science has adopted a term first coined by the journal Nature for Simard’s discovery of the ‘wood wide web’ pervading our forests. What and how much information is exchanged are subjects we have only just begun to research. For instance, Suzzane Simard discovered that different tree species are in contact with one another, even when they regard each other as competitors. And the fungi are pursuing their own agendas and appear to be very much in favour of conciliation and equitable distribution of information and resources.
If trees are weakened, it could be that they lose their conversational skills along with their ability to defend themselves. Otherwise, it’s difficult to explain why insect pests specifically seek out trees whose health is already compromised. It’s conceivable that to do this, insects listen to trees’ urgent chemical warnings, and then test trees that don’t pass the message on by taking a bite out of their leaves or bark. A tree’s silence could be because of a serious illness or, perhaps, the loss of its fungal network, which would leave the tree completely cut off from the latest news. The tree no longer registers approaching disaster, and the doors are open for the caterpillar and beetle buffet. The loners I just mentioned are similarly susceptible—they might look healthy, but they have no idea what is going on around them.
In the symbiotic community of the forest, not only trees but also shrubs and grasses—and possibly all plant species—exchange information this way. However, when we step into farm fields, the vegetation becomes very quiet. Thanks to selective breeding, our cultivated plants have, for the most part, lost their ability to communicate above or below ground—you could say they are deaf and dumb—and therefore they are easy prey for insect pests. That is one reason why modern agriculture uses so many pesticides. Perhaps farmers can learn from the forests and breed a little more wildness back into their grain and potatoes so that they’ll be more talkative in the future...
To decide if trees are silent … researchers substitute grain seedlings because they are easier to handle. They started listening, and it didn’t take them long to discover that their measuring apparatus was registering roots crackling quietly at a frequency of 220 hertz. Crackling roots? That doesn’t necessarily mean anything. After all, even dead wood crackles when it’s burned in a stove. But the noises discovered in the laboratory caused the researchers to sit up and pay attention. For the roots of seedlings not directly involved in the experiment reacted. Whenever the seedlings’ roots were exposed to a crackling at 220 hertz, they oriented their tips in that direction. That means the grasses were registering this frequency, so it makes sense to say they ‘heard’ it.
It is well known that Music Played near trees help them grow faster. There are many commercial products claiming quicker growth in farms.
After reading all these some may imagine that this is what is happening in jungles ….
The list can go on forever. Students can read and learn more of their own…
Even though Indian Rocket could send 20 Satellites to space in one go, Indian prefer to do the following ...
Every Puja is remnant of “Caste System”. Think … Who are performing the Pujas ? What is the Qualification of the Pujari ? What is his effectiveness ? How are the Pujaris chosen ?
Russian Dnepr rocket had sent 37 satellites to Space, without Pujas !
I have met lot of people who think, that “Global Warming” is happening due to Cars, or because of burning Plastics …
In our atmosphere close to 1% is Argon, while only 0.04% in CO2
Half of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The other half is produced via photosynthesis on land by trees, shrubs, grasses, and other plants.
See news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0607_040607_phytoplankton.html
See skmclasses.kinja.com/global-warming-is-not-due-to-human-activity-1761784651
My students and the readers of this book must know that; over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere. One volcanic cough can do this in a day. skepticalscience.com/print.php?r=50
time.com/3698572/science-maya-tolstoy-geophysical-research-letters-volcanoes-climate-change/
Temperature-Sea Levels-CO2-etc always have been fluctuating over ages - Global Warming
See archive.org/details/TemperatureSeaLevelsCO2EtcAlwaysHaveBeenFluctuatingOverAgesGlobalWarming
Know about the Giants of Science from Videos
archive.org/details/CasimirPolderDaviesUnruhBELLAspectGalileoMosleyChadwickFeynmanSchrodinger
youtube.com/watch?v=ecQazN9Z24w
Long back a Professor had advised me, to read all issues of Scientific American; say from 1920s, or as old as possible; to learn Physics. I did listen to him and read all old copies, that were available in the Library. Now in the net it is much easier for Students, to get the copies.
See archive.org/search.php?query="Scientific%20American"
In 1999 there was a Special Issue on Men
See archive.org/stream/ScientificAmericanspEd-Vol10No2-Men-1999#page/n1/mode/2up
Preface for Physics
Professor H. C. Verma wrote amazing books in Physics. There are many other good books for IIT JEE and other exams. Krishna’s Guides, Books by Professor N. N. Ghosh, Professor D. C. Pandey, GRB Publications Physics Guides etc are very good. For numerical s the Irodov’s books remain the King !
“Concepts of Physics” by Professor H C Verma have been available since 1991. ( and did not change or updated since ). Previous to that, past papers of IIT JEE, and other exams, were the source for preparation. I was in High School in 1980s. I had 6-7 Russian books apart from Irodov. All these were very good. Resnick and Halliday ‘s ( Walker and Krane came in subsequently ) book was also well known. There were too many “ uncles “ who used to advice that “ only Resnick and Halliday ‘s book was enough “ !
Well I agreed and disagreed. There were many IIT JEE questions which were ditto or verbatim picked-up from Resnick Halliday ! But, something more was always needed. Brilliant Tutorials, Agarwal Coaching etc, were famous those days. ( 1980s 90 s ). They were giving several new questions, which enabled more practice. People slowly realized that “ every type “ of questions are NOT there in Resnick & Halliday, or say Irodov.
Uncles saying “ only Resnick and Halliday ‘s book was enough “ ! were wrong. “Concepts of Physics” by Professor H C Verma sold so much because of very good step by step explanations, new solved examples, new exercises. Several gaps were filled-up.
The word Physics is derived from Latin physica, from Greek (ta) phusika, (the things) of nature, from neuter plural of phusikos.
So, why am I writing “another book” in Physics ? ( The description of nature )
I wish to answer this most important question, first !
There are many kind of Questions which are not covered in “ Concepts of Physics “ of Professor H. C. Verma. Also Irodov, in his books, does not explain or cover several kinds of Problems or Questions. The “ Coaching Institutes “ very rightly thrived on these gaps. Almost 100% students benefit more with more examples. As Coaching Institutes discuss, cover and repeat several more examples in each chapter compared to School or Text books; explains the reason of their popularity.
Let me list a few examples to explain all this.
Optics - 1 ) The expression for deviation of a ray passing through a slab
See again
Optics - 2 ) Fresnel’s Biprism
Optics - 3 ) Negative Refractive Index. For meta-materials we can have Negative Refractive index. So “ Refractive Index “ is a ‘ rare ‘ scalar which can be negative. [ Recall most scalars are positive, such as volume, mass, pressure, viscosity, resistance, inductance, capacitance etc. Can you think of a few scalars which can be negative also apart from charge or current ? ]
Negative refractive index question was asked in 2012 IIT JEE
Optics - 4 ) Combination of Prism and Mirror problems
A prism having an apex
Optics - 5 ) How do we find focal length of a lens ?
Optics - 6 ) Circle of least confusion
Optics - 7 )
Deviation diagrams
While this combination will also have a circle of least confusion
Optics - 8 ) Aspherical lenses can be used to reduce axial spread ( of paraxial rays ), apart from stoppers or rather with combinations of stoppers.
Remember more curved surface should face the light first. In plano-convex lens the convex part should face the light for better utilization of refraction properties. Also this minimizes the errors.
Optics - 9 ) The conical image of a point
Optics - 10 ) Split lenses
- Was asked in Physics Olympiad before being asked in IIT JEE
Solution
Solution
Optics - 11 ) Lloyd’s Mirror
Optics - 12 ) Newton’s Rings
Optics - 13 ) Plano-Convex lens problems
Optics - 14 ) Lens problems with graphs
IIT JEE 2011
Answer [ c ]
Answer ( a )
In the above problem which of the following relations are correct
Answer ( a ) and ( d )
-
Answer - b, c, d
-
As the position of an object ( u ) from a concave mirror is varied, the position of the image ( v ) also varies. By letting u change from 0 to ∞ the graph between v and u will be ?
Answer - ( a )
So Answer - ( d )
-
Optics - 15 ) Lens immersed in a liquid
Karnataka CET 1996 problem - Lens put in Slab with liquid
If the formula was printed as +ve, then the absolute values of Radius will be taken.
Solution :
There can be problems with lens and different transparent materials on either side or both sides
Solution : ( d )
Optics - 16 ) Trick questions with distance of object, Image, focal length of lenses
A short linear object of length L lies on the axis of a spherical mirror of focal length f at a distance u from the mirror. Its image has an axial length L’ equal to ?
Solution :
Solution :
Optics - 17 ) Application of Geometry in sphere to understand a plano-convex lens problem
Application of Sagitta Theorem
-
Optics - 18 ) Spherical lens
A ray in incident on a sphere, with incidence anagle of 600 Refractive Index of the sphere is √3 The ray is reflected and refracted on the further surface. The angle between the reflected and refracted surface is ?
Answer 900
Sin 60 / Sin r1 = √3 => Sin r1 = ½ => r1 = 300
Sin i2 / Sin r2 = √3 => i2 = 600 as r1 = r2 = 300
Angle of deviation 180 - ( r2 + i2 ) = 180 - 90 = 90
-
Optics - 19 ) Thick lenses
Optics - 20 ) Cauchy’s formula for Refractive Index
-
Optics - 21 ) Reflection images in inclined mirrors
Number of images is given as greatest integer of [ (360/θ ) - 1 ]
-
Optics - 22 ) Optics problems with vectors, 3D imagination
The x - y plane is boundary between two transparent media. Medium-1 with z 0 has a refractive index and medium 2 with z 0 has refractive index . A ray of light inmedium-1 given by vector is incident on the plane of separation, find the unit vector in the direction of the refracted ray in medium-2.
Solution: Let refracted ray be
Normal to plane of incident and normal =
=
it must also be normal to refracted ray
cos ( - i) =
= = cos1200
i = 600
r = 450
Now since angle between refracted ray and Normal = 450
c2 = a2 + b2 = a2 +
c =
Optics - 23 ) Problems with continuously varying refractive index ( First asked in IPhO and then in IIT JEE )
A ray of light in air is incident atgrazing angle (i = 900) on a long rectangular slab of a transparent medium of thickness t = 1.0 m. The point of incidence is the origin A(0, 0).
The medium has a variable index of refraction n(y) given by n(y) = where k = 1.0 m-3/2.
The refractive index of air is 1. (i) Obtain a relation between the slope of the trajectory of the ray at a point B(x, y) in the point. (ii) Obtain an equation for trajectory y(x) of the ray in the point. (iii) Determine the co-ordinates (x, y1) of the point P where the ray intersects the upper surface of the slab-air boundary. (d) Indicate the path of the ray subsequently.
Solution:
Taking on arbitrary point P(x, y) refractive index at this point n =
from Snell's law n sin = constant applying this for initail pt. (when ray is entering medium B) and at point.
1 x sin900 = sin i
sin i = it can be seen that i =
Slope = tan = cot i =
(ii) = cot i =
it passes through origin C = 0
x = 4 is the equation of trajectory
when ray comes out of the mediums
then x = 4 x 1 = 4
Co-ordinate of pt- is (4, 1)
If medium on both sides are same, then angle with which the ray enters the medium = angle with which the ray comes out.
Ray will be parallel to x-axis.
-
Optics - 24 ) Cylindrical lens ( IIT JEE 1999 )
Optics - 25 ) Two lenses or mirros whose axis is not coinciding ( IIT JEE 1993 ) Shifted lenses or mirrors
Solution
archive.org/details/IITJEE1993OpticsInterestingShiftedLensImageMagnificationAndPosition
-
So f1 = -15 cm
Optics - 26 ) Painted lens or Combination of lenses where the last one is painted ( silvered )
If I am recalling correctly IIT JEE and other exams ( till 2016 ) had more than 10 questions of this kind. Most books do not discuss the easy formula of -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm
( In 1990 I had derived this formula of my own for quick solving of this kind of problems )
Fm is focal length of the mirror as R/2 +ve or -ve as per conditions
Solution :
Focal length of planar side is fm = R/2 = -∞
by lens makers formula. R is positive because center of curvature is on right side
Use -1/F = 2/fL1 - 1/fm or 1/F = - or F =
R ( equivalent ) = 2F =
We don’t have to use the formula -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm for every problem
See a Karnataka CET problem of 2004 ( Was also asked in IIT JEE and solved in “Concepts of Physics by Professor H C Verma )
Solution :
IIT JEE 2006
Solution :
Long method
Shorter Method
Use F = and = 1/(2R)
1/15 = 1/2R => 15 = 2R => R = 7.5 cm
F = - 7.5 / ( 2 X 0.5 ) = -7.5 = -15/2
Using 1/v + 1/u = 1/F for equivalent mirror
1/v + 1/( -20 ) = 1/( - 7.5 )
1/v = 1/20 - 2/15 = ( 3 - 8 )/60 = -5 / 60 = -1/12
V = -12 cm
Even more shorter method
If I am appearing for an exam I would have done -1/F = 2/fL1 - 1/fm
So -1/F = 2/( 15 ) - 1/( - ∞ ) = 1/7.5 - 0 => F = - 7.5 cm
Then Using 1/v + 1/u = 1/F for equivalent mirror
1/v + 1/( -20 ) = 1/( - 7.5 )
1/v = 1/20 - 2/15 = ( 3 - 8 )/60 = -5 / 60 = -1/12
V = -12 cm
-
IIT JEE 1978
Let us use -1/F = 2/fL1 - 1/fm
And giving 1/20 = 0.5 ( 1/R1 - 1/(-22)) or R1 = 55/3
R1 actually is not required. We can find fm as R2 /2 = - 11 cm
So - 1/F = 2/20 - 1/( -11 ) = 1/10 + 1/11 = 21/110
or F = - 110/21 ( not required ! 1/F = -21/110 is enough )
Using mirror formula 1/v + 1/u = 1/F
So 1/v + 1 / ( -10 ) = -21/110
1/v = 1/10 - 21/110 = ( 11 -21 )/110 = -10/110 = -1/11
v = -11 cm
virtual image on left at 11 cm
( Now do you guys see that even though we got problems of this kind since 1978 and before, but yet the formula is not there in every book ! )
-
IIT JEE 1979
Now you know that this problem can be solved by 3 different ways.
The longest method being successive image method. Meaning find the first image due to lens, then 2nd image due to silvered surface as mirror. The 3rd and final image is due to light travelling from right to left through the lens again.
I will discuss the shorter methods
( b ) use -1/F = 2/fL so F = -12 cm
The system will act as a concave mirror of focal length 12 cm. The parallel rays will converge at 12 cm left of this silvered lens.
( c )
( d )
IIT JEE 1981
I will prefer to solve this by -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm ( note it was a 2 marks problem )
While for practice and to know how successive image method of solving works see …
( b )
Now can you guys check the results using -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm
Solution :
Video explanations of Painted or Silvered lenses
archive.org/details/PaintedLensIITJEEProblemImageNeedsToCoincideWithObjectHCVProf.HCVermaPart1
Optics - 27 ) Image speed when object is moving as seen from various mirrors and lenses
( concave, convex, silvered etc )
Mirror formula ( 1/v + 1/u = 1/f ) or Lens formula ( 1/v - 1/u = 1/f ) have to be differentiated to find du/dt or dv/dt
Optics - 28 ) Slab with a hole or gap, then may be filled with liquid etc
Solution :
Optics - 29 ) Constraint in interference conditions
Solution :
Answer ( b ) See above Solution
Solution :
Optics - 30 ) Silvered Prisms or Painted Prisms
Solution : ( c )
Optics - 31 ) A slab is silvered on one side or Painted on one side
Solution : ( d )
-
iii )
iv )
Solution : ( b )
Solution : ( a )
Optics - 32 ) In YDSE experiment the light falls at an angle on 2 slits
Optics - 33 ) Diffraction Grating
The maximum is sufficiently sharp
Optics - 34 ) Interference with equations
Optics – 35 ) f number of a camera
If n1 and n2 are f-numbers of two cameras and t1 and t2 are the exposure times then ( t1 / t2 ) = ( n1 / n2 )2
The f-number of a camera lens is defined as n = f / D
where D = diameter of the camera lens
and f = focal length
Modern Physics 1 ) Spallation reactions ( MP-PET-2002 Madhya Pradesh Pre Engineering Test )
See skmclasses.weebly.com/spallation-reaction.html
-
Modern Physics 2 ) Ruby LASER ( asked in COMED-K Karnataka )
See skmclasses.weebly.com/ruby-laser.html
-
Modern Physics 3 ) Various details in Particle Physics ( asked in several state exams, including Karnataka CET and COMED-K )
See skmclasses.weebly.com/particle-physics.html
-
Modern Physics 4 ) “Magic Numbers” and “Doubly Magic Numbers” in Nuclear Isotope Stability
See skmclasses.weebly.com/magic-number-doubly-magic-in-nucleus.html
-
Modern Physics 5 ) Every Alpha ( α ) decay produces an isodiapher. Meaning isodiaphers are extremely common. There was AIEEE question on isodiaphers. Also asked in many other exams. Even though every book talks of α, β, and γ decay; most do not talk about isodiaphers, and positron decay. I find this very strange or rather weird !
An example of positron emission (β+ decay) is shown with Magnesium 23 decaying into Sodium23
With a positron emission a Proton changes to Neutron. So Mass number remains the same. In 1934 Frederic and Irene Joliot Curie bombarded aluminium with alpha particles to effect the nuclear reaction and observed that the product isotope 30P15 emits a positron identical to those found in cosmic rays by Carl David Anderson in 1932. Meaning it is surely not so new or modern phenomena that “ Modern Physics “ chapter of Modern Books are not covering this ! 3 year back a IIT JEE question with Positron is also not changing the taboo !
Once again I will say “ So strange is this World ! “
Modern Physics 6 ) Relativistic correction for mass when electrons are flying at very high speed due to very high voltage.
If the voltage is 10KV then what will be the speed of the electrons ?
We know Charge X Voltage = Energy = ½ mv2
Well so far so good. Substitute the values ….
Charge of electron e = 1.6 X 10-19 Coulomb and mass of electron m = 9.1 X 10-31 kg or 0.511 MeV For sake of this discussion let us approximate electron mass as 0.5 MeV/c2
So e ( 104 )V = 104 eV = ½ mv2 = ( ½ )( ½ MeV)(v/c)2 = ( MeV/4 ) (v/c)2
4 X 104 = 106 (v/c)2 => 4/100 = (v/c)2 => v/c = 1/5 => v = c/5
Upto speed of around c/5 we do not take relativistic corrections.
Now what would be the speed of the electrons if the voltage was 1MV ?
A wrong calculation and thus wrong answer would be
X e ( 106 ) V = ½ mv2 = ( ½ )( ½ MeV)(v/c)2 = ( MeV/4 ) (v/c)2
X 4 = (v/c)2
X v/c = 2 => v = 2c
Students should know that particles can’t move at speed more than c
An 1 mark question in Karnataka CET had an option close to 98% of c. Student can guess this and tick. While the calculation will be as follows
Let k =
We will have e ( 106 ) V = ½ (m/k)v2 = ( ½ )( ½ MeV/k)(v/c)2 = ( MeV/4k ) (v/c)2
So 4k = (v/c)2 put v/c = x we get 4 √( 1 - x2 ) = x2 put x2 = y so 4√( 1 - y ) = y
Or 16 ( 1 - y ) = y2 => y2 + 16y - 16 = 0 Solve the quadratic to get y = 0.95
So x2 = 0.95 or x = √0.95 = 0.975 => v/c = 0.975 or v = 97.5% of light speed
-
Electronics 1 )
NOT gate can be implemented by NOR Gate. All the pins have to be connected to same signal.
Similarly NOT gate can be implemented with NAND gates
XOR ( exclusive OR ) gate can be implemented with other gates. In various exams the connections are asked.
Implementing OR Gate with NAND gates
Implementing AND gate with NOR gates
Varactor diode
Common emitter
Common base
Common emitter
Common base
Common base
Common emitter
Heat or Thermodynamics 1 ) So many exams including IIT JEE had questions on Polytropic processes. Apart from Professor N. N. Ghosh’s books, hardly this is covered in Physics Books
I am surprised and amused to see so many coaching Institutes making errors in Polytropic Process Problems. In most cases the teachers are avoiding it, and in rare cases when it is being covered there are errors.
Let us do it here.
We assume ideal gas for Thermodynamics process problems. So PV = nRT is taken as true regardless the process gas is taken through. So Isothermal ( meaning constant Temperature ), Isobaric ( meaning const Pressure ), Isochoric ( meaning constant Volume ) or even PVz = Const ( P into V to the power z is constant ) where z is a constant of the polytropic process, the expression PV=nRT is taken as true. We do substitute that to exchange the variables in many problems.
If the gas expands ( often due to supply of heat ) the work done by the gas is taken as positive.
Work done expression in Isothermal ( or isotropic as some people say it ) is given by
In case of adiabatic process ( where no heat exchange takes place ) , n is γ ( gamma ), so in the above expression replace n as γ
There are other expressions which are handy ( given for 1 mole of gas ), for Heat supplied in Polytropic Process
Heat Supplied in a process at constant Pressure is
VdP expression in polytropic process
Specific heat in case of Polytropic process and Cv in terms of gamma
Example
You can also write + R / ( 1-k ) in Specific heat expression so see an example
IIT JEE 1995 Polytropic Thermodynamics Process Problem
Heat or Thermodynamics 2 ) Formula for equivalent gamma in mixture of gases. n1 moles of gas with γ1 and n2 mole of gas with γ2 are mixed, then what is equivalent gamma ?
Why Cv = R / ( γ – 1 )
Specific heat of a polytropic process. Derivation of work done in polytropic process.
Heat or Thermodynamics 3 ) Work done calculations in various situations
Work done example in Isothermal expansion
Example in Isothermal Expansion
Work done by the gas
Work done by the gas
work done by the gas
Question on Total Heat rejected
- Question with P T diagram
Solution :
Work done by the gas
Example of cycle given P T diagram
Heat or Thermodynamics 4 ) Efficiency of Refrigerator and Refrigeration constant
Coefficient of Performance of a Refrigerator
Coefficient of performance of refrigerator working between temperatures 30 and 0 deg centigrade
Ans : c )
Efficiency of Refrigerator is given by
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 273 / 303 ) = 0.099 ≈ ( approx ) 0.1 or 10%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : a )
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 273 / 300 ) = 0.09 ≈ or 9%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : b )
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 260 / 312 ) = 0.16666 ≈ ( approx ) 0.16667 or 16.67%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : a )
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 250 / 300 ) = 0.1666666 ≈ ( approx ) 0.16667 or 16.67%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : b )
Carnot engine efficiency is covered in every book. But efficiency of refrigerator and Coefficient of Performance is rarely discussed.
Heat or Thermodynamics 5 ) Concept of “free expansion”
Adiabatic free expansion
Question on work done
Solution :
Let A be the area of cross section
Heat or Thermodynamics 6 ) Ingen Housz’s experiment of identical rods
Heat or Thermodynamics 7 ) Concept of Internal Energy at Room temperature
Question in Internal Energy
Heat or Thermodynamics 8 ) Saturated vapor pressure problems
Heat or Thermodynamics 9 ) Mean free path
Mean free path of a gas molecule between 2 collisions
Heat or Thermodynamics 10 ) Questions on efficiency of cycle
Efficiency of cycle example
= 16237.2 Kelvin per mole
Example of Efficiency of a cycle
Example where 2 vessels are connected
More example in Heat and Thermodynamics
Properties of Material 1 ) Torsional Torque per unit twist
Properties of Material 2 ) Torsion of a cylinder
Properties of Material 3 ) Coefficient of Resilience
3 kinds of Coefficient of Resilience
The amount of energy absorbed per unit volume of the body. This is affected by the class of deformation whether axial, bending, or torsional; hence there are three kinds of coefficients of resilience.
Some Authors refer Coefficient of Restitution as Coefficient of resilience.
If a ball falls from a height falling vertically, and just before hitting the ground, it has a speed of v1. Then after hitting the ground it jumps upward with a vertical upward speed of v2.
Then the coefficient of restitution e = mod of ( v2 / v1 )
If a ball is moving at u1 and another is moving at u2, they collide. After collision if these move at v1 and v2 then e = mod of ( v2-v1) / ( u2 – u1 )
Properties of Material 4 ) Relations between various Elastic constants
Write many times to memorize
There is a mistake in the formula below. Y/η should be 2 ( 1 + σ )
Properties of Material 5 ) Bending of the Beam
Depression of Beam at center
Properties of Material 6 ) Measurement of Radius of Curvature
Properties of Material 7 ) Shear stress
Properties of Material 8 ) Thermal stress and force
Properties of Material 9 ) Proof Resilience
Properties of Material 10 ) Elongation in a Pendulum
Properties of Material 11 ) Depression at center of rod
Fluid 1 ) Bernoulli’s Principle and Application
Differential velocity at top and bottom of an aircraft wing, for uplift
Dynamic lift in aircraft
Ans :
Pressure Difference = ΔP = 1/2 ( ρ ) v ^2
roof of hut being flown off due to strong wind
Fluid 2 ) Magnus Effect Top Spin
Magnus Effect lift
Fluid 3 ) Reynold’s Number
Fluid 4 ) Surface Tension Formula
Fluid 5 ) Bulk Modulus and Compression of liquid
Fluid 6 ) Time taken for water to go from h1 to h2
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation in Siphon
Magnetic Properties of Materials 1 ) Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, Antiferromagnetic
Projectile Problems
In Professor H C Verma’s book there are less than 10 Projectile problems. This is insufficient.
Radius of Curvature of a Projectile
A Special Problem on Average Relative Velocity
A modified problem from Irodov regarding “Spring constant” and height of fall
Melde’s Experiment
A wave problem with interpretation of equation
Beats of Beats
Bremsstrahlung Effect
Bremsstrahlung ( German word ) from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation", i.e. "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation") is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into a photon because energy is conserved. The term is also used to refer to the process of producing the radiation. Bremsstrahlung has a continuous spectrum, which becomes more intense and shifts toward higher frequencies as the change of the energy of the accelerated particles increases.
Strictly speaking, bremsstrahlung is any radiation due to the acceleration of a charged particle, which includes synchrotron radiation, cyclotron radiation, and the emission of electrons and positrons during beta decay. However, the term is frequently used in the more narrow sense of radiation from electrons (from whatever source) stopping in matter.
Bremsstrahlung emitted from plasma is sometimes referred to as free-free radiation. This refers to the fact that the radiation in this case is created by charged particles that are free both before and after the deflection (acceleration) that causes the emission.
Equivalent Resistance in Infinite Mesh or Grid
For Resistances R connected in square mesh or grid at any node current 1 Amp injected in any node will spread as 1/4 Amp as in all directions. This is because, resistance in all directions are same. This current will go and assimilate at infinite radius. So a Battery positive terminal connected at a node and negative connected to infinite ring at edge will give current I/4 in adjacent resistances to the node. Similarly a Negative terminal of a battery connected to next node and positive terminal connected to infinite grid will also see I/4 in all adjacent resistances of the node. So as per superposition theorem the effective current in the resistance between the nodes is I/4 + I/4 = I/2 and thus equivalent resistance is R/2
The principle of superposition says that if we add the two solutions we also get a solution. Adding the two configurations above means that the resistor joining A to B must be carrying 1/2 Amp (1/4 from the first solution and 1/4 from the second, both in the same direction). But this is a 1Ω resistor so the Voltage across AB must be 1/2 V.
Think ( or Imagine ) the whole mesh or grid as being inside a black box in between the input wire and output wire. This black box has a current of 1 Amp flowing through it and the voltage dropped is 0.5 V. It’s resistance is therefore 0.5 Ω. ( For resistances of R the equivalent will come as R/2 )
For Triangular mesh
From node A; a current I injected will spread out in 6 directions equally. so I/6 will flow in each node, for positive of Battery being connected to A and negative connected to infinite ring away. Now again connect the Battery Negative to node B and positive terminal of the Battery to infinite ring away. So I/6 will flow again from A to B. Thus as per superposition theorem current in Branch A-B will be I/6 + I/6 = I/3 when Battery Positive terminal is connected to A and Battery negative is connected to B. Thus equivalent Resistance will come out to be R/3
So let us discuss what happens in Hexagonal Honeycomb Resistances Infinite mesh or grid
Here I will spread out as I/3 so when battery connected to adjacent nodes, the current in the resistance will be 2I/3 thus equivalent resistance will be 2R/3
The V – i graph for a conductor at T1 and T2 are shown ….
Ans : ( 3 )
Hot wire Ammeter
-
Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's Theorem, and Maximum Power Transfer
A good way to demonstrate the electrical equivalence of these circuits is to calculate their responses to identical load resistor values. The equivalence you see here is an application of
Thevenin’s Theorem
Examine this circuit, consisting of an ideal voltage source and several resistors
First, calculate the voltage seen at the load terminals with a voltmeter directly connected across them
(an open-circuit condition)
Next, calculate the current seen at the load terminals with an ammeter directly connected across them (a short-circuit condition)
(very Important) Concept of current Source IIT-JEE Karnataka-CET Circuits
archive.org/details/6veryImportantConceptOfCurrentSourceIITJEEKarnatakaCETCircuitsPhy
archive.org/details/ConceptOfCurrentSourcePhysicsIITJEE1986CircuitAnalysisCapacitorPart2
(very important) Delta to Star Conversion Electrical Circuits
archive.org/details/6DeltaToStarConversionEquivalentResistanceOfUnbalancedWheatstoneBridgePhysics
EAMCET-2000 Trick Questions in Electrical Circuits Internal Resistance of Battery
archive.org/details/6EAMCET2000TrickQuestionsInElectricalCircuitsInternalResistanceOfBatteryIITJEEPhy
Superposition Theorem
archive.org/details/6SuperimpositionTheoremBranchCurrentIsSumOfIndividualCurrentsDueToEachBattery
Electrical Circuits Step by Step
archive.org/details/ElectricalCircuitsBasicsExplainedStepByStep1
Radius of Curvature of an Ellipse
Let us learn a few basic facts about Ellipse
The major diameter is sometimes called the major axis. Let this have length 2*a. Let the minor diameter (minor axis) have length 2*b. We often say that a is the "semimajor axis" and that b is the "semiminor axis." Then the eccentricity of the ellipse is
e = sqrt(a^2 - b^2) / a
This should be a number between 0 and 1. The distance from the center to the foci is c = a*e = sqrt(a^2 - b^2).
An Ellipse can be visualized as a Conic Section
While the equations of the Ellipse is given as shown below
In these ( h, k ) is the center of the Ellipse. For the ellipse a > b
While if b > a then the calculations are shown below
Now, this tells you where the foci are--they both lie on the major axis, at a distance of c from the center of the ellipse. But if you are trying to calculate the radius of curvature at the point y end (where the major axis intersects the ellipse), you can work directly from the formula for the ellipse:
x^2 y^2
--- + --- = 1 this assumes that the coordinate system
a^2 b^2 has the origin at the ellipse's center.
We need the radius of curvature at (x,y) = (a,0).
This is actually a question that is found using calculus:
[(x')^2 + (y')^2]^(3/2)
radius of curvature R = ----------------------------------
x'y" - y'x"
Or it can be written as shown below
where the x and y coordinates can be parameterized as
x(t) = a cos(t), y(t) = b sin(t)
x'(t) = -a sin(t), y'(t) = b cos(t)
x"(t) = -a cos(t), y"(t) = -b sin(t)
and plugging these into the expression for R gives us
[a^2 sin^2(t) + b^2 cos^2(t)]^(3/2)
R = -------------------------------------------
ab [sin^2(t) + cos^2(t)]
The point (x,y) = (a,0) occurs when t=0, so we plug t=0 into this expression to find the maximum possible radius of your cutting tool:
[0 + (b2 )*1]^(3/2) b3
R(a,0) = ------------------------ = ------ = b2 /a
a*b*1 a*b
You can see that if b/a is small(i.e., the ellipse is very squashed), then the radius of curvature is b*(b/a), so that it is smaller than the semiminor axis b. And if b=a, then the ellipse is actually a circle, and it has radius of curvature equal to a, as required.
Motion in Variable Acceleration
Example – A body is Decelerating at Proportional to square of the distance …
archive.org/details/ABodyIsDeceleratingProportionalToXSquareWhatWillBeVelocoty
An important Concept in Buoyant Force
For Buoyant Force to act There must be liquid below
I have observed that most Text books only stop by saying that Buoyant Force is the weight of the displaced liquid ( by the object ). This works fine for discussion with Boats, floating blocks etc. But in some cases, there are issues with this statement. To give more clarity to students I would like to discuss the following…
Take 3 Jars whose inside bottom part is very smooth. Also take a Hemisphere, a Cylinder and a Cone. The bottom of the hemisphere, cone and cylinder is very smooth.
Now put the Cone, Cylinder, and the Hemisphere inside the Jar
The density of the material of the Cone, Cylinder, and the Hemisphere is less than water. If we pour water slowly, and fill-up partially or Fully will these objects float up ?
[ Because we took smooth surfaces, no water enters the bottom of the objects and jar ]
Do we have displaced liquid ? ( yes ).
Do we have weight of the displaced liquid ? ( yes )
Is Buoyant Force acting ? ( no ).
The liquid pressure hρg will act side wise ( for cylinder ) and down-wise for Cone and hemisphere. Recall the pressure is scalar, so can act in all / any possible directions as required at a particular place / spot. The liquid pressure tends to compress the objects, but due to absence of any liquid layer below the objects, the objects will NOT float up, even though the material density was lesser than water.
We could have taken hallow ( but with no holes ) steel or lead objects. The density of the material is many times higher than water, but the overall density ( Total mass by Total volume ) is lesser than that of water. In this case also if the bottom is smooth and no water layer enters below the object, the object will NOT float up.
So the complete statement of Buoyant force is … “weight of the displaced liquid, if there is liquid below the object”.
Consider the jar where a sphere is connected to the bottom.
This sphere will be subjected to Buoyant Force if some liquid is poured into the jar. The material connecting the sphere will be subjected to ( resultant ) tensile force or compressive force; depending how much liquid is poured, and various values of size, volume, density etc.
<- This is the limiting position ( where the liquid surface is just touching the bottom of the sphere ) where the bottom material is subjected to ( only ) compressive force due to weight of the sphere. No Buoyant Force yet.
More liquid poured, the sphere may be partially immersed or fully, ( neglecting compression volume reduction of the sphere ), the tensile force on the bottom material will keep increasing. So resultant force on the bottom material will be weight of sphere downward + the tensile force due to Buoyant force upwards. The resultant force will be up or down depending on the geometrical values, of size, density etc.
Liquid level just touching the top of the sphere, or little above the sphere will not make any difference on the resultant force.
< - Both these Cases will have same Buoyant Force, same weight of the sphere, and thus same resultant force on the bottom material.
But in the following jar
if some liquid is poured, no Buoyant Force will act.( Regardless the upper part or upper hemisphere is partly or fully submerged ). The material is tangential at the horizontal diameter of the sphere. The material will be compressed downwards, if the liquid is above the diameter.
archive.org/details/2ForBuoyantForceToActThereMustBeLiquidBelowIITJEEPhy
Videos solving IIT-JEE problems ( 1962 1963 1966 1970 1971 1975 1984 etc )
archive.org/details/6IITJEE1962BuoyantForceAtDiffTemps1973ApparentWeightBothBobLiquidPhy
Concept of Newton ‘s 3rd Law in Liquid
Let us consider a Block of 7 kg hanging from a spring balance. Let the volume of the block be 1 litre.
Also take a big beaker partially full with water. Say it has 4.5 litre of water. Let the beaker be of 1.5 Kg.
If we weigh the Beaker; the balance will show 4.5 + 1.5 = 6 Kg
[ We know 1 litre of water is 1 kg ]
The empty space above the water in Beaker is more than 1 litre, say 2 litres.
So the spring balance from where the mass is hanging shows 7 kg and the weighing pan with beaker and water shows 6 kg.
Now what will be the readings in the spring balance and the weighing pan if the block is inserted in the water with Beaker ?
The Buoyant Force will be weight of 1 litre of ( displaced ) water. So 1 kg weight. Thus spring balance will show 7 – 1 = 6 Kg
The weighing pan will show 6 + 1 = 7 kg. Newton ‘s 3rd law in liquid. The force equal to Buoyant force acting down, acting on water, pushing it down.
[ Student should note that the values 6 and 7 are NOT exchanged. The values chosen were coincidental. For example if the mass was of volume 2 litre, then the Buoyant force would have been 2 kg weight. So the weighing pan would have a reading of 6 + 2 = 8 Kg, and spring balance 7 Kg – 2 kg = 5 kg ]
As long as the block is not touching the bottom, this will be the case.
Now let us consider the block hangs from a thread connected to the spring balance, the bottom of the block being very smooth; and inside surface of the bottom of the Beaker also very smooth.
What will be the reading in the spring balance and in the weighing pan below ?
Assuming no water layer between the block and the inner surface of the beaker,
( Molecular adhesive force or van-der-waal ‘s force may or may-not be present. )
What will be the readings ?
If the string is slack, the spring balance will show zero. The block and the Beaker will effectively be a single entity, and total mass will be 4.5 ( water ) + 1.5 ( Beaker ) + 7 ( Block ) = 13 kg. So Weighing pan will show 13 kg.
If the string ( and the spring balance ) is pulled up such that the tension is equivalent of 1 kg force, then the spring balance will read 1 kg; while the weighing pan will read 12 kg. No buoyant force is being discussed assuming no water layer below the block !
The Concept of Buoyant Force acts opposite to acceleration
Students understand that Buoyant Force acts up when gravity acts down. But if an acceleration is given in some other direction by applying an external force, then Pseudo buoyant force will act in opposite direction.
Tan 30 will be a/g in this case. The block or bob will be subjected to D Alembert ‘s Force towards left( m X a ), as the truck is accelerating towards right. The horizontal Buoyant force of Vρa will act on the Balloon towards right. Upward Buoyant force of Vρg is also present.
About Empirical Formulae
In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide, or H2O2, would simply be HO. Glucose (C6H12O6), ribose ( C5H10 O5 ), acetic acid (C2H4O2), and formaldehyde (CH2O) all have different molecular formulas but the same empirical formula: CH2O. This is the actual molecular formula for formaldehyde, but acetic acid has double the number of atoms, ribose has five times the number of atoms, and glucose has six times the number of atoms.
In this article we are not discussing the above " Empirical formulas ". There is another kind of " Empirical formulas " where the constants are determined by experiments, rather than derived. The dimesions on the left side or in the right sides may or may not match, case to case basis.
Slater's rule
In quantum chemistry, Slater's rules provide numerical values for the effective nuclear charge concept. In a many-electron atom, each electron is said to experience less than the actual nuclear charge owing to shielding or screening by the other electrons. For each electron in an atom, Slater's rules provide a value for the screening constant, denoted by s, S, or s, which relates the effective and actual nuclear charges as
Zeffective = Z – σ ( sigma )
The rules were devised semi-empirically by John C. Slater and published in 1930.
Revised values of screening constants based on computations of atomic structure by the Hartree–Fock method were obtained by Enrico Clementi et al in the 1960s
Steps to follow –
1.1) Write the electron configuration for the atom using the following design;
(1s)(2s,2p)(3s,3p) (3d) (4s,4p) (4d) (4f) (5s,5p)
1.2) Any electrons to the right of the electron of interest contributes no shielding. (Approximately correct statement.)
1.3) All other electrons in the same group as the electron of interest shield to an extent of 0.35 nuclear charge units
1.4) If the electron of interest is an s or p electron: All electrons with one less value of the principal quantum number shield to an extent of 0.85 units of nuclear charge. All electrons with two less values of the principal quantum number shield to an extent of 1.00 units.
1.5) If the electron of interest is an d or f electron: All electrons to the left shield to an extent of 1.00 units of nuclear charge.
1.6) Sum the shielding amounts from steps 2 through 5 and subtract from the nuclear charge value to obtain the effective nuclear charge.
Examples:
Calculate Z* for a valence electron in fluorine.
(1s2)(2s2,2p5)
Rule 2 does not apply; 0.35 • 6 + 0.85 • 2 = 3.8
Z* = 9 – 3.8 = 5.2 for a valence electron.
Calculate Z* for a 6s electron in Platinum.
(1s2)(2s2,2p6)(3s2,3p6) (3d10) (4s2,4p6) (4d10) (4f14) (5s2,5p6) (5d8) (6s2)
Rule 2 does not apply; 0.35 • 1 + 0.85 • 16 + 60 • 1.00 = 73.95
Z* = 78 – 73.95 = 4.15 for a valence electron.
Shielding
The first ionization energy for hydrogen is 1310 kJ•mol–1 while the first ionization energy for lithium is 520 kJ•mol–1. The IE for lithium is lower for two reasons-
1.7 ) The average distance from the nucleus for a 2s electron is greater than a 1s electron;
1.8 ) The 2s1 electron in lithium is repelled by the inner core electrons, so the valence electron is easily removed.
The inner core electrons shield the valence electron from the nucleus so the outer most electron only experiences an effective nuclear charge. In the case of the lithium the bulk of the 1s electron density lies between the nucleus and the 2s1 electron. So the valence electron `sees' the sum of the charges or approximately +1. In reality the charge the valence electron experiences is greater than 1 because the radial distribution show there is some probability of finding the 2s electron close to the nucleus.
Moseley's Law
This law relates to the frequency of the spectral lines of the characteristic X-radiation of a chemical element to its atomic number. This law was experimentally established by H. Moseley in 1913. According to Moseley’s law, the square root of the frequency v of a spectral line of the characteristic radiation of an element is a linear function of its atomic number Z:
Einstein-Debey equation (Dulong & Petit)
Dulong and Petit gave an Empirical Law for molar specific heat of Solids. The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic rule proposed in 1819 by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states the classical expression for the molar specific heat capacity of a crystal. Experimentally the two scientists had found that the heat capacity per weight (the mass-specific heat capacity) for a number of substances became close to a constant value, after it had been multiplied by number-ratio representing the presumed relative atomic weight of the substance. These atomic weights had shortly before been suggested by Dalton.
In modern terms, Dulong and Petit found that the heat capacity of a mole of many solid substances is about 3R, where R is the modern constant called the universal gas constant. Dulong and Petit were unaware of the relationship with R, since this constant had not yet been defined from the later kinetic theory of gases. The value of 3R is about 25 joules per kelvin ( Close to 6 Calories per Kelvin ), and Dulong and Petit essentially found that this was the heat capacity of crystals, per mole of atoms they contained.
The modern theory of the heat capacity of solids states that it is due to lattice vibrations in the solid, and was first derived in crude form from this assumption by Albert Einstein, in 1907. The Einstein solid model thus gave for the first time a reason why the Dulong–Petit law should be stated in terms of the classical heat capacities for gases.
Einstein's oscillator treatment of specific heat gave qualitative agreement with experiment and gave the correct high temperature limit (the Law of Dulong and Petit). The quantitative fit to experiment was improved by Debye's recognition that there was a maximum number of modes of vibration in a solid. He pictured the vibrations as standing wave modes in the crystal, similar to the electromagnetic modes in a cavity which successfully explained blackbody radiation. The density of states for these modes, which are called "phonons", is of the same form as the photon density of states in a cavity.
In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) as phonons in a box, in contrast to the Einstein model, which treats the solid as many individual, non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators. The Debye model correctly predicts the low temperature dependence of the heat capacity, which is proportional to T3 ( T Cube )
Reynolds number
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict similar flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, but the Reynolds number is named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), who popularized its use in 1883
The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions.
Reynolds numbers frequently arise when performing scaling of fluid dynamics problems, and as such can be used to determine dynamic similitude between two different cases of fluid flow. They are also used to characterize different flow regimes within a similar fluid, such as laminar or turbulent flow:
laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion;
turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities.
In practice, matching the Reynolds number is not on its own sufficient to guarantee similitude. Fluid flow is generally chaotic, and very small changes to shape and surface roughness can result in very different flows. Nevertheless, Reynolds numbers are a very important guide and are widely used.
R = Inertial Forces / Viscous Forces = Rho v L by Mu
Inertial Force = Rho (V square) ( L square )
Viscous Force = Mu V L
where
Rho = is the density of the fluid (kg/m³).
v = is the kinematic viscosity mu/rho (m²/s)
L = is a characteristic linear dimension, (travelled length of the fluid; hydraulic diameter when dealing with river systems) (m)
Mu = is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa•s or N•s/m² or kg/(m•s))
-
Variation of viscosity with temperature
With an increase in temperature, there is typically an increase in the molecular interchange as molecules move faster in higher temperatures.
The gas viscosity will increase with temperature. According to the kinetic theory of gases, viscosity should be proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature, in practice, it increases more rapidly.
In a liquid there will be molecular interchange similar to those developed in a gas, but there are additional substantial attractive, cohesive forces between the molecules of a liquid (which are much closer together than those of a gas). Both cohesion and molecular interchange contribute to liquid viscosity.
The impact of increasing the temperature of a liquid is to reduce the cohesive forces while simultaneously increasing the rate of molecular interchange.
The former effect causes a decrease in the shear stress while the latter causes it to increase. The result is that liquids show a reduction in viscosity with increasing temperature. With high temperatures, viscosity increases in gases and decreases in liquids, the drag force will do the same.
The impact of increasing temperature will be to slow down the sphere in gases and to accelerate it in liquids. When you consider a liquid at room temperature, the molecules are tightly bound together by attractive inter-molecular forces (e.g. Van der Waal forces).
It is these attractive forces that are responsible for the viscosity since it is difficult for individual molecules to move because they are tightly bound to their neighbors.
The increase in temperature causes the kinetic or thermal energy to increase and the molecules become more mobile.
The attractive binding energy is reduced and therefore the viscosity is reduced. If you continue to heat the liquid the kinetic energy will exceed the binding energy and molecules will escape from the liquid and it can become a vapor.
So the temperature dependence of liquid viscosity is the phenomenon by which liquid viscosity tends to decrease (or, alternatively, its fluidity tends to increase) as its temperature increases. This can be observed, for example, by watching how cooking oil appears to move more fluidly upon a frying pan after being heated by a stove.
Variation of surface tension with temperature
Surface tension is dependent on temperature. For that reason, when a value is given for the surface tension of an interface, temperature must be explicitly stated. The general trend is that surface tension decreases with the increase of temperature, reaching a value of 0 at the critical temperature. For further details see the Eötvös rule below. There are only empirical equations to relate surface tension and temperature:
Liquid drop model of Nucleus
In nuclear physics, description of atomic nuclei formulated (1936) by Niels Bohr and used (1939) by him and John A. Wheeler to explain nuclear fission. According to the model, the nucleons (neutrons and protons) behave like the molecules in a drop of liquid. If given sufficient extra energy (as by the absorption of a neutron), the spherical nucleus may be distorted into a dumbbell shape and then split at the neck into two nearly equal fragments, releasing energy. Although inadequate to explain all nuclear phenomena, the theory underlying the model provides excellent estimates of average properties of nuclei.
The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called Weizsäcker's formula, or the Bethe-Weizsäcker formula, or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass and various other properties of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons. As the name suggests, it is based partly on theory and partly on empirical measurements. The theory is based on the liquid drop model proposed by George Gamow, which can account for most of the terms in the formula and gives rough estimates for the values of the coefficients. It was first formulated in 1935 by German physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, and although refinements have been made to the coefficients over the years, the structure of the formula remains the same today.
The SEMF gives a good approximation for atomic masses and several other effects, but does not explain the appearance of magic numbers of protons and neutrons, and the extra binding-energy and measure of stability that are associated with these numbers of nucleons.
Nuclear Shell Model
Maria Goeppert Mayer, who made important discoveries about nuclear structure, is one of only two women to have won the Nobel Prize in physics.
In August 1948, Goeppert Mayer published her first paper detailing the evidence for the nuclear shell model, which accounts for many properties of atomic nuclei.
During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s, Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, which she published in 1950. Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations. These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. Enrico Fermi provided a critical insight by asking her: "Is there any indication of spin orbit coupling?" She realised that this was indeed the case, and postulated that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together. She described the idea as follows:
Think of a room full of waltzers. Suppose they go round the room in circles, each circle enclosed within another. Then imagine that in each circle, you can fit twice as many dancers by having one pair go clockwise and another pair go counterclockwise. Then add one more variation; all the dancers are spinning twirling round and round like tops as they circle the room, each pair both twirling and circling. But only some of those that go counterclockwise are twirling counterclockwise. The others are twirling clockwise while circling counterclockwise. The same is true of those that are dancing around clockwise: some twirl clockwise, others twirl counterclockwise.
Three German scientists, Otto Haxel, J. Hans D. Jensen, and Hans Suess, were also working on solving the same problem, and arrived at the same conclusion independently. Their results were announced in the issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer 's announcement in June 1949. Afterwards, she collaborated with them. Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure. In 1963, Goeppert Mayer, Jensen, and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure." She was the second and most recent female Nobel laureate in physics, after Marie Curie.
See physicsoftheuniverse.com/intro.html
( Apart from Millions of smart people ) Several Nobel Laureates were Atheists.
Some famous examples have been Albert Einstein ( 1921 ), Richard Feynman ( 1965 ), Erwin Schrödinger ( 1933 ), Paul Dirac ( 1933 ), Lawrence M. Krauss ( 2011 ), Niels Bohr ( 1922 ), Peter Higgs ( 2013 ), John Bardeen ( The only person receiving the Physics Nobel prize twice. 1956, 1972 ), Frederick Sanger ( The only person receiving the Chemistry prize twice. 1958, 1980 ), Marie Curie ( 1903, 1911 ), Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie ( 1935 ), Milton Friedman ( 1976 ), John Harsanyi ( 1994 ), Friedrich Hayek ( 1974 ), John Forbes Nash, Jr. ( 1994 ), Amartya Sen ( 1998 ), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( 1983 ), Enrico Fermi ( 1938 ), C. V. Raman ( 1930 ), Eugene Wigner ( 1963 ), Steven Weinberg ( 1979 ), Chen-Ning Yang ( 1957 ) etc
A bigger ( incomplete ) list can be seen at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates
Important Scientists physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists.html
physicsoftheuniverse.com/facts.html
( When the body is burnt, oxides are the ash. The gases and water vapor spread in the air )
My personal favorites ( among these Atheists ) are Richard Feynman, Peter Higgs, Lawrence Krauss.
Richard Feynman openly laughed ( Publicly and in class ) about Gods, Fairies etc. see youtube.com/watch?v=j3mhkYbznBk
and youtube.com/results?search_query=Richard+Feynman
youtube.com/watch?v=JzWzLyGuPRY&list=PL_6G_2_0gFDqFjq4gZbmDvJT4bnvnNwr-
Approx 200 years ago; around 1800, Pierre-Simon Laplace developed a new branch of Mathematics, Perturbation theory. Perturbation theory was investigated by the classical scholars — Laplace, Poisson, Gauss — as a result of which the computations could be performed with a very high accuracy. The discovery of the planet Neptune in 1848 by Urbain Le Verrier, based on the deviations in motion of the planet Uranus (he sent the coordinates to Johann Gottfried Galle who successfully observed Neptune through his telescope), represented a triumph of perturbation theory.
Laplace was one the first persons who did not see or use "hand of God" ( or role of God ) to explain something. Newton's Gravitation equations for Two masses, were not enough to explain stability of multibody, rather multi planet and Sun system. Perturbation Theory could accommodate cumulative effects of many small forces.
While talking to Napoleon,( discussing the theory ); Laplace said, ( about God ) "that" ( God ) hypothesis is not needed.
naturalhistorymag.com/universe/211420/the-perimeter-of-ignorance
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_theory
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace
Peter Higgs was very unhappy about " Higgs Boson " being called "G..( I don't want to name this ) Particle". Stupid Journalists, Media, and dumb people kept repeating that word, and Peter requested to refrain from using this word. Now for Madala Boson also the Stupid Journalists, Media, and dumb people are using that same G word.
Lawrence Krauss openly laughs and ridicules the Theists or any non-Atheists. The crap of Agnosticism does not work with me or Krauss.
Empty Space is not empty. Mass of Proton, Neutron is not sum of masses of Quarks
archive.org/details/EmptySpaceIsNotEmptyMassOfProtonNeutronIsNotSumOfMassesOfQuarks
We are in Modern Times. I am lucky to learn the correct things quite early in my life, in a so " peaceful " society. When I was in standard 9, ( in early 1980s ), I was writing a book on Atheism. I was convinced to understand, learn, and imbibe the correct approach and knowledge.
But that was not the case previously. Copernicus used to discuss and explain people widely and randomly, that Earth is rotating around the Sun, and it is not a Geocentric" universe. Nicolaus Copernicus had to waste lot of time arguing, fighting and convincing the stupids.
Measuring something, which is very slow; is very difficult. I have asked lot of "educated / engineer / Software or IT ( senior position ) Parents" that " How do we know that Earth is moving around the Sun in 365 days or say 365.242196 days " ? Believe me I never got an answer. The Modern iPad / smartphone community in general does not know how 365.24 days was measured almost thousand years ago !
A metal triangle was set at top of buildings ( Mosques or churches ) and the position of the shadow was marked at a particular time. Say 8 AM each day. The position of the shadow varied each day. It was seen that after 365 days the shadow matched the position but after sometime, not exactly at 8 AM but after a few hours ( approx 6 hours ) so at around 2 PM or slightly before.
See details of this at blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-timekeepers-part-2-observing-the-sky/
blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-timekeepers-part4-calendars/
See the video youtube.com/watch?v=IhqzW97_47w
thecuriousastronomer.wordpress.com/2012/10/
Much tougher questions are “ How many different kind of years do we have ? “
Or “ What is the difference between ‘ Sidereal year ‘ and ‘ Tropical year ‘ “
Meteors were coming from sky. These were called ‘ shooting stars ‘. Meteors often had Iron in them. Sidero is a combining form meaning “star,” “constellation,” used in the formation of compound words. Greeks used the word siderolite for Iron. Next the source of meteors; the sky itself was named the same. As year was measured using objects from sky; Sun and shadows; the year was named a “ Sidereal Year “
To avoid embarrassing people; I don’t ask ….
See the answers in youtube.com/watch?v=cGjP3vAZGa4
youtube.com/watch?v=qgsrVyW53DY
It took many centuries to introduce the leap year corrections. A century is a leap year only if divisible by 400 and not the rule of divisible by 4. Year 1900 was not a Leap year. But year 2000 was. I have met computer Science guys who are aware that Microsoft Database SQL-server do not accept some old dates, while Oracle database does not accept some specific dates of the past. But none whom I met knew the detailed or actual reasons.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/everyone-must-know-about-the-calendar/
“ How do you prove that day and night is happening due to rotation of Earth around it own axis in contrast to Sun is rotating around Earth “ ?
See visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric-art-timeline.htm
No student from Bangalore, whom I met, answered this. Though conservation of Angular Momentum is in course. ( I am being polite ) Hardly met any parent who knew the explanation. See youtube.com/watch?v=iqpV1236_Q0
And youtube.com/results?q=Foucault%27s+pendulum
What about Gyroscopes ?
Approx 300 year back around 1750 the gyroscopes were made.
History of Gyroscope gyroscopes.org/history.asp
See about Gyroscopes in youtube.com/watch?v=cquvA_IpEsA
youtube.com/watch?v=awXTZt86gz0
youtube.com/watch?v=zbdrqpXb-fY
youtube.com/watch?v=N92FYHHT1qM
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit
youtube.com/watch?v=ZcWsjlGPPFQ
Must see youtube.com/watch?v=SnMmBmzoVQc&list=PL68IJE2PG4AnVVMS7WvOYbJDmqf4umHG1
Must know …
youtube.com/watch?v=zjV3PQ4f6IM&list=PLTve54sz-eh_P29Sbbv_j3bC97OFaArOd
Tyco Brahe took the boldest step to create the " Foundation of Science ". Experiments or "Double blind experimental observations" are the supreme. The Theory follows the experimental verification.
[ There are some universities who award M.Sc in Psychology. A psychologist may guess something .... But that is not reality or truth. Till something is experimentally verified it remains as a Perception. Truth is known only after experiments. Because the subject Psychology; completely stands of experimental verification; so the Master in Science degree. ]
Galileo was the first person who wanted to experimentally verify the speed of light.
Tycho decided to observe the skies ( around 1573 ). In those days sky was synonymous to God. He had the courage to go to the King to ask for donations to make an observatory. He said to the king that "he wants to observe the Gods and take conclusions ". Salute to Tycho's paradigm that even Gods can be observed and conclusions can be drawn.
Amazing leap to start Science.
Since those days till now we observed and concluded about Kepler’s Laws, Gravitation Laws, We concluded that there was no Phlogiston or Flogiston, Cavendish measuring value of G, measuring speed of light, X-Ray, Electromagnetism / Maxwell's equations, Radioactivity, No Aether was " observed " in Michelson Morley's experiments, Protons, Neutrons, General Theory of Relativity, Slowing of clocks at high speed, Bending of space, Bending of light and gravitational lens, YDSE, Quantum Mechanics, Ernst Ruska designed and built the first electron microscope, Casimir Forces, Virtual particles and more than 400 kinds of particles, Quarks, Unruh effect ( an accelerating thermometer shows higher temperature ), Negative Kelvin Temperature, Bose-Einstein condensates, Superconductivity, Solution to EPR paradox by John Stewart Bell, Violation of Parity in certain situations - Madam Wu, Yang and Lee, Quantum entanglement in Alain Aspect’s Experiments, Black holes, mass of Neutrinos, Caesium Atomic Clocks, Dark Matter, Dark energy, Magnetic Monopole, Gravitational Waves, Nano Materials, Meta Materials, Quantum Computers ..... No God was observed, or no role of God was observed. There is no conspiracy theory going around in Science. Those who want to verify God have to die waiting
... Nothing ever will be reported regarding this illusion.
[ Stupids had proposed the phlogiston theory. This was a superseded scientific theory that postulated that a fire-like element called phlogiston is contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlogistón (burning up), from φλόξ phlóx (flame).]
In contrast see americanscientist.org/issues/pub/burn-magnet-burn
Some examples of stupidity to show / explain by contrasts; will be the right approach.
Aristotle used Goat Urine and Hippocrates recommended Pigeon droppings to cure baldness.
dazeinfo.com/2010/06/22/superstitions-across-different-countries-an-overview/
Australians bathed inside rotting whales to 'cure' rheumatism
wired.co.uk/article/whale-bath
Weird Bizarre superstitions to cure disease
historyextra.com/feature/animals/10-historical-superstitions-we-carry-today
listverse.com/2013/01/21/10-crazy-cures-for-the-black-death/
Millions of People are making money out of superstitons of Fools
Rebirthing Therapy, Reiki, Energy-Deflecting Golfer Pendant, Maggot Debridement Therapy, Leech Therapy, Beer spas, Ozone Anti-Aging …… the list is very big.
webecoist.momtastic.com/2010/07/05/12-most-bizarre-modern-alternative-medical-treatments/
oddrandomthoughts.com/strange-and-bizarre-medicine-and-cures/
stylist.co.uk/life/13-strange-superstitions
So in simple words instead of taking opinions of Stupid Fools, or wasting any time arguing with them ….. Let study science correctly, without bias !
Aristotle is yet Famous, because Girls come to know about his name in school text books. Though not sure why !
Aristotle told at-least one statement correct !
The monkeys in the previous page were all Female Monkeys
Aristotle was not correct ( though not sure ), Women are not missing anything …. No one is voting for Aristotle.
Not wrong as well ( though not sure ), very difficult to prove either way!
Most important physics experiments ( that a certain kind of Apes conducted ) can be seen at
See explainthatstuff.com/great-physics-experiments.html
physics-animations.com/Physics/English/top10.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experiments
quora.com/What-are-some-of-the-most-important-experiments-in-physics
Though my list will be as follows -
Michelson–Morley experiment proving there was no Aether, Measurement of e/m then e ( charge of electron ) and m ( mass of electron ), Fizeau's method of measuring the speed of light, Moseley 's experiment with X-Rays to discover Protons, Jagadish chandra Bose demonstrating controlled emission / transmission and receiving of Radio waves, Casimir experiments to show Casimir forces of virtual particles, Edington measuring bending of light, Flying atomic clocks in planes and confirming slowing down of time at high speeds, Victor Hess measured Radiation level variation at ground and high up in the atmosphere, Soviet physicist Sergey Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings with an instrument carried to high altitude by a balloon at heights up to 13.6 km, The proof of time dilation by Muon decay debunkingrelativity.com/muons-time-dilation/ , Measurement of Space-time curvature near Earth and thereby the stress–energy tensor (which is related to the distribution and the motion of matter in space) in and near Earth en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B , Detecting Gravitational Waves.
[ In 1909 Theodor Wulf developed an electrometer, a device to measure the rate of ion production inside a hermetically sealed container, and used it to show higher levels of radiation at the top of the Eiffel Tower than at its base. However, his paper published in Physikalische Zeitschrift was not widely accepted. In 1911 Domenico Pacini observed simultaneous variations of the rate of ionization over a lake, over the sea, and at a depth of 3 meters from the surface. Pacini concluded from the decrease of radioactivity underwater that a certain part of the ionization must be due to sources other than the radioactivity of the Earth. In 1912, Victor Hess carried three enhanced-accuracy Wulf electrometers to an altitude of 5300 meters in a free balloon flight. He found the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level. Hess ruled out the Sun as the radiation's source by making a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse. With the moon blocking much of the Sun's visible radiation, Hess still measured rising radiation at rising altitudes. He concluded "The results of my observation are best explained by the assumption that a radiation of very great penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above." In 1913–1914, Werner Kolhörster confirmed Victor Hess' earlier results by measuring the increased ionization rate at an altitude of 9 km. Hess received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for his discovery. Homi J. Bhabha derived an expression for the probability of scattering positrons by electrons, a process now known as Bhabha scattering. His classic paper, jointly with Walter Heitler, published in 1937 described how primary cosmic rays from space interact with the upper atmosphere to produce particles observed at the ground level. Bhabha and Heitler explained the cosmic ray shower formation by the cascade production of gamma rays and positive and negative electron pairs. Soviet physicist Sergey Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings with an instrument carried to high altitude by a balloon. On 1 April 1935, he took measurements at heights up to 13.6 kilometers using a pair of Geiger counters in an anti-coincidence circuit to avoid counting secondary ray showers. ]
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray
web.mit.edu/8.13/www/JLExperiments/JLExp14.pdf
web.mit.edu/lululiu/Public/pixx/not-pixx/muons.pdf
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation
physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/389/muon/muonphysics.pdf
www2.fisica.unlp.edu.ar/~veiga/experiments.html
Detecting Neutrons
Rutherford predicted the existence of the neutron in 1920. Twelve years later, his assistant James Chadwick found it. At Cambridge, Chadwick searched for the neutron. He tried in 1923, but did not find it. He tried again in 1928, with no success. In 1930, the German physicists Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker noticed something odd. When they shot alpha rays at beryllium (atomic number 4) the beryllium emitted a neutral radiation that could penetrate 200 millimeters of lead. In contrast, it takes less than one millimeter of lead to stop a proton. Bothe and Becker assumed the neutral radiation was high-energy gamma rays.
Marie Curie's daughter, Irene Joliot-Curie, and Irene's husband, Frederic, put a block of paraffin wax in front of the beryllium rays. They observed high-speed protons coming from the paraffin. They knew that gamma rays could eject electrons from metals. Theythought the same thing was happening to the protons in the paraffin. Chadwick said the radiation could not be gamma rays. To eject protons at such a high velocity, the rays must have an energy of 50 million electron volts. An electron volt is a tiny amount of energy, only enough to keep a 75-watt light bulb burning for a tenth of a trillionth of a second. The alpha particles colliding with beryllium nuclei could produce only 14 million electron volts.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It certainly looked as if energy was being created along with the neutral radiation. Chadwick had another explanation for the beryllium rays. He thought they were neutrons. He set up an experiment to test his hypothesis.
Chadwick put a piece of beryllium in a vacuum chamber with some polonium. The polonium emitted alpha rays, which struck the beryllium. When struck, the beryllium emitted the mysterious neutral rays.
In the path of the rays, Chadwick put a target. When the rays hit the target, they knocked atoms out of it. The atoms, which became electrically charged in the collision, flew into a detector. Chadwick's detector was a chamber filled with gas. When a charged particle passed through the chamber, it ionized the gas molecules. The ions drifted toward an electrode. Chadwick measured the current flowing through the electrode. Knowing the current, he could count the atoms and estimate their speed. Chadwick used targets of different elements, measuring the energy needed to eject the atoms of each. Gamma rays could not explain the speed of the atoms. The only good explanation for his result was a neutral particle. To prove that the particle was indeed the neutron, Chadwick measured its mass. He could not weigh it directly. Instead he measured everything else in the collision and used that information to calculate the mass.
For his mass measurement, Chadwick bombarded boron with alpha particles. Like beryllium, boron emitted neutral rays. Chadwick placed a hydrogen target in the path of the rays. When the rays struck the target, protons flew out. Chadwick measured the velocity of the protons.
Using the laws of conservation of momentum and energy, Chadwick calculated the mass of the neutral particle. It was 1.0067 times the mass of the proton. The neutral radiation was indeed the long-sought neutron.
ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/19/pioneers102011/
100 Greatest Discoveries of Physics
youtube.com/watch?v=Bpid0LBTqWg
( As I write these words { 2016 } GUT [ General Unified Theory ] is being modified to introduce a 5th fundamental force, because some heavy particles have been observed at CERN and various other experiments and Producing Gravitational waves at will, without mass, Madala Bosons to explain Dark Matter )
Learn Science from youtube.com/user/cassiopeiaproject/videos
Some easy Physics ( much easier than IIT-JEE ) youtube.com/channel/UCliSRiiRVQuDfgxI_QN_Fmw/videos
youtube.com/watch?v=VCVTK5yzo0g&list=PLB03A41EA88A8DE65
youtube.com/user/diggitydev/playlists
youtube.com/user/onlearningcurve/playlists
youtube.com/watch?v=qWu82nJS42I&list=PLF71B362214423F9D
youtube.com/user/FizziksGuy/playlists
youtube.com/watch?v=gIOTFjq76tM&list=PL3pIurvIhuSANBIZa3u0RP9GFQprlSN11
youtube.com/watch?v=y7fXEKCP2XU&list=PL3pIurvIhuSDjUvzNZwC1HBW9eY1qldno
youtube.com/channel/UCiEHVhv0SBMpP75JbzJShqw/playlists
( Pradeep Kshetrapal Sir’s Videos are at - youtube.com/user/PradeepKshetrapal/videos )
Lectures by Professor Robert Riggs
youtube.com/watch?v=RWqAjKFKH3o&list=PL01771E7CE99097F8
Lectures by Professor Jerzy Wrobel
youtube.com/watch?v=DFhdUQ9AZw4&list=PLEEB9EC9DD59D6D85
Lectures by Yuri-Kolomensky
youtube.com/watch?v=KEiYSQnMHHQ&list=PL-XXv-cvA_iAKxxGD1tIWLS0DcieGLHh0
Physics Videos from Berkeley
youtube.com/watch?v=a-0h-9KCGjo&list=PLr11xUV7FM0EDu3u28Zp3d4ffjpqROm5Y
Lectures by Professor Muller
youtube.com/watch?v=6ysbZ_j2xi0&list=PL09717125E8C05BFC
Lectures by Steven W. Stahler
youtube.com/watch?v=Uc9Q5hNpv4Q&list=PL-XXv-cvA_iB1lYkU1YcdLCranBB0woKX
Lectures by Michel van Biezen
youtube.com/watch?v=FkO6vyMqo8E&list=PLX2gX-ftPVXVCw9WxxEA4yD14k8yskTSj
Dr. Don Lincoln of Fermilab youtube.com/user/fermilab/videos
Advance Physics Lectures by Leonard Susskind
youtube.com/watch?v=pyX8kQ-JzHI&list=PLQrxduI9Pds1fm91Dmn8x1lo-O_kpZGk8
A kid who wants more fun
youtube.com/watch?v=p_o4aY7xkXg&list=PL908547EAA7E4AE74
youtube.com/watch?v=51GNAET2zFU&list=PLllVwaZQkS2rxqMXTH-cdE0LIX9Zi_oS1
youtube.com/watch?v=h0hwuyOmd4k&list=PLSBNC6ROBP12PUanbUNaVLhNbJR6rgbmm
youtube.com/user/dramaticphysics/playlists
IIT-JEE is extremely tough for most humans. A productive PhD in Physics, or actually contributing to growth of the subject is much more tougher ( than IIT JEE ). { I personally know quite a few IIT-JEE single or double digit rankers, joining for PhD and then dropped out due to performance }. Most people have an illusion that they can argue with Scientists and imagine to ask some " smart " questions which the Scientists will not able to answer, so the argument is won, and existence of God is proved. As if Scientist are eagerly sitting or waiting to answer every crap asked. I can only say; that most scientists ( since more than 100 years ) have stopped wasting their time arguing or convincing fools. I am not a Scientist. Even being a simple teacher, I do not try to teach fools, or argue with anyone.
[ For History of Physics I recommend historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=kqq ]
[ Gravitational lens and Einstein ring due to bending of light by mass ]
Recall what I said at the beginning of the book .... " Someone will learn only by his hard work, his desire to learn. " No arguments or no ‘time wasting’ with fools. There is too much of good material ( data, books, videos etc ) out and free in this world. If someone wants to learn, can learn; instead of wasting time arguing. Since centuries stupids and/or fools are being eliminated in various exams. Entrance exam, is a misnomer. These are elimination tests. The society has systems of Interviews, Peer reviews, appraisals, Thesis evaluation etc... to eliminate crap, foolish things, and nonsense.
Religion and/or " war between religions " mostly to decide whose God is better; have killed millions. Instead of fighting and killing; to decide which custom to follow; how to dress; what rituals to do on a daily basis; better to spend time experimenting and developing new things, new technologies, new ideas. Scientists ( the men ) are busy; and always will be busy! Rather, in war; with new frontiers of knowledge; not in arguments, verbal wars, or physical wars. Atheism is the most peaceful Doctrine.
“Bertrand Arthur William Russell” the famous Philosopher, Mathematician, Logician, received 1950 Nobel Prize for Literature.
So those who want to learn can continue learning ...
See youtube.com/results?search_query=History+of+science
See youtube.com/results?search_query=history+of+science+the+complete+full+documentary+
I will choose only two extreme examples of what Human beings have “ seen “ by now …
For far and big ) Very powerful cameras ready with video recording facilities were scanning the sky. Coincidentally the “place or region “ a camera was looking had an event ( many million years back though ) of a black hole devouring a star.
youtube.com/watch?v=O3Z5AS3TTS4
youtube.com/watch?v=x7ZX10UbMus
For small ) Photographs of molecules and subsequently atoms
youtube.com/watch?v=yqLlgIaz1L0
youtube.com/watch?v=ofp-OHIq6Wo
youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0
youtube.com/watch?v=RTLeWIqynW4
youtube.com/watch?v=J3xLuZNKhlY
youtube.com/watch?v=SMgi2j9Ks9k
youtube.com/watch?v=V0KjXsGRvoA&list=PLC3E0tG-9im_kuMwYIM7-NZR62VyWZ6rl
-
Entertainment and relaxed mind is required. Students can improve Visual Presentation skills by watching "Two men and wardrobe" by Roman Polanski
youtube.com/watch?v=Cs2RZewMuAg
Imagine a world where Millions of People have “better“ Visual story telling or Visual presentation skills than Roman Polanski or say Jim Jarmusch …
youtube.com/watch?v=wJS2mC-7LSM
Enjoy
-
Spoon Feeding Series – Physics
General Physics by Landau, Akhiezer, Lifshitz
This was my first book of Physics book. Nobel Laureate L D Landau did a great job.
archive.org/details/GeneralPhysics
Books by another Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman
archive.org/details/RichardFeynman
University Physics by Wolfgang Bauer and Gary Westfall
archive.org/stream/University_Physics_with_Modern_Physics_by_Wolfgang_Bauer_Gary_D._Westfall#page/n7/mode/2up
Physics book
archive.org/stream/ost-physics-physics_grade_10-12/Physics_Grade_10-12#page/n7/mode/2up
Physics Book by Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson
archive.org/stream/Physics_by_Alan_Giambattista#page/n1/mode/2up
Conceptual Physics by Crowell
archive.org/stream/ConceptualPhysics/PhysicsCrowell#page/n1/mode/2up
Derivations are given at
archive.org/stream/ModernCollegePhysics_201510/ModernCollegePhysics#page/n0/mode/2up
College Physics
archive.org/stream/ost-physics-col11406/col11406#page/n5/mode/2up
archive.org/stream/CollegePhysics_201505/College%20Physics#page/n0/mode/2up
Irodov
archive.org/stream/IrodovProblemsInGeneralPhysics/Irodov-Problems_in_General_Physics#page/n0/mode/2up
archive.org/stream/IrodovBasicLawsOfElectromagnetism/irodov-basic-laws-of-electromagnetism#page/n0/mode/2up
Every student already have so many Indian Text Books, guides, Coaching Material etc
Halliday, Resnick and Walker
archive.org/stream/FundamentalsOfPhysicsHallidayResnickWalker/Fundamentals%20of%20Physics-Halliday%2CResnick%2CWalker#page/n0/mode/2up
Everyone talks about Double Slit experiment ? Did anyone imagine of Triple Slit experiment ?
youtube.com/watch?v=bKjgNznlkcI
Planck Space and Quantum Gravity
youtube.com/watch?v=VhHE86d-Th8
youtube.com/watch?v=XDAJinQL2c0&list=PLSfQvTxRM27MCjhxLfYkLxg5ZuL9cAXh_&index=2
-
Gravitation
archive.org/stream/CollegePhysics_201505/College%20Physics#page/n205/mode/2up
archive.org/stream/ost-physics-col11406/col11406#page/n199/mode/2up
Beyond Big Bang and Dark Flow
youtube.com/watch?v=Hik8hJ0_T9Q
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
youtube.com/watch?v=wOK_htkd-OI
youtube.com/watch?v=GFxPMMkhHuA
youtube.com/watch?v=aMWCkcn7TD4
youtube.com/watch?v=5LW_2J2qs0Y
youtube.com/watch?v=8sUfiP9AUSo
youtube.com/watch?v=I-VjLG702Go
youtube.com/watch?v=ZMgrAnX3ViE
youtube.com/watch?v=rLWfsTB85PM
youtube.com/watch?v=ZV-LcRVB5U8
youtube.com/watch?v=Yl-fgVLf6zc
youtube.com/watch?v=lrTfHSP9U1E
youtube.com/watch?v=w0bqnAdr1A0
Quantum Gravity
youtube.com/watch?v=vNb3iM_268I
youtube.com/watch?v=CbPWYjnQIO8
youtube.com/watch?v=9crggox5rbc
youtube.com/watch?v=WQU9yOtWrQk
youtube.com/watch?v=VhHE86d-Th8&list=PLSfQvTxRM27MCjhxLfYkLxg5ZuL9cAXh_
youtube.com/watch?v=FqwXeeXnDZg
Cassiopeia Project Quantum Electrodynamics
youtube.com/watch?v=KZ67q4pv0HI
Quantum Mechanics
youtube.com/watch?v=JKGZDhQoR9E
youtube.com/watch?v=3gIdMEAvQk0&index=3&list=PLd4qF6QzoiUfiwlBLClKpAVWkr4-ViyQn
youtube.com/user/viascience/videos
Time Dilation
youtube.com/watch?v=YRwZ55zjzxc
youtube.com/watch?v=fUKN5oaP52s
Space+Time Relativity
youtube.com/watch?v=LOpPK6sZL5s
youtube.com/watch?v=iu7LDGhSi1A
youtube.com/watch?v=rKbJjzmFCco
youtube.com/watch?v=vk3KrP5F1Ao
youtube.com/watch?v=HHRK6ojWdtU
youtube.com/watch?v=aZrjMmMBa_8
Gravity as you have in your Course
youtube.com/user/mathdude2012/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/tdewitt451/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/bhswarthout/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/brightstorm2/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/SciencePi/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/DrPhysicsA/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/DoodleScience/search?query=Gravitation
youtube.com/user/bozemanbiology/search?query=Gravitation
youtube.com/user/windhorsage/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/channel/UCHoGuWbAlGw3dPYPlbiFaaw/search?query=Gravitation
youtube.com/user/lasseviren1/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/onlearningcurve/search?query=Gravity
And Finally with Love
youtube.com/user/mrlovescience/search?query=Gravity
:-{D
Appendix :
The word Appendix is from mid 16 th century Latin word Appendere meaning hang upon. Apart from the hanging body part; which is not needed by us now; We all know; it also means, supplementary material at the end of a book, article, document, or other text, usually of an explanatory, statistical, or bibliographic nature.
[ in simple words Appendix is extra, and may not exactly be needed ].
Almost all authors, including me, feel, that something more can be here. Not everything was supposed to be at the beginning. It is not possible to put everything at the beginning, nor that should be done.
I reserved this place for my personal idea, and lots of reading that I did regarding that.
When I was in school ( 1980s ) it occurred to me, why not in movies, we keep a “smell track” as well. Everyone knows history of movies …. Then came talkies, then color, music, dance … song sequels.
Well, why not a hero and heroine, as they dance in a park, ( with melodious song, and enchanting music ) they be in various parts of the beautiful gardens. At various parts they get nice smells, and the “smell track” emits the smells for the Audience.
Technically this needed many steps or parts. Sniffers as “cameras of Smells”, smell spectrum definition, ( similar to RGB where combination in various ratio can give us various colour, combination of some smell blocks may give various smells ), emitting the required smell, and flushing the molecules out of the room, to allow next smell sequel to come etc.
Many years later ( in 1990s ) in a movie hall in Chennai some great minds conducted an experimental show. Many kinds of essence sticks, and smell sources such as scents, were taken in various combinations. A smell emitter blew the “smell”, time to time as per the sequence in the movie. The exhaust fans kept flushing out the “older” molecules!
This is pretty costly, clumsy, and surely slow. The scan rate we have in ultrafast cameras can be crore frames per second. While scanning smell, say in a scene of cooking, or eating, or in a park, it has to be very slow. May be, a change of smell once a minute be tolerable. If it is a “smell music” … then every 5-10 seconds a change may be tried.
A Japanese company made a cellphone which emitted different smells depending on the calling id. Commonly we can set different ring tones for every caller. In this equipment an old deaf man could set an “obnoxious smell” for the calls from his wife. Let people decide the smell which represent various characters in their life.
[ A ( software ) virus may emit smells in random from a phone of this kind…. Particularly Badboo. Or “remains” of a sweet smell may tell who called even if the caller history is cleaned ]
techinasia.com/japan-chatperf
techinasia.com/scentee-mobile-app-that-emits-smell
japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/16/business/corporate-business/firm-wants-your-smartphone-to-smell/#.V9bjr63yDIU
( Cyrano - is a “digital smell speaker” and the endeavor from Harvard professor and serial inventor, David Edwards ) hotsaucedrops.com/?author=91
textually.org/textually/archives/2007/01/014726.htm
theneweconomy.com/technology/using-mobiles-to-smell-how-technology-is-giving-us-our-senses-video
Extremely sensitive smell sensors are available.
japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/23/world/science-health-world/nose-job-smells-smart-sensors-last-frontier/#.V9bkGa3yDIU
books.google.co.in/books?id=odT-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=smell+spectrum+detection+and+reproduction&source=bl&ots=a4pyDl8CZy&sig=kZ--x5qeo3V4tKTlzV7vkyGrgpA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjelb7xq4rPAhUDpJQKHS7pDyEQ6AEISjAJ#v=onepage&q=smell%20spectrum%20detection%20and%20reproduction&f=false
extremetech.com/extreme/146986-olfactory-breakthrough-a-theory-of-quantum-smell
Quantum smelling Devices, and various kinds of Artificial Nose have been made
enose.nl/rd/technology/
theguardian.com/science/2014/apr/02/electronic-noses-explainer-sniffing-disease
popsci.com/science/article/2013-01/bolstered-new-study-quantum-smell-theory-olfactory-sense-gains-traction
Luca Turin in king of Smell
Luca is one of the very rare persons, who has understood the secrets of smell, the best!
ted.com/talks/luca_turin_on_the_science_of_scent?language=en
sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/turin.htm
You can go to market, and buy a few different kinds of scents, then make a combination. If you give this combination to Luca, he can make 3 or 4 different molecules which will smell the same. It is your choice to synthesize one or more kind of molecules, as production cost / efficiency / complexity / raw material availability etc.
-
About cryptochromes
Magnetic sensing is a type of sensory perception that has long captivated the human imagination, although it seems inaccessible to humans. Over the past 50 years, scientific studies have shown that a wide variety of living organisms have the ability to perceive magnetic fields and can use information from the earth's magnetic field in orientation behavior. Examples abound: salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), lobsters (Panulirus argus), honeybees (Apis mellifera), and fruitflies (Drosophila melongaster) can all perceive and utilize geomagnetic field information. But perhaps the most well-studied example of animal magnetoreception is the case of migratory birds (e.g. European robins (Erithacus rubecula), silvereyes (Zosterops l. lateralis), garden warblers (Sylvia borin)), who use the earth's magnetic field, as well as a variety of other environmental cues, to find their way during migration.
sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160606100519.htm
The avian magnetic compass is a complex entity with many surprising properties. The basis for the magnetic sense is located in the eye of the bird, and furthermore, it is light-dependent, i.e., a bird can only sense the magnetic field if certain wavelengths of light are available. Specifically, many studies have shown that birds can only orient if blue light is present. The avian compass is also an inclination-only compass, meaning that it can sense changes in the inclination of magnetic field lines but is not sensitive to the polarity of the field lines. Under normal conditions, birds are sensitive to only a narrow band of magnetic field strengths around the geomagnetic field strength, but can orient at higher or lower magnetic field strengths given accomodation time.
The blue light receptors cryptochromes mediate various light responses in plants. The photoexcited cryptochrome molecules undergo a number of biophysical and biochemical changes, including electron transfer, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination, resulting in conformational changes to propagate light signals. Two modes of cryptochrome signal transduction have been recently discovered, the CIB (cryptochrome-interacting basic-helix-loop-helix 1)-dependent CRY2 regulation of transcription and the SPA1/COP1 (SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA /CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1)-dependent cryptochrome regulation of proteolysis. Both cryptochrome signaling pathways rely on blue light-dependent interactions between the cryptochrome photoreceptor and its signaling proteins to modulate gene expression changes in response to blue light, leading to altered developmental programs of plants.
Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light. They are found in plants and animals. Cryptochromes are involved in the circadian rhythms of plants and animals, and in the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species.
So Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that regulate entrainment by light of the circadian clock in plants and animals. They also act as integral parts of the central circadian oscillator in animal brains and as receptors controlling photomorphogenesis in response to blue or ultraviolet (UV-A) light in plants. Cryptochromes are probably the evolutionary descendents of DNA photolyases, which are light-activated DNA-repair enzymes, and are classified into three groups - plant cryptochromes, animal cryptochromes, and CRY-DASH proteins. Cryptochromes and photolyases have similar three-dimensional structures, characterized by an α/β domain and a helical domain. The structure also includes a chromophore, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The FAD-access cavity of the helical domain is the catalytic site of photolyases, and it is predicted also to be important in the mechanism of cryptochromes. Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors originally discovered in Arabidopsis but later found in other plants, microbes, and animals. Arabidopsis has two cryptochromes, CRY1 and CRY2, which mediate primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, respectively. In addition, cryptochromes also regulate over a dozen other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Cryptochromes have two domains, the N-terminal PHR (Photolyase-Homologous Region) domain that bind the chromophore FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and the CCE (CRY C-terminal Extension) domain that appears intrinsically unstructured but critical to the function and regulation of cryptochromes. Most cryptochromes accumulate in the nucleus, and they undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation or ubiquitination. It is hypothesized that photons excite electrons of the flavin molecule, resulting in redox reaction or circular electron shuttle and conformational changes of the photoreceptors. The photoexcited cryptochrome are phosphorylated to adopt an open conformation, which interacts with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels and consequently the metabolic and developmental programs of plants.
Cryptochromes are widely distributed in bacteria and eukaryotes but are not found in archaea, although archaea do have a CPD photolyase. Cryptochromes have now been found in various animal lineages, including insects, fish, amphibians, and mammals. Animal cryptochromes act as components of the circadian clock that control daily physiological and behavioral rhythms and as photoreceptors that mediate entrainment of the circadian clock to light.
ks.uiuc.edu/Research/cryptochrome/
genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220
-
About Spintronics
Spintronics ( a portmanteau meaning spin transport electronics ), also known as spinelectronics or fluxtronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices.
Spintronics differs from the older magnetoelectronics, in that spins are manipulated by both magnetic and electrical fields.
Spintronics emerged from discoveries in the 1980s concerning spin-dependent electron transport phenomena in solid-state devices. This includes the observation of spin-polarized electron injection from a ferromagnetic metal to a normal metal by Johnson and Silsbee (1985) and the discovery of giant magnetoresistance independently by Albert Fert et al. and Peter Grünberg et al. (1988). The origins of spintronics can be traced to the ferromagnet/superconductor tunneling experiments pioneered by Meservey and Tedrow and initial experiments on magnetic tunnel junctions by Julliere in the 1970s. The use of semiconductors for spintronics began with the theoretical proposal of a spin field-effect-transistor by Datta and Das in 1990 and of the electric dipole spin resonance by Rashba in 1960.
Conventional electronic devices rely on the transport of electrical charge carriers - electrons - in a semiconductor such as silicon. Now, however, physicists are trying to exploit the 'spin' of the electron rather than its charge to create a remarkable new generation of 'spintronic' devices which will be smaller, more versatile and more robust than those currently making up silicon chips and circuit elements. The potential market is worth hundreds of billions of dollars a year.
All spintronic devices act according to the simple scheme: (1) information is stored (written) into spins as a particular spin orientation (up or down), (2) the spins, being attached to mobile electrons, carry the information along a wire, and (3) the information is read at a terminal. Spin orientation of conduction electrons survives for a relatively long time (nanoseconds, compared to tens of femtoseconds during which electron momentum decays), which makes spintronic devices particularly attractive for memory storage and magnetic sensors applications, and, potentially for quantum computing where electron spin would represent a bit (called qubit) of information.
phys.org/news/2015-09-shift-electronics-spintronics-possibilities-faster.html
spintronicbbsr.org/
About Excitons
Exciton, the combination of an electron and a positive hole (an empty electron state in a valence band), which is free to move through a nonmetallic crystal as a unit. An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle that exists in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. The exciton is regarded as an elementary excitation of condensed matter that can transport energy without transporting net electric charge.
Because the electron and the positive hole have equal but opposite electrical charges, the exciton as a whole has no net electrical charge (though it transports energy). This makes excitons difficult to detect, but detection is possible by indirect means.
Also read about polaron, magnon, phonon
When an electron in an exciton recombines with a positive hole, the original atom is restored, and the exciton vanishes. The energy of the exciton may be converted into light when this happens, or it may be transferred to an electron of a neighbouring atom in the solid. If the energy is transferred to a neighbouring electron, a new exciton is produced as this electron is forced away from its atom.
An exciton can form when a photon is absorbed by a semiconductor. This excites an electron from the valence band into the conduction band. In turn, this leaves behind a positively charged electron hole (an abstraction for the location from which an electron was moved). The electron in the conduction band is then effectively attracted to this localized hole by the repulsive Coulomb forces from large numbers of electrons surrounding the hole and excited electron. This attraction provides a stabilizing energy balance. Consequently, the exciton has slightly less energy than the unbound electron and hole. The wave-function of the bound state is said to be hydrogenic, an exotic atom state akin to that of a hydrogen atom. However, the binding energy is much smaller and the particle's size much larger than a hydrogen atom. This is because of both the screening of the Coulomb force by other electrons in the semiconductor (i.e., its dielectric constant), and the small effective masses of the excited electron and hole. The recombination of the electron and hole, i.e. the decay of the exciton, is limited by resonance stabilization due to the overlap of the electron and hole wave functions, resulting in an extended lifetime for the exciton.
The electron and hole may have either parallel or anti-parallel spins. The spins are coupled by the exchange interaction, giving rise to exciton fine structure. In periodic lattices, the properties of an exciton show momentum (k-vector) dependence.
The concept of excitons was first proposed by Yakov Frenkel in 1931, when he described the excitation of atoms in a lattice of insulators. He proposed that this excited state would be able to travel in a particle-like fashion through the lattice without the net transfer of charge.
About Bohr Magneton
The Bohr Magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an orbiting electron with an orbital angular momentum of ħ. According to the Bohr model, this is the ground state, i.e. the state of lowest possible energy. In the summer of 1913, this value was naturally obtained by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr as a consequence of his atom model. In 1920, Wolfgang Pauli gave the Bohr magneton its name in an article where he contrasted it with the Magneton of the experimentalists which he called the Weiss Magneton.
The idea of elementary magnets is due to Walther Ritz (1907) and Pierre Weiss. Already before the Rutherford model of atomic structure, several theorists commented that the magneton should involve Planck's constant h. By postulating that the ratio of electron kinetic energy to orbital frequency should be equal to h, Richard Gans computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr Magneton in September 1911. At the First Solvay Conference in November that year, Paul Langevin obtained a submultiple. The Romanian physicist Ștefan Procopiu had obtained the expression for the magnetic moment of the electron in 1911. The value is sometimes referred to as the "Bohr–Procopiu magneton" in Romanian scientific literature.
-
About Enrico Fermi ( 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics )
Enrico Fermi was born in Rome on 29th September, 1901, the son of Alberto Fermi, a Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Communications, and Ida de Gattis. He attended a local grammar school, and his early aptitude for mathematics and physics was recognized and encouraged by his father's colleagues, among them A. Amidei. In 1918, he won a fellowship of the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa. He spent four years at the University of Pisa, gaining his doctor's degree in physics in 1922, with Professor Puccianti. He was an Atheist.
Soon afterwards, in 1923, he was awarded a scholarship from the Italian Government and spent some months with Professor Max Born in Göttingen. With a Rockefeller Fellowship, in 1924, he moved to Leyden to work with P. Ehrenfest, and later that same year he returned to Italy to occupy for two years (1924-1926) the post of Lecturer in Mathematical Physics and Mechanics at the University of Florence.
In 1926, Fermi discovered the statistical laws, nowadays known as the «Fermi statistics», governing the particles subject to Pauli's exclusion principle (now referred to as «fermions», in contrast with «bosons» which obey the Bose-Einstein statistics).
In 1927, Fermi was elected Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Rome (a post which he retained until 1938, when he - immediately after the receipt of the Nobel Prize - emigrated to America, primarily to escape Mussolini's fascist dictatorship).
During the early years of his career in Rome he occupied himself with electrodynamic problems and with theoretical investigations on various spectroscopic phenomena. But a capital turning-point came when he directed his attention from the outer electrons towards the atomic nucleus itself. In 1934, he evolved the ß-decay theory, coalescing previous work on radiation theory with Pauli's idea of the neutrino. Following the discovery by Curie and Joliot of artificial radioactivity (1934), he demonstrated that nuclear transformation occurs in almost every element subjected to neutron bombardment. This work resulted in the discovery of slow neutrons that same year, leading to the discovery of nuclear fission and the production of elements lying beyond what was until then the Periodic Table.
In 1938, Fermi was without doubt the greatest expert on neutrons, and he continued his work on this topic on his arrival in the United States, where he was soon appointed Professor of Physics at Columbia University, N.Y. (1939-1942).
Upon the discovery of fission, by Hahn and Strassmann early in 1939, he immediately saw the possibility of emission of secondary neutrons and of a chain reaction. He proceeded to work with tremendous enthusiasm, and directed a classical series of experiments which ultimately led to the atomic pile and the first controlled nuclear chain reaction. This took place in Chicago on December 2, 1942 - on a squash court situated beneath Chicago's stadium. He subsequently played an important part in solving the problems connected with the development of the first atomic bomb (He was one of the leaders of the team of physicists on the Manhattan Project for the development of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.)
In 1944, Fermi became an American citizen, and at the end of the war (1946) he accepted a professorship at the Institute for Nuclear Studies of the University of Chicago, a position which he held until his untimely death in 1954. There he turned his attention to high-energy physics, and led investigations into the pion-nucleon interaction.
During the last years of his life Fermi occupied himself with the problem of the mysterious origin of cosmic rays, thereby developing a theory, according to which a universal magnetic field - acting as a giant accelerator - would account for the fantastic energies present in the cosmic ray particles.
Professor Fermi was the author of numerous papers both in theoretical and experimental physics. His most important contributions were:
"Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto monoatomico", Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei, 1935 (also in Z. Phys., 1936), concerning the foundations of the statistics of the electronic gas and of the gases made of particles that obey the Pauli Principle.
Several papers published in Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei, 1927-28, deal with the statistical model of the atom (Thomas-Fermi atom model) and give a semiquantitative method for the calculation of atomic properties. A resumé of this work was published by Fermi in the volume: Quantentheorie und Chemie, edited by H. Falkenhagen, Leipzig, 1928.
"Uber die magnetischen Momente der AtomKerne", Z. Phys., 1930, is a quantitative theory of the hyperfine structures of spectrum lines. The magnetic moments of some nuclei are deduced therefrom.
"Tentativo di una teoria dei raggi ß", Ricerca Scientifica, 1933 (also Z. Phys., 1934) proposes a theory of the emission of ß-rays, based on the hypothesis, first proposed by Pauli, of the existence of the neutrino.
The Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Fermi for his work on the artificial radioactivity produced by neutrons, and for nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons. The first paper on this subject "Radioattività indotta dal bombardamento di neutroni" was published by him in Ricerca Scientifica, 1934. All the work is collected in the following papers by himself and various collaborators: "Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment", Proc. Roy. Soc., 1934 and 1935; "On the absorption and diffusion of slow neutrons", Phys. Rev., 1936. The theoretical problems connected with the neutron are discussed by Fermi in the paper "Sul moto dei neutroni lenti", Ricerca Scientfica, 1936.
His Collected Papers are being published by a Committee under the Chairmanship of his friend and former pupil, Professor E. Segrè (Nobel Prize winner 1959, with O. Chamberlain, for the discovery of the antiproton).
Fermi was member of several academies and learned societies in Italy and abroad (he was early in his career, in 1929, chosen among the first 30 members of the Royal Academy of Italy).
As lecturer he was always in great demand (he has also given several courses at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Stanford University, Calif.). He was the first recipient of a special award of $50,000 - which now bears his name - for work on the atom.
Professor Fermi married Laura Capon in 1928. They had one son Giulio and one daughter Nella. His favourite pastimes were walking, mountaineering, and winter sports.
He died in Chicago on 28th November, 1954.
-
About Paul Dirac ( 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics )
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born on 8th August, 1902, at Bristol, England, his father being Swiss and his mother English. He was educated at the Merchant Venturer's Secondary School, Bristol, then went on to Bristol University. Here, he studied electrical engineering, obtaining the B.Sc. (Engineering) degree in 1921. He then studied mathematics for two years at Bristol University, later going on to St. John's College, Cambridge, as a research student in mathematics. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1926. The following year he became a Fellow of St.John's College and, in 1932, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge.
Paul Dirac was an Atheist.
Dirac's work has been concerned with the mathematical and theoretical aspects of quantum mechanics. He began work on the new quantum mechanics as soon as it was introduced by Heisenberg in 1925 - independently producing a mathematical equivalent which consisted essentially of a noncommutative algebra for calculating atomic properties - and wrote a series of papers on the subject, published mainly in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, leading up to his relativistic theory of the electron (1928) and the theory of holes (1930). This latter theory required the existence of a positive particle having the same mass and charge as the known (negative) electron. This, the positron was discovered experimentally at a later date (1932) by C. D. Anderson, while its existence was likewise proved by Blackett and Occhialini (1933 ) in the phenomena of "pair production" and "annihilation".
The importance of Dirac's work lies essentially in his famous wave equation, which introduced special relativity into Schrödinger's equation. Taking into account the fact that, mathematically speaking, relativity theory and quantum theory are not only distinct from each other, but also oppose each other, Dirac's work could be considered a fruitful reconciliation between the two theories.
Dirac's publications include the books Quantum Theory of the Electron (1928) and The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1930; 3rd ed. 1947).
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, being awarded the Society's Royal Medal and the Copley Medal. He was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1961.
Dirac has travelled extensively and studied at various foreign universities, including Copenhagen, Göttingen, Leyden, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Princeton (in 1934, as Visiting Professor). In 1929,after having spent five months in America, he went round the world, visiting Japan together with Heisenberg, and then returned across Siberia.
In 1937 he married Margit Wigner, of Budapest.
-
celebatheists.com/wiki/Main_Page gives names of Hundreds of Atheists.
Douglas Adams, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Woody Allen, Fred Armisen, Lance Armstrong, Darren Aronofsky, Isaac Asimov, Julian Assange, Dan Barker, Dave Barry, Ingmar Bergman, Pierre Berton, Niels Bohr, Richard Branson, Derren Brown, Kari Byron, James Cameron, Asia Carrera, George Carlin, John Carmack, Adam Carolla, John Carpenter, Asia Carrera, Fidel Castro, Noam Chomsky, Jeremy Clarkson, Billy Connolly, Francis Crick, David Cronenberg, David Cross, Alan Cumming, Rodney Dangerfield, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Ani DiFranco, Micky Dolenz, Albert Einstein, Harlan Ellison, Paul Erdős, Richard Feynman, Harvey Fierstein, Reginald Finley, Barney Frank, Morgan Freeman, Larry Flynt, Dave Foley, Arian Foster, Jodie Foster, Janeane Garofalo, Bill Gates, Bob Geldof, Ricky Gervais, Ira Glass, James Gleick, Robert Heinlein, Ernest Hemingway, Katharine Hepburn, Christopher Hitchens, Jamie Hyneman, Eddie Izzard, Penn Jillette, Billy Joel, Ana Kasparian, Diane Keaton, Skandar Keynes Michael Kinsley, Keira Knightley, Kramer, John Landis, Hugh Laurie, Artie Lange, Richard Leakey, Bruce Lee, Tom Lehrer, John Lennon, Tom Leykis, James Lipton, H.P. Lovecraft, Ernst Mach, Seth MacFarlane, Bill Maher, John Malkovich, Barry Manilow, Todd McFarlane, Sir Ian McKellen, Arthur Miller, Frank Miller, Claude Monet, Julianne Moore, Rafael Nadal, Randy Newman, Mike Nichols, Jack Nicholson, Gary Numan, Bob Odenkirk, Patton Oswalt, Camille Paglia, Trey Parker, PewDiePie, Steven Pinker, Brad Pitt, Joaquin Phoenix, Paula Poundstone, Terry Pratchett, Robin Quivers, Daniel Radcliffe, James Randi, Ron Reagan Jr., Rob Reiner, Keanu Reeves, Rick Reynolds, Gene Roddenberry, Henry Rollins, Andy Rooney, Salman Rushdie, Adam Savage, Brian Sapient, Erwin Schrödinger, Bob Simon, Steven Soderbergh, Annika Sorenstam, George Soros, Richard Stallman, Howard Stern, Matt Stone, Julia Sweeney, Teller, Studs Terkel, Pat Tillman, Tool, Alan Turing, Eddie Vedder, Jesse Ventura, Gore Vidal, Vincent van Gogh, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Steven Weinberg, Joss Whedon, Ted Williams, Steve Wozniak, HUNDREDS MORE...
World’s Greatest Scientists are all Atheists
See youtube.com/watch?v=UKbslSOfrRo
youtube.com/watch?v=GdqC2bVLesQ
youtube.com/watch?v=BCUmeE8sIVo
youtube.com/watch?v=YUe0_4rdj0U
youtube.com/watch?v=eY1pDkP9Qxk
youtube.com/watch?v=XYohZRivNhI
youtube.com/watch?v=f4tbDI3K1ZU
About Coriolis Force or Coriolis Effect
An effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force ) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems.
Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis was a French mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist. He is best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference, leading to the Coriolis effect. He was the first to coin the term "work" for the transfer of energy by a force acting through a distance.
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/crls.rxml
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force
youtube.com/watch?v=aeY9tY9vKgs
geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/coriolis.htm
youtube.com/watch?v=_sayCU1TNyg
youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI
universetoday.com/73828/what-is-the-coriolis-effect/
About Parapsychology by Dr Dean Radin
Dean Radin is a researcher and author in the field of parapsychology.
He has been Senior Scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), in Petaluma, California, USA, since 2001, served on dissertation committees at Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, and former President of the Parapsychological Association. He is also co-editor-in-chief of the journal Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing.
Radin's ideas and work have been criticized by scientists and philosophers skeptical of paranormal claims.
Parapsychology is a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims. It is often identified as pseudoscience.
Parapsychology research is largely conducted by private institutions in several countries and funded through private donations, and the subject rarely appears in mainstream science journals. Most papers about parapsychology are published in a small number of niche journals. Parapsychology has been criticised for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research.
It has been noted that most academics do not take the claims of parapsychology seriously.
Para is from Greek, and means "beside, closely related to, beyond..." The term parapsychology was coined in or around 1889 by philosopher Max Dessoir. It was adopted by J. B. Rhine in the 1930s as a replacement for the term psychical research in order to indicate a significant shift toward experimental methodology and academic discipline. The term originates from the Greek: παρά para meaning "alongside", and psychology.
In parapsychology, psi is the unknown factor in extrasensory perception and psychokinesis experiences that is not explained by known physical or biological mechanisms. The term is derived from the Greek ψ psi, 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and the initial letter of the Greek ψυχή psyche, "mind, soul". The term was coined by biologist Berthold P. Wiesner, and first used by psychologist Robert Thouless in a 1942 article published in the British Journal of Psychology.
The Parapsychological Association divides psi into two main categories: psi-gamma for extrasensory perception and psi-kappa for psychokinesis. In popular culture, "psi" has become more and more synonymous with special psychic, mental, and "psionic" abilities and powers.
youtube.com/watch?v=qw_O9Qiwqew
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology
youtube.com/watch?v=fSP_YPv6qS0
youtube.com/watch?v=VgEmZ2xwZec
youtube.com/watch?v=ObGSGXzt328
youtube.com/watch?v=m5w42aZH9cc&list=PL2A74rJwZavVhwIk9ZH9BAWFgm-m1rSVu
youtube.com/watch?v=KqwphfRD0o8
youtube.com/watch?v=fSP_YPv6qS0&list=PL2A74rJwZavX_6bPdAzrykMutjEIzgsWG
deanradin.com/
Most important youtube.com/watch?v=W5KNNR-yPMM
About Parity Violation - Space is not Perfectly Symmetric - Yang Lee ( Nobel Physics 1957 )
Chinese Physicists Yang and Lee; received Nobel Prize for one of the quickest; the gap between Theoretical Prediction to Experimental confirmation being shortest.
Yang and Lee Predicted broken Symmetry. Experimental proof by Chien Shiung Wu et al. came within 2 years. Asymmetry is used by charges and dipoles for extracting and pouring out Electromagnetic energy from the vacuum, yet not one current Electrical Engineering or classical electromagnetics textbook mentions the energy implications of dipolar asymmetry. Nor do they mention that every charge and dipole freely pours out real observable EM energy continuously, with no observable energy input.
In 1943 Tsung Dao Lee was a student in the Kweichow province of China. It was the time of the Sino-Japanese War, and the Japanese invasion of the mainland forced Lee to move to Kunming. There he attended the National Southwest University where he met Chen Ning Yang. Lee and Yang had only a nodding acquaintance then. In 1946 both students received fellowships to study in the United States. Yang had pursued Enrico Fermi from Columbia to the University of Chicago - he was to have a close association with Fermi. Lee, on the other hand, had little choice. Only one school in the U.S. then allowed an undergraduate to work towards the PhD without the intermediate degrees, the University of Chicago. The two graduate students fast became friends.
For a while Yang had tried experimental physics, but it was not to be. Other graduate students had teased him, "Where there was a bang, there was Yang". Yang eventually did his doctoral thesis under the supervision of Edward Teller. Lee on the other hand knew he was a theorist from the start. He did his doctoral thesis under Fermi. Yang recalls Fermi's advice on his career: As a young man, work on practical problems; do not worry about things of fundamental importance. For all of his admiration of Fermi, Yang chose to ignore this bit of advice. Both Lee and Yang graduated and for awhile worked as staff members at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Lee had become a reputable theoretical physicist, invoking praise from J. Robert Oppenheimer as "one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists then known". Thus the individual physicists T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang had established their reputations by 1956, when their work together would help clear a mystery known as the theta-tau puzzle and topple of the most fundamental conservation laws.
The Theta-Tau Puzzle
Within the cosmic rays in which C. F. Powell had discovered the pi meson (pion) were other new particles. In 1949 Powell identified a cosmic ray particle which disintegrated into three pions. He dubbed this new particle the tau meson. Another particle called the theta meson was also discovered. It disintegrated into two pions. Both particles disintegrated via the weak force. Now, a problem arose when the masses and the lifetimes of the tau and theta particles were considered. The two particles turned out to be indistinguishable other than their mode of decay. Their masses and lifetimes were identical, within the experimental uncertainties. Were they in fact the same particle? The problem itself was not that the tau and theta, if indeed they were the same particle, decayed in two different modes, one by two pions, the other by three pions. The problem dealt with the more fundamental parity conservation law. In 1953 the physicist R. H. Dalitz argued that since the pion has parity of -1, two pions would combine to produce a net parity of (-1)(-1) = +1, and three pions would combine to have total parity of (-1)(-1)(-1) = -1. Hence, if conservation of parity holds, the theta should have parity of +1, and the tau of -1. Hence, they could not be the same particle. Thus was born the theta-tau puzzle. It's resolution would involve an almost unacceptable proposition to the physicists of the time.
The Beginnings of Doubt
The events which led to the publication of Lee and Yang's historic paper, Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions, began at the International Conference on High Energy Physics at the University of Rochester in April 1956. Lee and Yang attended the conference with a proposal for ending the theta-tau puzzle. Their idea was that certain kinds of elementary particles occur in two forms with different parities. The idea was called parity doubling. Also attending the conference was the theoretical physicist Richard Feynman, who is renowned for his development of the field of physics called quantum electrodynamics. Feynman's roommate at the conference was the experimentalist Martin Block. Block suggested to Feynman on the first night of the conference that parity just may not be conserved in certain interactions. The next day, following Yang's presentation of the parity doubling idea, Feynman brought up the question of non-conservation of parity. Feynman himself later said, "I thought the idea (of parity violation) unlikely, but possible, and a very exciting possibility." Indeed Feynman later made a fifty dollar bet with a friend that parity would not be violated. Yang's reply was that he and Lee had considered the idea but had arrived at no conclusions. During the discussion, Wigner, who had formulated the law of conservation of parity in the first place, also suggested that perhaps it did not hold in weak interactions.
Lee and Yang pursued the question further after the conference. "Early in May, when they were sitting in the White Rose Cafe near the corner of Broadway and 125th Street, in the vicinity of Columbia University, it suddenly struck them that it might be profitable to make a careful study of all known experiments involving weak interactions". After several weeks of reviewing past experiments, they had come to two conclusions:
"Past experiments on the weak interactions had actually no bearing on the question of parity conservation."
"In strong interactions, ... there were indeed many experiments that established parity conservation to a high degree of accuracy...".
As Yang commented in his Nobel lecture, "The fact that parity conservation in the weak interactions was believed for so long without experimental support was very startling. But what was more startling was the prospect that a space-time symmetry law which the physicists have learned so well may be violated. This prospect did not appeal to use."
The Proposed Experiment
When Lee and Yang's paper appeared in the October 1, 1956 issue of The Physical Review, physicists were not immediately prompted into action. The proposition of parity nonconservation was not unequivocally denied; rather, the possibility appeared so unlikely that experimental proof did not warrant immediate attention. The physicist Freeman Dyson wrote of his reaction to the paper: "A copy of it was sent to me and I read it. I read it twice. I said, `This is very interesting,' or words to that effect. But I had not the imagination to say, `By golly, if this is true it opens up a whole new branch of physics.' And I think other physicists, with very few exceptions, at that time were as unimaginative as I.". Hence, the initial reaction among most physicists to verifying parity conservation was not enthusiastic.
In their paper, Lee and Yang stated, "To decide unequivocally whether parity is conserved in weak interactions, one must perform an experiment to determine whether weak interactions differentiate the right from the left.". And they proposed several experiments. One of the simplest experiments (conceptually) invovled measurements on the beta decay of cobalt-60. The idea involved orienting cobalt nuclei with a strong magnetic field so that their spins are aligned in the same direction. Beta rays (electrons) are emitted at the poles of the nuclei. A mirror image of the system would also show beta rays being emitted from the poles of the mirror cobalt nuclei, the only difference being that the north and south poles of the mirror nuclei would be reversed since they spin in opposite direction of their real counterparts. Hence parity conservation demands that the emitted beta rays be equally distributed between the two poles. If more beta particles emerged from one pole than the other, it would be possible to distinguish the mirror image nuclei from their counterparts. Thus an anisotropy in the emitted beta rays would be tantamount to parity violation.
Madame Chien Shiung Wu
Another immigrant was now to play the next major role, Madame Chien-Shiung Wu. Arriving at Berkely in 1936 from Shanghai, Wu was one of the most ardently pursued coeds on campus. But she was also a hard worker who abhorred the marked absence of women from the American scientific establishment. She says, " ... it is shameful that there are so few women in science... In China there are many, many women in physics. There is a misconception in America that women scientists are all dowdy spinsters. This is the fault of men. In Chinese society, a woman is valued for waht she is, and men encourage her to accomplishments --- yet she retains eternally feminine.". In this view, there is a clear distinction between American and Chinese cultures. Yang, too, had to come to terms with the differences between the two cultures. In his Nobel address, he says, "I am heavy with awareness of the fact that I am in more than one sense a product of both the Chinese and Western cultures, in harmony and in conflict... I am as proud of my Chinese heritage and background as I am devoted to modern science, a part of human civilization of Western origin...". Returning to Madame Wu, the physicist Emile Segre', one of her teachers, said of her, "She is a slave driver. She is the image of the militant woman so well known in Chinese literature as either empress or mother." But by 1956 she had a world-wide reputation for her work on beta decay. Beta decay involves the weak interaction. Wu's experiments were highly regarded for their simplicity and elegance. At the time Lee and Yang considered the question of parity, Wu was a professor at Columbia and a long time friend of both men. She was the first to act on the proposed experiment involving beta decay in cobalt 60.
Even before Lee and Yang's paper had been submitted to The Physical Review, Lee had discussed the experiment with Wu. At the time, Wu and her husband had planned a trip to Europe and the Far East. But she chose instead to remain and perform the experiment rather than lose the opportunity to other physicists who might recognize its importance. However, the experiment could not be performed with only her expertise. Reaching the low temperatures necessary to be able to orient the cobalt nuclei spins required equipment few laboratories possessed. Nevertheless, one such laboratory existed in the United States --- the Cryogenics Physics Laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington. Early in June of 1956, Wu sought the help of Ernest Ambler at NBS. Ambler accepted enthusiastically. Indeed his doctoral thesis dealt with the orientation of cobalt-60 nuclei. In addition, Ralph Hudson, with expertise in cryogenics, and Raymond Hayward and Dale Hoppes, with experience in radiation detection, joined the team. By early October they began to assemble and test their equipment. The same month saw the publication of Lee and Yang's paper.
Lederman, who worked with Columbia's cyclotron, realized that he could perform an independent test of parity with the cyclotron. His experiment, which involved the decay of pi and mu mesons, had also been proposed by Lee and Yang in their paper. Soon, Lederman, along with his graduate students, Marcel Weinrich, and Richard Garwin began their experiments. At the same time, the group under Wu was running into problems. Wanting to verify their results from December 27, they repeated the experiment. Their original finding of a large asymmetry in the beta ray distribution was not consistently reproducible. However, after a week of solving problems with the apparatus, consistent results were obtained. And the results pointed to parity violation. Much consideration was given to the question of the origin of the beta ray asymmetry --- was it really an indication of the failure of parity or some result intrinsic to the experiment? "The group worked around the clock, assembling the apparatus many times, and took their breaks for a few hours sleep when the superfluid helium spoiled their vacuum by finding its way around the stopper at the bottom of the cryostat. Hoppes then slept beside the apparatus, telephoning to the others as soon as its temperature was low enough to begin their experiments again. Finally, on Januray 9th, at 2 o'clock in the morning, Hudson brought out a bottle of Chateau Lafite-Rothschild, 1949, and they drank to the overthrow of the law of parity"
Broken symmetry essentially means that something virtual (shadowy, but real in a special sense and widely used in physics; it has real physical consequences, since it creates all the forces of nature) has become observable (real in the ordinary everyday sense that it can be detected, measured, observed, and used.). The broken symmetry of the end charges of a dipole rigorously means that, once the charges are forcibly separated to form that dipole, the dipole (its end charges) continuously absorbs virtual (fleeting) photons from the seething vacuum, coherently integrates these "photon pieces" into real observable photons, and re-emits the resulting real EM energy in the form of real observable photons in all directions at the speed of light.
That's why a dipolar permanent magnet, with opposite magnetic charges on its ends locked in there by the material itself, continuously exhibits magnetic field in the space surrounding it (out to the ends of the universe, if the magnet has been around long enough). There is a continuous and steady stream of EM energy, extracted directly from the vacuum and integrated into observable magnetic field energy, pouring forth from the dipolarity of that magnet. At any external point in that stream, the steady flow will give a steady or "static" reading for the magnetic field and thus for the intensity of the flow at that point.
Actually there is no such thing as a "static" field or potential in the universe; simply check out Whittaker's 1903 decomposition of the "electrostatic" scalar potential into bidirectional longitudinal EM waves, and his 1904 decomposition of any field and wave pattern into two such potentials comprised of bidirectional longitudinal EM waves. The 1904 paper founded what today is known as superpotential theory.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)
About String Theory
I am least interested in String theory. The reasons will be soon clear to the reader. Since 1970 s I may have read more than 200 Popular Science articles, on String theory; in various magazines. What a waste of time! and quite foolish act in my part to read so many. I should have stopped bothering about String theory much earlier if the right information was given in these articles. The authors / writers often hide or not tell some information, about the string theory; which are its limitations.
[ You may read about String theory as given below, or directly go to the last part / Paragraph ( marked in Red ) ]
String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory is a mathematical theory of particle physics which models all the subatomic particles in the universe (protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, photons, etc) as bits of vibrating string. Since last 50 years not a single experiment has verified any of the predictions / explanations of String Theory. Not even got any hint regarding its predictions. So it is a theoretical framework, but with no experimental backup.
Strings and membranes
When the theory was originally developed in the 1970s, the filaments of energy in string theory were considered to be 1-dimensional objects: strings. (One-dimensional indicates that a string has only one dimension, length, as opposed to say a square, which has both length and height dimensions.) These strings came in two forms — closed strings and open strings. An open string has ends that don’t touch each other, while a closed string is a loop with no open end. It was eventually found that these early strings, called Type I strings, could go through five basic types of interactions. The interactions are based on a string’s ability to have ends join and split apart. Because the ends of open strings can join together to form closed strings, you can’t construct a string theory without closed strings. The closed strings have properties that make physicists believe they might describe gravity. Instead of just being a theory of matter particles, physicists began to realize that string theory may just be able to explain gravity and the behavior of particles.
Over the years, it was discovered that the theory required objects other than just strings. These objects can be seen as sheets, or branes. Strings can attach at one or both ends to these branes. Quantum gravity
Modern physics has two basic scientific laws: quantum physics and general relativity. These two scientific laws represent radically different fields of study. Quantum physics studies the very smallest objects in nature, while relativity tends to study nature on the scale of planets, galaxies, and the universe as a whole. (Obviously, gravity affects small particles too, and relativity accounts for this as well.) Theories that attempt to unify the two theories are theories of quantum gravity, and the most promising of all such theories today is string theory.
Unification of forces
Hand-in-hand with the question of quantum gravity, string theory attempts to unify the four forces in the universe — electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and gravity — together into one unified theory. In our universe, these fundamental forces appear as four different phenomena, but string theorists believe that in the early universe (when there were incredibly high energy levels) these forces are all described by strings interacting with each other.
Supersymmetry
All particles in the universe can be divided into two types: bosons and fermions. String theory predicts that a type of connection, called supersymmetry, exists between these two particle types. Under supersymmetry, a fermion must exist for every boson and vice versa. Unfortunately, experiments have not yet detected these extra particles.
Supersymmetry is a specific mathematical relationship between certain elements of physics equations. It was discovered outside of string theory, although its incorporation into string theory transformed the theory into supersymmetric string theory (or superstring theory) in the mid-1970s.
Supersymmetry vastly simplifies string theory’s equations by allowing certain terms to cancel out. Without supersymmetry, the equations result in physical inconsistencies, such as infinite values and imaginary energy levels.
Because scientists haven’t observed the particles predicted by supersymmetry, this is still a theoretical assumption. Many physicists believe that the reason no one has observed the particles is because it takes a lot of energy to generate them. ( Energy is related to mass by Einstein’s famous E = mc2 equation, so it takes energy to create a particle. ) They may have existed in the early universe, but as the universe cooled off and energy spread out after the big bang, these particles would have collapsed into the lower-energy states that we observe today. ( We may not think of our current universe as particularly low energy, but compared to the intense heat of the first few moments after the big bang, it certainly is. )
String Theory Lovers, hope that astronomical observations or experiments with particle accelerators will uncover some of these higher-energy supersymmetric particles, providing support for this prediction of string theory.
Extra dimensions
Another mathematical result of string theory is that the theory only makes sense in a world with more than three space dimensions! ( Our universe has three dimensions of space — left/right, up/down, and front/back. ) Two possible explanations currently exist for the location of the extra dimensions:
The extra space dimensions (generally six of them) are curled up ( compactified, in string theory terminology) to incredibly small sizes, so we never perceive them.
We are stuck on a 3-dimensional brane, and the extra dimensions extend off of it and are inaccessible to us.
A major area of research among string theorists is on mathematical models of how these extra dimensions could be related to our own. Some of these recent results have predicted that scientists may soon be able to detect these extra dimensions (if they exist) in upcoming experiments, because they may be larger than previously expected.
25 years ( or 50 years ) and 11 dimensions later, no luck with experiments. String theorists have fallen into an elegance trap and that trap is a product of theorists attacking mathematics the way experimentalists attack data. The problem with that is math is not data. The aggressive take-no-prisoners sociology of experimental physics has a natural constraint: results. Hypotheses may be as bold and counter-intuitive as you like because at the end of the week, we'll see what comes out of the accelerator. But when your research is pure math, you have to be more conservative, staying within the bounds of established observation and suggesting experiments to be done before you proceed further. In their quest for the elegant theory of everything, string theorists have broken free of these constraints and in doing so, of science itself. So complete is this break with science, in fact, that prominent string theorists opining that perhaps it is science itself which needs to change to accommodate string theory and that quaint traditions like experiment and result should make room for the notion that every self-consistent mathematical model is in fact a physically real universe and for the anthropic principle, which is a polite term for intelligent design. So much for "elegance".
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Dark energy is the most accepted hypothesis to explain the observations since the 1990s indicating that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. Assuming that the standard model of cosmology is correct, the best current measurements indicate that dark energy contributes 68.3% of the total energy in the present-day observable universe. The mass–energy of dark matter and ordinary (baryonic) matter contribute 26.8% and 4.9%, respectively, and other components such as neutrinos and photons contribute a very small amount. Again, on a mass–energy equivalence basis, the density of dark energy (~ 7 × 10-30 g/cm3 ) is very low, much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. However, it comes to dominate the mass–energy of the universe because it is uniform across space.
In quintessence models of dark energy, the observed acceleration of the scale factor is caused by the potential energy of a dynamical field, referred to as quintessence field. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant in that it can vary in space and time. In order for it not to clump and form structure like matter, the field must be very light so that it has a large Compton wavelength.
No evidence of quintessence is yet available, but it has not been ruled out either. It generally predicts a slightly slower acceleration of the expansion of the universe than the cosmological constant. Some scientists think that the best evidence for quintessence would come from violations of Einstein's equivalence principle and variation of the fundamental constants in space or time. Scalar fields are predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics and string theory, but an analogous problem to the cosmological constant problem (or the problem of constructing models of cosmological inflation) occurs: renormalization theory predicts that scalar fields should acquire large masses.
Some theorists think that dark energy and cosmic acceleration are a failure of general relativity on very large scales, larger than superclusters. However most attempts at modifying general relativity have turned out to be either equivalent to theories of quintessence, or inconsistent with observations. Other ideas for dark energy have come from string theory, brane cosmology and the holographic principle, but have not yet proved; as compelling as quintessence and the cosmological constant. In other hand, M.R. Khoshbin-e-Khoshnazar believes that a model discretization of the universe could explain the origin of dark energy.
If an Atom is of the size of Earth, the Nucleus is of the size of an Apple! Physicists say, in Science videos. To draw an analogy, Physicists say... If the atom is of the size of Universe, the string is of the size of a tree! This needs 1018 times more energy than present technology allows us to verify. I read somewhere that if a huge particle accelerator like a ring around the Earth or say along the perimeter of Earth is made ( which is just not possible ), then the experiments may hint about the ranges which String theory is talking about.
The Mathematical elegance that String Theory was so excited about, did not predict Dark Matter, Dark energy etc. Today we know that more than 95% of the Universe is of Dark Matter + Dark Energy. Many simple and "normal" calculations explain all these without Multiple Universe. These calculations have last 100 years of experimental backup, and Madala Boson is being used to explain Dark World. Physicists are doing fine with 4 dimensions. ( x, y, z and time ). Since 1910s Einstein’s equations gave relations between space and time. Since then time is the 4 rth dimension. We did not require any more dimensions to explain experimental observations, for last 100 years!
If I have 100 hours or 1000 hours of time, it will be much more useful and profitable for me to read, research and do Business with Artificial Chlorophyll, Bio-Batteries, Bacteria Motors / energy, Desalination technologies for cheap potable water from sea, etc; rather than wasting time in high Energy Physics, or Theoretical constructs of Modification of Superstring theory!
-
About Christopher Hitchens ( 1949–2011 )
Christopher was an Anglo-American author, columnist, essayist, orator, religious and literary critic, social critic, and journalist. He contributed to New Statesman, The Nation, The Atlantic, London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, Slate, and Vanity Fair. Hitchens was the author, co-author, editor or co-editor of over 30 books, including five collections of essays, on a range of subjects, including politics, literature, and religion. A staple of talk shows and lecture circuits, his confrontational style of debate made him both a lauded and controversial figure and public intellectual. Known for his contrarian stance on a number of issues, Hitchens criticised such public and generally popular figures as Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He was the elder brother of the conservative journalist and author Peter Hitchens.
A writer who could match the volume of exquisitely crafted columns, essays, articles, and books he produced over the past four decades. He wrote often—constantly, in fact, and right up to the end—and he wrote fast; frequently without the benefit of a second draft or even corrections. Christopher was the beau ideal of the public intellectual. You felt as though he was writing to you and to you alone. And as a result many readers felt they knew him.
He was a legend on the speakers’ circuit, and could debate just about anyone on anything. He won umpteen awards—although that was not the sort of thing that fueled his work—and in the last decade he wrote best-sellers, including a memoir, Hitch-22, that finally put some money into his family’s pocket. In the last weeks of his life, he was told that an asteroid had been named after him. He was pleased by the thought, and inasmuch as the word is derived from the Greek, meaning “star-like,” and asteroids are known to be volatile, it is a fitting honor.
Having long described himself as a socialist, a Marxist and an anti-totalitarian, Hitchens began his break from the established political left after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the Western left to the controversy over The Satanic Verses, followed by the left's embrace of Bill Clinton, and the antiwar movement's opposition to NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s.
An atheist, and a self-described antitheist, Hitchens viewed the concept of a god or a supreme being as a totalitarian belief that destroys individual freedom, and argued free expression and scientific discovery should replace religion as a means of teaching ethics and defining human civilisation. In 2007, Hitchens published his most popular book, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, which was a New York Times bestseller.
-
About Sir Nicholas Winton ( 1909 – 2015 )
Sir Nicholas George Winton was a British humanitarian who organized the rescue of 669 children, most of them Jewish, from Czechoslovakia on the eve of the Second World War in an operation later known as the Czech Kindertransport (German for "children transportation"). Winton found homes for the children and arranged for their safe passage to Britain. The world found out about his work over 40 years later, in 1988. The British press dubbed him the "British Schindler". On 28 October 2014, he was awarded the highest honour of the Czech Republic, the Order of the White Lion (1st class), by Czech President Miloš Zeman.
About Vaclav Havel ( 1936 – 2011 )
Vaclav Havel was a Czech writer, philosopher, political dissident, and statesman. From 1989 to 1992, he served as the last president of Czechoslovakia. He then served as the first president of the Czech Republic (1993–2003) after the Czech–Slovak split. Within Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs.
His educational opportunities limited by his bourgeois background, Havel first rose to prominence within the Prague theater world as a playwright. Havel used the absurdist style in works such as The Garden Party and The Memorandum to critique communism. After participating in Prague Spring and being blacklisted after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, he became more politically active and helped found several dissident initiatives such as Charter 77 and the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted. His political activities brought him under the surveillance of the secret police and he spent multiple stints in prison, the longest being nearly four years, between 1979 and 1983.
Havel's Civic Forum party played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that toppled communism in Czechoslovakia in 1989. He assumed the presidency shortly thereafter, and was reelected in a landslide the following year and after Slovak independence in 1993. Havel was instrumental in dismantling the Warsaw Pact and expanding NATO membership eastward. Many of his stances and policies, such as his opposition to Slovak independence, condemnation of the Czechoslovak treatment of Sudeten Germans after World War II, and granting of general amnesty to all those imprisoned under communism, were very controversial domestically. As such, he continually enjoyed greater popularity abroad than at home. Havel continued his life as a public intellectual after his presidency, launching several initiatives including the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, the VIZE 97 Foundation, and the Forum 2000 annual conference.
Havel's political philosophy was one of anti-consumerism, humanitarianism, environmentalism, civil activism, and direct democracy. He supported the Czech Green Party from 2004 until his death. He received numerous accolades during his lifetime including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Gandhi Peace Prize, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the Four Freedoms Award, the Ambassador of Conscience Award, and the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award. The 2012–2013 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. He is considered by some to be one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century.
During the first week of the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Havel assisted the resistance by providing an on-air narrative via Radio Free Czechoslovakia station (at Liberec). Following the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, he was banned from the theatre and became more politically active. Short of money, he took a job in a brewery, an experience he wrote about in his play Audience. This play, along with two other "Vaněk" plays (so-called because of the recurring character Ferdinand Vaněk, a stand in for Havel), became distributed in samizdat form across Czechoslovakia, and greatly added to Havel's reputation of being a leading dissident (several other Czech writers later wrote their own plays featuring Vaněk). This reputation was cemented with the publication of the Charter 77 manifesto, written partially in response to the imprisonment of members of the Czech psychedelic rock band The Plastic People of the Universe. (Havel had attended their trial, which centered on the group's non-conformity in having long hair, using obscenities in their music, and their overall involvement in the Czech underground). Havel co-founded the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted in 1979. His political activities resulted in multiple stays in prison, and constant government surveillance and questioning by the secret police, (Státní bezpečnost). His longest stay in prison, from May 1979 to February 1983, is documented in letters to his wife that were later published as Letters to Olga.
He was known for his essays, most particularly The Power of the Powerless, in which he described a societal paradigm in which citizens were forced to "live within a lie" under the communist regime. In describing his role as a dissident, Havel wrote in 1979: "...we never decided to become dissidents. We have been transformed into them, without quite knowing how, sometimes we have ended up in prison without precisely knowing how. We simply went ahead and did certain things that we felt we ought to do, and that seemed to us decent to do, nothing more nor less."
About Irena Sendler ( 1910 – 2003 )
Irena Sendler (née Krzyżanowska), also referred to as Irena Sendlerowa in Poland, nom de guerre "Jolanta", was a Polish nurse and social worker who served in the Polish Underground in German-occupied Warsaw during World War II, and was head of the children's section of Żegota, the Polish Council to Aid Jews (Polish: Rada Pomocy Żydom), which was active from 1942 to 1945.
Assisted by some two dozen other Żegota members, Sendler smuggled approximately 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto and then provided them with false identity documents and shelter outside the Ghetto, saving those children from the Holocaust. With the exception of diplomats who issued visas to help Jews flee Nazi-occupied Europe, Sendler saved more Jews than any other individual during the Holocaust.
The German occupiers eventually discovered her activities and she was arrested by the Gestapo, tortured, and sentenced to death, but she managed to evade execution and survive the war. In 1965, Sendler was recognised by the State of Israel as Righteous among the Nations. Late in life she was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest honor, for her wartime humanitarian efforts.
Jewish children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, or Roman Catholic convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Conceived Immaculate. Sendler worked closely with a group of about 30 volunteers, mostly women, who included Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, a resistance fighter and writer, and Matylda Getter, Mother Provincial of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary.
"Every child saved with my help is the justification of my existence on this Earth, and not a title to glory." (Irena Sendler)
According to American historian Debórah Dwork, Sendler was "the inspiration and the prime mover for the whole network that saved those 2,500 Jewish children." About 400 of the children were directly smuggled out by Sendler herself. She and her co-workers buried lists of the hidden children in jars in order to keep track of their original and new identities. The aim was to return the children to their original families when the war was over.
In 1943 Sendler was arrested by the Gestapo and severely tortured. The Gestapo beat her brutally, fracturing her feet and legs in the process. Despite this, she refused to betray any of her comrades or the children they rescued, and was sentenced to death by firing squad. Żegota saved her life by bribing the guards on the way to her execution. After her escape, she hid from the Germans, but returned to Warsaw under a fake name and continued her involvement with the Żegota. During the Warsaw Uprising, she worked as a nurse in a public hospital, where she hid five Jews. She continued to work as a nurse until the Germans left Warsaw, retreating before the advancing Soviet troops.
After the war, she and her co-workers gathered all of the children's records with the names and locations of the hidden Jewish children and gave them to their Żegota colleague Adolf Berman and his staff at the Central Committee of Polish Jews. However, almost all of the children's parents had been killed at the Treblinka extermination camp or had gone missing.
After the war, Sendler was imprisoned from 1948 to 1949 and brutally interrogated by the communist secret police (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) due to her connections with Poland's principal resistance organisation, the Home Army (AK), which was loyal to the wartime Polish government in exile. As a result, she gave birth prematurely to her son, Andrzej, who did not survive. Although she was eventually released and agreed to join the communist party (PZPR), her ties to the AK meant that she was never made into a hero. In fact, in 1965 when Sendler was recognized by Yad Vashem as one of the Polish Righteous among the Nations, Poland's communist government did not allow her to travel abroad at that time to receive the award in Israel; she was able to do so only in 1983. She was later employed as a teacher and vice-director in several Warsaw medical schools, and worked for the Ministries of Education and Health. She was also active in various social work programs. She helped organize a number of orphanages and care centers for children, families and the elderly, as well as a center for prostitutes in Henryków. However, she was forced into early retirement for her public declarations of support for Israel in the 1967 Israeli-Arab War (countries of the Soviet-controlled Eastern Bloc, including Poland, broke off diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of this war). Sendler resigned her PZPR membership following the events of March 1968 in Poland.
In 1980 she joined the Solidarity movement.
Since Many years there are too many articles on Women Sex Predators, and aggressive women
Motherly Love Redefined …
crimeblog.dallasnews.com/2016/05/prosper-woman-who-had-sex-with-sons-teenage-friend-headed-to-prison.html/
wtol.com/story/6975375/mother-sentenced-for-having-sex-with-son
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2716412/Mother-jailed-having-sex-12-year-old-SON-partner-watched-told-webcam.html
dreamindemon.com/2012/05/18/mistie-atkinson-mother-pleads-guilty-sex-teenage-son/
patch.com/california/dixon/vacaville-mom-convicted-sex-son-seeks-retrial-0
nhregister.com/article/NH/20120921/NEWS/309219751
articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-10-27/news/9610260994_1_extorting-endangerment-elementary-school-principal
independent.ie/irish-news/incest-mother-is-convicted-of-sex-assault-on-her-two-sons-26462211.html
canadiancrc.com/newspaper_articles/Tor_Star_Mother_confesses_sex_with_sons_03OCT04.aspx
thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/10/canada-s-newest-refugee-a-florida-mom-convicted-of-unlawful-sex-with-a-minor.html
ibtimes.co.uk/us-idaho-lawsuit-reveals-sexual-assault-by-staff-male-teens-juvenile-detention-centers-1494582
mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/biology-teacher-who-sex-five-8850667
littlethings.com/foster-child-wwyd/
youtube.com/watch?v=htrItTarozA
youtube.com/watch?v=MC7hfCaRHIQ
gympietimes.com.au/news/roma-mother-guilty-of-bruising-sons-genitals/3089847/
breitbart.com/big-government/2016/09/14/mother-arranged-rape-murder-10-yr-old-daughter-allegedly-said-liked-watch/
thesmokinggun.com/buster/cigarette/cigarette-in-eye-628759#
equalitycanada.com/why-are-so-many-women-raping-boys-research-into-female-perpetrated-sexual-violence/
theindychannel.com/news/local-news/teacher-accused-of-sex-with-student-10-times-reaches-plea-deal-for-1-count-of-child-seduction
news.com.au/world/florida-mum-rachael-leahy-ordered-hit-on-exhusband-david-leahy/news-story/11b25d3fd6c5e007132d7fe28a4f7de1
9news.com.au/national/2016/09/14/07/26/poisoned-meatball-accused-due-in-vic-court/
bostonherald.com/news/local_coverage/2016/09/saugus_mom_pleads_guilty_to_rape_of_two_teenage_boys
express.co.uk/news/world/656971/Bullies-bikinis-attacked-sunbathing-victim-filmed-assault
bustle.com/articles/123975-6-signs-you-have-a-toxic-mother
txktoday.com/news/new-boston-woman-pleads-guilty-to-sexually-assaulting-13-year-old-boy/
ibtimes.co.uk/married-teacher-who-had-affair-14-year-old-pupil-sent-him-video-online-charged-rape-1579807
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3782055/Furious-bride-24-bit-fiance-s-ear-slashed-face-broken-glass-wedmin-meetings-went-horribly-wrong.html
nydailynews.com/news/national/conn-woman-drowned-baby-shorter-sentence-article-1.2783131
theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/06/children-older-women-abused-jade-hatt
thechannelhiphop.com/boyfriend-saw-his-girlfriend-having-sex-with-two-dogs-and-called-the-police/
telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5251042/Rise-of-ladette-culture-as-241-women-arrested-each-day-for-violence.html
thespectrum.com/story/news/2016/06/07/18-year-old-laverkin-woman-arrested-having-sex-15-year-old-boys/85571780/
huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/09/nicole-kurowski-teacher-sex_n_4241276.html
craveonline.com/site/1062074-uk-teacher-had-sex-with-15-year-old-more-than-50-times-claimed
sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-female-bank-robbers-20160722-story.html
heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/fight-to-extradite-ultraorthodox-jewish-school-principal-accused-of-molesting-and-raping-students-dropped/news-story/194cad2f934cca5858500ffebf4858c4
theguardian.com/society/2009/oct/04/uk-female-child-sex-offenders
adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/woman-who-tried-to-kill-exs-new-girlfriend-unable-to-show-empathy-for-her-victim-court-told/news-story/7b22da29e8cc18e413269a0be58800b0
youtube.com/watch?v=syWtUykS7L0
youtube.com/watch?v=3g_OPKvDgpU
youtube.com/watch?v=VPl5PkjVs3A
youtube.com/watch?v=AFk1FyKDYec
youtube.com/watch?v=oIn5OfNFa5I
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3274956/Disturbing-rise-women-child-sex-predators-s-punished-leniently-men.html?ito=social-facebook
youtube.com/watch?v=L5gWMO2JPa4
youtube.com/watch?v=76rAn4JZfiA
youtube.com/watch?v=W5RJBcsQq7Q
youtube.com/watch?v=yXAM83Lq8d0
youtube.com/watch?v=XfxkVjawYYg
youtube.com/watch?v=4_Uum7tEUqg
youtube.com/watch?v=D3ILPAUmPrw&list=PLfqvIEGoZYGzaCWw7VPYrY6sCtkbxOat8
youtube.com/watch?v=H6a9Szp8FwY
youtube.com/watch?v=p-GLJUPrtNU
youtube.com/watch?v=8uDEB2KG9XU
A Psychologist has an explanation …
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1391626/Whats-wrong-female-teachers-America-As-schools-summer-young-teacher-arrested-sex-16-year-old-student--latest-dozens-cases-school-year.html
youtube.com/watch?v=vWikSl0j_wA
A Mother Who Killed Her 5 Children
youtube.com/watch?v=Mp-zuabUeXU
youtube.com/watch?v=tz7DCorxLbo
youtube.com/watch?v=jf6VU5meuho
youtube.com/watch?v=gEP0k4ZMFfk
youtube.com/watch?v=vfVFklqG0NM
Why are Modern Women so aggressive ?
theguardian.com/education/2006/jan/23/pupilbehaviour.schools
See facebook.com/WomenCriminals/
See facebook.com/groups/499811210056249/
australianetworknews.com/melissa-kitchens-incest-american-mom-sex-son-25-gets-arrested/
irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/waterford-mother-convicted-of-child-cruelty-following-seven-week-trial-1.2657598
fox19.com/story/32236822/convicted-sex-offender-asks-mother-of-14-year-old-i-want-her-what-do-you-want-for-it
insideedition.com/headlines/16733-mom-and-female-partner-convicted-of-torturing-murdering-2-year-old-son-who-fell-off
rt.com/uk/354212-wales-mother-porn-court/
q13fox.com/2016/02/04/marysville-mother-convicted-of-sex-crimes-involving-daughter/
charlotteobserver.com/news/local/crime/article77122242.html
omaha.com/bellevue-mom-convicted-of-sexually-abusing-son-gets--/article_1393b0df-a383-58c3-a8e7-e5af713cc630.html
huffingtonpost.in/entry/wisconsin-mom-sentenced-sex-crimes-toddler_n_6237550
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2287494/Grand-Junction-mom-Wendy-Crowell-sex-sons-underage-best-friend.html
vindy.com/news/2011/oct/06/pa-mom-sentenced-for-sex-with-son8217s-t/
murfreesboropost.com/mother-convicted-of-raping-son-years-ago-cms-41753
digitaljournal.com/article/294597
cnews.canoe.com/CNEWS/Crime/2014/08/05/21854361.html
politicsforum.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=121028
complex.com/pop-culture/2012/08/orange-county-mother-convicted-for-crossing-line-with-sons-friend
usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2015/08/21/molly-shattuck-ravens-cheerleader-sentenced-rape-boy/32108039/
6abc.com/archive/8554005/
bossip.com/920633/hide-ya-kids-cali-mom-sentenced-6-years-in-prison-for-sexing-sons-12-year-old-friend-43081/
wncn.com/2016/07/02/ga-mom-sentenced-after-teen-naked-twister-party-with-sex-and-drugs/
chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Mother-who-supplied-drugs-in-prom-death-pleads-7431853.php
starherald.com/news/local_news/sidney-mom-sentenced-in-molestation-of-son/article_09b03185-47a1-51a2-a6b6-98adc270d8ed.html
twcnews.com/archives/nys/central-ny/2007/12/14/mom-sentenced-in-sex-abuse-case-NY_38392.old.html
wtvr.com/2015/08/23/molly-shattuck-oldest-ravens-cheerleader-rapes-sons-15-year-old-friend/
maddad0467.newsvine.com/_news/2011/10/07/8203176-mom-sentenced-for-threesome-with-sons-friends
dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2012/09/05/mother-sentenced-for-raping-her-baby.html
news24.com/world/news/mom-had-sex-with-son-20100128
nypost.com/2016/04/09/mom-and-son-admit-to-incest-go-into-hiding-to-avoid-jail/
cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/mom-gets-1-year-for-sex-with-foster-son-1.1121822
mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-verdict-woman-accused-molesting-boy-20160309-story.html
nytimes.com/2015/10/25/magazine/the-strange-case-of-anna-stubblefield.html?_r=0
norwalkreflector.com/Local/2015/09/21/Sex-offender-039-s-mom-talks-about-2009-juvenile-court-case
abcnews.go.com/US/hummer-mom-christine-hubbs-force-sex-teen-boys/story?id=13541399
scpr.org/news/2011/09/19/28941/oc-mom-had-sex-sons-underage-teammates-authorities/
gasmicgore.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-3786.html
lancasteronline.com/news/mom-sentenced-for-prostituting-son/article_d035429a-9354-5d37-8d17-0815efd0a3c2.html
mercurynews.com/2009/12/15/north-carolina-mom-sentenced-for-putting-son-in-boiling-water/
us.geosnews.com/p/us/oh/cuyahoga-county/cleveland/appellate-court-again-rules-mom-convicted-of-helping-son-in-madison-township-murder-should-get-new-trial_4970914
propublica.org/article/false-rape-accusations-an-unbelievable-story
world.sports--news.com/news/lacey-spears-a-mother-accused
archive.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/070621/mom.shtml
tdcaa.com/node/3056
pravdareport.com/news/world/americas/04-11-2005/69955-0/
shanghaiexpat.com/phpbbforum/idaho-mom-had-sex-with-son-s-friends-t151005.html
newsgrio.com/articles/248052-mom-drunkenly-let-a-convicted-sex-offender-who-exposed-himself-to-girls-under-13-give-her-three-children-permanent-tattoos.html
traffickalerts.wordpress.com/2015/01/15/incest-mom-sentenced-to-219-year-in-prison-over-alabama-sex-ring/
dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2081674/Poppy-Burge-gets-liposuction-voucher-Human-Barbie-mum-Sarah-Christmas.html
nydailynews.com/news/national/florida-mom-charged-setting-fight-daughter-amp-classmate-article-1.1012931#ixzz1kx3LwRVQ
uk.style.yahoo.com/blogs/yahoo-lifestyles/mother-gives-botox-injections-her-eight-old-daughter-184941192.html
About Fallacies and Logic
Hasty Generalisation is one of the most common Fallacies practiced by Human Beings. This is ( often ) the case; because 2 of the important “ theorems “ of Statistics are NOT appreciated.
Two of these theorems of Statistics being –
S1 – Larger the sample size better the observation. As the sample size approaches the “ Total Population “ the reality is manifested better.
S2 – The sample types should vary widely. Wider is the variation the random noise is eliminated the most.
It is fallacious to generalize with a very few observations or by personal experience / perception. [ Before seeing the Statistics below, try to answer from your perception … “who amongst Men and Women instigate violence ?“ ]
Also it is known from study of Psychology that ( often ) people tend to justify their perception and actions ‘ more than required ‘ to avoid being seen as foolish.
People give asymmetrical importance to their opinions and emphasize it too much.
Daniel Kahneman got Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on “ Behavioral Finance “. He had shown that people are NOT “ equi-proportionate “ in their choices, actions and decisions.
There have been interesting developments in “ Game theory “ also giving insights on “ sub-optimal “ choices that people make in their decisions.
An unbiased statistical experiment with sample size larger than the minimum required, and varying widely can throw light on the REALITY.
There are many types of Fallacies, namely –
1 ) Post Hoc
2 ) Poisoning the Well
3 ) Bandwagon
Etc ...
18 types of Logical Fallacies are described at kspope.com/fallacies/fallacies.php
42 types of Fallacies are described at nizkor.org/features/fallacies/
One of the ways of classifying the fallacies is –
1 ) Formal Fallacies
2 ) Informal Fallacies
3 ) Aristotelian Fallacies
3.1 – Material Fallacies
3.2 – Verbal Fallacies
3.3 – Logical Fallacies
A nice list of Fallacies is given at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies
The following Cognitive Traps we succumb to –
1 ) Availability Bias – This causes us to base our decisions on information that are more readily available than doing an exhaustive search. If someone asks you the question … In English do we have more words starting with R or more words where R is in the 3rd place ? …. The correct way to answer this is …. I do not know, we have to search / analyze and see. But as we tend to remember words by their first alphabet we tend to recall words starting with R but hardly can remember words such as FoRt, MaRt, FeRtilizer etc. ( It seems after an exhaustive search it is found that we have more WoRds where R is in the 3rd place than in 1st place ! )
2 ) Hindsight Bias – ( ex post ) – This causes us to attach higher probability to events after they have happened than we did before they happened. This bias also lasts for only a small amount of time such as few days or weeks. In 1970s at Howrah station ( Calcutta / Kolkata ) a passenger train could not brake in time and dashed at the end of the line ( Platform ) to stop. [ Similar to Chennai / Madras the rail ends one way at Howrah station. The trains do not cross through the station but comes and returns the same way. ] This crash caused the first bogie to get mutilated very badly and a few people died. Now this first bogie generally is very crowded, as people want to rush out and run a smaller distance to reach the office / Business. For next few days the first bogie was almost empty in local trains, and slowly was forgotten. In history of Howrah station this type of accident may have happened only 3 – 4 times. Except the one mentioned above the other crashes were minor in nature. So the “ Hindsight Bias “ explains why people were too cautious for a few days to keep the first bogie empty and then slowly forget.
3 ) The problem of Induction – This causes us to formulate general rules on the basis of insufficient information. ( Hasty Generalization ). CPI / CPM parties have been ruling West Bengal for decades so often many outsiders term all Bengalis as communists. I have even seen the following type of conversation sequence … In a training program the trainer gave me a Red pen and jokingly said you will like this colour ! As I asked why do you think so ? He said : You are a Bengali, so you are a communist. Red is the colour of communists ! So you should like it !
4 ) The fallacy of Conjunction – ( or Disjunction ) – This causes us to overestimate the probability of 10 events each with 90% probability, will ALL occur, while underestimating the probability that at least 1 of the 10 events with just 10% probability is quite likely to occur. In fact human beings in general are not good as estimating probability or estimating the occurrence frequency of an event.
5 ) Confirmation Bias – This inclines us to look for confirming evidence of an initial hypothesis, rather than falsifying evidence that would disprove it. Often when the Media / Press wants to malign someone ( Character Assassination ) then keeps giving biased Negative evidences to paint the character. The readers / TV viewers refer to only this propaganda rather than search opposite evidences of their own.
6 ) Contamination Effects – This causes us to allow irrelevant but proximate information to influence a decision.
7 ) The Affect Heuristic – This causes us preconceived value-judgments interfere with our assessment of costs and benefits.
8 ) Scope Neglect – This prevents us from proportionately adjusting what we should be willing to sacrifice to avoid harms of different orders of magnitude. As the stock market rises, a prudent investor should switch part of equity systematically to Debt funds ( say MIPs ) and at the peak day should exit all equity to put all her investments into Liquid / Debt funds. But in practice how many people does this ? The peak of Equity market is peak because majority are buying more equity than are selling !
9 ) Overconfidence in Calibration – This leads us to underestimate the confidence intervals within which our estimates will be robust. ( to mixup best case scenario with most probable scenario ).
10 ) Bystander Apathy – This inclines us to abdicate individual responsibility when in a crowd. John Darley & Bibb Latane – Bad Samaritan explanation. Victims chance of being helped within 45 secs was 50% in case of 1 bystander while 0% in case of 5 or more bystander. In the industry, “
Group email “ is great for Information propagation but not for seeking help. Only handful people are active in Discussion groups. Individual emails evoke better response.
Some of the psychological traps that affect way people make business decisions …
– The anchoring trap – Leads to give disproportionate weight to first information or a few first information. Can be avoided by circulating the agenda beforehand.
– The status quo trap – Momentum , culture , heritage problem.
– Sunk-Cost trap – This inclines us to perpetuate the mistakes of the past.
– The confirming evidence trap – This leeds us to seek out information supporting an existing predilection and to discount opposing information
– The framing Trap – This occurs when we misstate a problem, undermining the entire decision – making process.
– The prudence tap – This leads us to be overcautious when we make estimates about uncertain events.
– The recallability trap – This leads us to give undue weight to recent, dramatic events.
For example Dr Warren Farrell is not limited or trapped with traditional Biases
See … what he says …
How many people are bothered about Male suicide rate being so high ? Worldwide average rate ( of all ages combined ) of Male suicide rate is 4 times higher that of Women. Does anyone care ? Most people are Biased to assume Men are Disposable.
Some series Expansions -
Solve a series problem
Plato and many others, since long told something about Truth …
So I “lied” on a few things in this Book ! :-{D
“Logic of Religion and Mythology” is like above …
( Some people may agree that I am much more Polite, than Christopher Hitchens … May be I achieved much lesser because of that! )
( In 2016 Celebrating 27 years of Excellence in Teaching )
Good Luck to you for your Preparations, References, and Exams
All Other Books written by me can be downloaded from
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/free-pdf-e-book-download-for-iit-jee-cbse-isc-cet-physics-chemistry-maths-from-professor-subhashish-skmclasses/
Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Learn more at skmclasses.weebly.com/iit-jee-home-tuitions-bangalore.html
Twitter – twitter.com/ZookeeperPhy
Facebook – facebook.com/IIT.JEE.by.Prof.Subhashish/
Blog – skmclasses.kinja.com
-
Spoon Feeding – Physics
Simplified Knowledge Management Classes Bangalore
My name is Subhashish Chattopadhyay. I have been teaching for IIT-JEE, Various International Exams ( such as IMO [ International Mathematics Olympiad ], IPhO [ International Physics Olympiad ], IChO [ International Chemistry Olympiad ] ), IGCSE ( IB ), CBSE, I.Sc, Indian State Board exams such as WB-Board, Karnataka PU-II etc since 1989. As I write this book in 2016, it is my 27 th year of teaching. I was a Visiting Professor to BARC Mankhurd, Chembur, Mumbai, Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education ( HBCSE ) Physics Olympics camp BARC Campus.
I am Life Member of …
- IAPT ( Indian Association of Physics Teachers )
- IPA ( Indian Physics Association )
- AMTI ( Association of Mathematics Teachers of India )
- National Human Rights Association
- Men’s Rights Movement ( India and International )
- MGTOW Movement ( India and International )
And also of
IACT ( Indian Association of Chemistry Teachers )
The selection for National Camp ( for Official Science Olympiads - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Astronomy ) happens in the following steps ….
1 ) NSEP ( National Standard Exam in Physics ) and NSEC ( National Standard Exam in Chemistry ) held around 24 rth November. Approx 35,000 students appear for these exams every year. The exam fees is Rs 100 each. Since 1998 the IIT JEE toppers have been topping these exams and they get to know their rank / performance ahead of others.
2 ) INPhO ( Indian National Physics Olympiad ) and INChO ( Indian National Chemistry Olympiad ). Around 300 students in each subject are allowed to take these exams. Students coming from outside cities are paid fair from the Govt of India.
3 ) The Top 35 students of each subject are invited at HBCSE ( Homi Bhabha Center for Science Education ) Mankhurd, near Chembur, BARC, Mumbai. After a 2-3 weeks camp the top 5 are selected to represent India. The flight tickets and many other expenses are taken care by Govt of India.
Since last 50 years there has been no dearth of “Good Books“. Those who are interested in studies have been always doing well. This e-Book does not intend to replace any standard text book. These topics are very old and already standardized.
There are 3 kinds of Text Books
- The thin Books - Good students who want more details are not happy with these. Average students who need more examples are not happy with these. Most students who want to “Cram” quickly and pass somehow find the thin books “good” as they have to read less !!
- The Thick Books - Most students do not like these, as they want to read as less as possible. Average students are “busy” with many other things and have no time to read all these.
- The Average sized Books - Good students do not get all details in any one book. Most bad students do not want to read books of “this much thickness“ also !!
We know there can be no shoe that’s fits in all.
Printed books are not e-Books! Can’t be downloaded and kept in hard-disc for reading “later”
………
So if you read this book later, you will get all kinds of examples in a single place. This becomes a very good “Reference Material”. I sincerely wish that all find this “very useful”.
Students who do not practice lots of problems, do not do well. The rules of “doing well” had never changed …. Will never change !
After 2016 CBSE Mathematics exam, lots of students complained that the paper was tough!
On 21 st May 2016 the CBSE standard 12 result was declared. I loved the headline
In 2015 also the same complain was there by many students
So we see that by raising frivolous requests, even upto parliament, actually does not help. Many times requests from several quarters have been put to CBSE, or Parliament etc for easy Math Paper. These kinds of requests actually can-not be entertained, never will be.
In March 2016, students of Karnataka PU-II also complained the same, regarding standard 12 ( PU-II Mathematics Exam ). Even though the Math Paper was identical to previous year, most students had not even solved the 2015 Question Paper.
These complains are not new. In fact since last 40 years, ( since my childhood ), I always see this; every year the same setback, same complain!
In this e-Book I am trying to solve this problem. Those students who practice can learn.
No one can help those who are not studying, or practicing.
Learn more at skmclasses.weebly.com/iit-jee-home-tuitions-bangalore.html
Twitter – twitter.com/ZookeeperPhy
Facebook – facebook.com/IIT.JEE.by.Prof.Subhashish/
Blog – skmclasses.kinja.com
A very polite request :
I wish these e-Books are read only by Boys and Men. Girls and Women, better read something else; learn from somewhere else.
Foreword for the Book, by Dr. Navsky Gupta
Director and Consultant, Shankar Netrika Eye Center, Mumbai
Studied at University of California, Irvine, and Volgograd Medical Academy
-
On human apes by the storytelling chimpanzee
My view of human apes
Let me be clear at the onset of my view. I am not proud of my species which calls itself Homo sapiens.
You just need to look our sorry history of violence, warring and massacres over power, resources and religion.
I think, for the most part, the human ape thinks, acts and reproduces as do his great ape cousins. (they mate, have family, have culture etc. as shown by studies of Jane Goodall, Desmond Morris and many more)
Our evolution of higher faculties
Yet, for an ape, we have come a long way forward. The journey has been slow and arduous.
The first ape like humans probably arose (quiet literally) on their two feet some 5 to 7 million years ago (that is 50,000 to 70,000 centuries ago).
The great apes as a family go back 15 million years.
Somewhere down the line we developed imagination, curiosity, and the ability to consider “What if ?”
These qualities of imagination, curiosity and abstract thinking are vital components of storytelling so that when developed, a mere mention or even the thought of a word can evoke artificial, imaginative or real worlds in the mind.
Other animals too have traits of intelligence
We are not certain if our cousin great apes have it or not, and if they have, to what extent it is developed.
Curiosity is certainly very common in animal kingdom.
It is a human hubris to think that we are sole possessor of this facility.
Other animals are as curious as us including our cousin apes, cats, rodents to name a few?
Curiosity is an inquisitive thinking that involves observation, exploration, investigation, learning and finally changes in behavior.
Curiosity has survival and reproductive value which is essential for success of DNA transmission, the raison d’etre for any kind of life based on carbon and DNA.
Curiosity involves several neurological aspects such as motivation and reward, attention, memory and learning.
Our crippling shortcomings
The other thing that we humans need to be aware is that we are in the end apes and very flawed apes at that.
No doubt we have higher intelligence and contemplate abstract thinking.
Yet, our evolutionary mind uses principles that had served us well when we were hunter-gatherers in the African savannas but now do us grave injustice.
They are termed cognitive fallacies.
The list of these heuristics (mental shortcuts), biases, is devastatingly huge and long.
They become a fertile ground for the breeding of irrationality in human apes.
Worse, irrationality is highly contagious.
Classification of cognitive biases
These cognitive biases are divided into three categories:
1. Decision making and belief biases:
There are more than 80 of these.
One good example is the bandwagon effect or the herd mentality. This explains how easily a temple, or church or a statue gets tagged as “lucky”.
2. Social biases
There are at least 25 of these.
The classic one being, the just-world hypothesis also known as the moral luck. It is a belief that good stuff happens to virtuous and ill happens to the diabolical, deservingly of course.
Another good example is the Barnum effect (closely related to subjective validation) wherein an individual considers a general and a vague statement highly specific to his or her own personality.
Example: Disciplined and self controlled outside, you tend to be worrisome and insecure inside.
Entire chicanery of astrology, palmistry and astrology are based on this one bias.
3. Memory errors and biases
There are at least 60 of them
The peak-end rule is a suitable example. It is the assessment of any experience by an individual largely on how they felt it at its peak and at its termination. This has a special significance for medical procedures and surgeries.
Limitations of curiosity, logic and abstract thinking
You will realize that just being curious and having the ability of abstract thinking is not enough.
These two generally end up in giving rise to either philosophy or worse, religion.
These traits alone would very likely have us end up in creating a world view that is largely hopeful, helpful and endearing but factually incorrect.
This in fact did happen for most of the time in human history.
Added with these two, if one begins to apply logic and proofs, the brain is capable of generating powerful mathematics.
Yet, all these devises and tools namely curiosity, imagination, logic and mathematical proofs have proved themselves deficient in curbing our remarkable ability to fool ourselves.
Experimental Science is the best tool ever devised to understand reality
The only tool and the best method that we humans came up with understanding reality is experimentation, particularly well controlled, repeatable verifiable experiments that can minimize the experimenter’s bias.
In medicine, the gold standard of drug testing for its efficacy and safety is the placebo controlled double blind clinical trial.
It is not an easy task to conduct an original experiment.
Education’s Biggest Failure
Our school education’s profoundest failure is exactly this.
It does not inculcate either questioning or original thinking or more specifically critical thinking.
We fail to teach our students the idea of how to propose a hypothesis and go about testing it.
Our schooling fails to provide to even the best outgoing student the notion of conceiving an original experiment to prove or disprove an idea.
Only few people are good experimentalists, meaning they take care to isolate their study from events that can undue influence its outcome.
The most important aspect about the experimental findings is that it should be repeatable, verifiable by other people who repeat them under similar conditions in other places.
It is the one biggest universal failure of education system all over the world.
Education is currently seen as a way to attain professional career and job security which is not bad per se.
But something very important has been lost.
Do we encourage a student to write an original paper?
Do we encourage a student to ever lay out a plan for considering an original experiment?
In fact, in our education, do we even mention that so many unknown things remain to discover.
May be it is so that there is now so much to know that it overwhelms a young mind.
At least most young minds.
The reason for the failure of education
What prevents us from imparting the type of education we often know about, speak about but fail to carry out?
You will be surprised at the answer.
It is overpopulation; too many of us human apes.
( Did you notice Female Life expectancy is always higher than Men ! Do you know why ? )
If someone were to ask me what is the key problem today, I would say that we are simply too many of us today.
India or South Asia is an extreme example but almost all the nations face this hideous calamity.
Are nation states able to provide clean air and water to their citizens?
Are they able to provide a basic housing to their citizens?
Are they able to provide even basic level healthcare to their citizens?
What about jobs?
Many argue between capitalism, socialism, mixed system and so on and so forth.
I think they keep missing the key issue.
Denial is probably the right word.
Such a populace simply cannot be given the fundamental rights as enshrined in the constitutions of most nation states.
Most would not sit to listen to this and may get up and leave in protest.
Stating the problem
But let me make my case.
Just feeding, giving clean water and jobs is not the way we should be looking at the citizens of the world; though even that itself is a herculean task and even the most developed nation states are grappling with the problem.
I want to go beyond this.
Why has education, the process of acquiring knowledge become such a painful task for most young people?
Let us see this step by step.
For starters, every child right from a day she is born needs a decent health care and nutrition.
The idea is to get very good schooling.
Good schools are few and the race starts right here.
Only very few percentage of humans born will get good schooling.
Second step, after the school, it is the college.
The idea of scoring top percentages is to get into the best colleges.
We all know that in general in any country, including the United States, only a tiny percentage of colleges or universities offer a life enhancing and transforming program.
Good education needs great teachers.
Great and dedicated teachers are a rarity as a society can afford to pay and reward only a handful of good teachers, professors.
Following that, we have the problem of jobs or a professional career.
Here again one encounters a cut throat competition and only a few will land up with a satisfactory job.
As it is, most of us humans are average and really not very productive for a society.
In fact, most of us can be or turn out to be a burden for the society.
A planet that has fewer people, can be better educated, can be given better lives, and can be given better policing /security and a speedier and effective justice.
Crime itself will come down.
The lesser we are, the more we will care for each other.
Moreover, more productive and educated people are more likely to contribute funds not only for the resources needed to run a society but to higher pursuits of sciences and mathematics.
This idea is extremely repulsive and disgusting to nearly everybody as it goes against our biological drive, our most primal instinct.
But what needs to be done must be done.
Otherwise we will be doomed to mediocrity and worse, nightmarish suffering that is visible all around us.
Someone asked me the one biggest mistake we have made.
I think it is this.
We have allowed runaway breeding of ourselves.
If we wish all schools to impart scientific teaching and inculcate scientific methods, we need to have fewer of them very good ones with better facilities with fewer pupils to care after.
Just being a few would increase love and tolerance for each other and further our cooperation.
Going one step further
In this context, another important pops up.
We are aware that resources are scare, may it be for education, for health, for research, for fuels, for energy.
We, if are intelligent, and rational enough; must plan our death once we realize that our contribution to the society is nil.
After that, we become a parasite and a hindrance for the younger generation who exist and who are to come.
This is one of the biggest prices we are paying for the success of medicine.
Ageing and geriatric diseases are taking a huge toll on the national economies, especially of the developed world where the state bears the expenses of the early to a large extent.
Finally when the time comes, one needs to embrace death by making death peaceful, planned and curbing our greedy desire to go on and on.
Story Telling Chimpanzee
See panarrans.blogspot.in/
A Dose on Teaching Methodologies
Often Ideas, opinion, concepts and / or "Point of views" are better explained by contrasting examples. Here I will explain "Teaching Methodologies" with contrasting facts, to invoke logic and thoughts.
Thought Provoke 1 –
Certain facts about Stock Market are known to many, but not to all. The "Blue Chip and / or Large cap" stocks are traded the most. More people want to own pieces of these Big / Successful companies. The high trading volume, and the Lots of money into these stocks confirm this. Next in interest are Medium Sized companies, followed by Mid Caps, Small caps, Penny stocks ... so on.
Even in Mutual Funds, more money is in Large Cap Funds or Blue chip Funds. The least is in Penny stocks. Most days there is no trading in Penny stocks. To buy stocks that are not being traded, someone has to contact and request brokers specifically. There are millions of examples where someone 's money got "locked" into non-traded stocked and became very difficult to exit.
Now think why is this ? Market as overall is "extremely intelligent". The Market as a whole rewards or punishes performance, trends, future Growth / Profit / Prospects Ruthlessly. People in general want Stability, Liquidity, Quicker and Steady Profit. Investing in trees which will grow and give you return after 25 years is hardly acceptable in the world where computers trade in seconds for every arbitrage advantage. Blue chip, Big companies are huge, are around for long time with lots of data with their ups and downs, so many performance analysis and graphs ... in contrast to IPOs or startups! Is it interesting that 90% startups Vanish within 5 years ?
Replace Companies with students, in the above discussion. Which is more riskier to bet on ( for future results / Success in life / Results / Money Earned etc ) on toddlers ? or on students in Standard 8 ? Or on Students of Standard 10 ? students of standard 12 ? Students in Famous colleges ? ( such as NITs or IITs etc ) ? Guys with IIT + IIM combination ? etc. If you or someone else meets 10,000 students of age 4 to 6 years, what can be concluded about any individuals performance ? What can we guess about group performance ? What can we predict about all of them ?
[ I expect people to know that NOTHING can be predicted with any group or individuals. Read Nassim Taleb's book The Black Swan ]
- -
Thought Provoke 2 –
Meet a random group of people and tell them to name some Famous Physicists. ( Doesn't Matter Alive or Dead ). Most probably you will get the names Albert Einstein, Newton, Galileo Galilei, .... ( You can have fun assuming that I don't know any other names ! ). Well ... You will get some names say take atleast 10 - 15 names. [ Most probably the list will not have names of John Stewart Bell, Alain Aspect, William George Unruh, John Bardeen or say Hendrik Casimir in the list. Even though these guys are best of the bests, general People do not know their names !]
Next tell the random group to name some ( at least 15 ) Famous Chemistry Guys ... This is will tough. Most probably the names you will get are Mendeleev, Dalton, Lavoisier, Joseph Priestly, Fritz Haber, Frederick Sanger, etc. I am sure this list will vary widely, from group to group. Most people will not know that Frederick Sanger is the only Person with Two Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, and Linus Pauling once in Chemistry and once in Peace. Almost everyone knows that Marie Curie got Nobel Prize once in Physics and once in Chemistry. While most people will not know that John Bardeen in the only Person to Nobel Physics Prize twice !
If you tell the group to make a list of top 10 ( or famous ) Botanists ? or Zoologists ? ... Hardly any group will able to tell you a few names.
What about name of 10 Psychologists ? Most probably the only name you ever get is Sigmund Freud. No one will tell you names of Gordon Allport and S. Odbert.
[ All explanations given by Freud are wrong, and crap. Modern Psychologists, call Freud worst than a quack. See how Professor Bloom, from Yale laugh at Freud, ( and I agree with Prof. Bloom ), in the class...
youtube.com/watch?v=P3FKHH2RzjI&list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F ]
If the random group is told to make a list of 10 Famous Persons in general, then most will try to put names of movie Stars or say Music Legends. I have conducted these discussions with many groups, and seen that if Movie Stars, or Music stars are not allowed to be named, then it really becomes difficult for the guys in the group to name 10 Famous persons. Though some will simply say ... "There are too many .... " ... start with Mahatma Gandhi ....
What about a list of Famous Atheists ? Will people in India readily name Nobel Laureates C. V. Raman, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar etc as Atheists ?
My Personal list of Famous and Successful people is Nicholas Winton, Dean Radin, Luca Turin, Satyen Bose, Gertrude Elion, Dr. Harrison Schmitt, Emmy Noether, Kurt Godel, Desmond Morris, Alan Turing, Irena Sendler, Andreas Vesalius, Richard Stallman, Roman Polanski, Christopher Alexander, Carl Sagan, Perelman, Arno Penzias, Ilya Prigogyne, Nadia Comaneci, Marcel Marceau, Augusto Boal, Anthony nesty, Pele, Roger Milla, Vaclav Havel, Jim Jarmusch etc. This is because of various reasons, and with lot of searching, thoughts, pondering ...
By now it is already 2-3 minutes of long boring harangue ... is it ? So the Bomb Question ...
Which schools were all these guys from ?
Do you realize that success of each of these guys are due to huge randomness, lots of hard work, luck, and time specific. Do you realize that thousands of Billionaires, Millions of Millionaires have revealed all details of their hard work, but the "Success sequence" can not be repeated.
Go to any school which is say 60 or 70 years old; you will find 1 or 2 ex students as scientists in NASA, very senior guy in some large cap company etc. [ My school KMPM High School Bistupur also "boasts" of 3-4 guys in Nasa etc. Personally I have never heard any school talking of ex-student being in ISRO. I wonder does ISRO have Scientists ? Are Schools happy about them ? Is it more prestigious to be in NASA or in ISRO ? Does guys from NIT or IIT join ISRO ? Why does "Prestigious Schools" in India send students for "Summer Tour" to NASA but NOT to ISRO ?
So many interesting questions ... No answers. No one agrees with any answers ! These were only thought provoking discussions ...
When there is NO consensus about "Good Schools" then is there any consensus on "Teaching Methodology" ?
What are various Teaching Methodologies ?
- -
Thought Provoke 3 –
Behind my Home, in an Independent House, a Lady has put up a board. She runs a toddler play-school. In the Board about her, and about the school, she says ... "Montessori education Certified from Europe .... From some 'Famous' certification agency ". Well around my home, within 3 km there are more than 15 toddler playschools. Each distinguish themselves from "others" in some way or other. Each say they are better because of some Certification, or some teaching methodology.
Now no one talks of teaching Methodology of "Famous Educationist", the first Nobel Laureate of Asia, Robindranath Thakur. Surely what ever Robindranath had said or advocated is "very old" and should be scrapped ! Who cares of old things ? [ except of course if it is Vintage car or painting selling opportunity ! ]
I personally don't care about what Robindranath had advocated. I did not try to find out. I am busy with many other things. These will the words of many or most people!
One of the drawbacks of common Human beings is "not to search and compare" but to get influenced by many Marketing / advertisement methods. People get influenced by suggestions, word of mouth, advices, and Modern Technical experiences such as Mobile Apps. These are huge business opportunities.
We have vedanta way of teaching by Swami Dayananda Saraswati. Very big group of institutions, who are convinced that "their method of teaching" is the best.
PSBB Millennium Group of Schools, say in their website ... combined strength of over a decade of 'thought leadership' in best pedagogic practices of the Learning Leadership Foundation and more than five decades of academic excellence...
BGS group of schools say in their website ... Fostering independent thinking, thoughtful decision-making, critical analysis, appreciation with intellectual humility to accept difference in opinion. Helping the student to discover what it is to live and grow with clarity of thought, with harmony in Nature, with beauty and freedom in the world. Inculcating the best of Indian culture and tradition among the pupils. Creating responsible, disciplined and secular citizens, who are fully aware of their social, moral and cultural obligations and commitments, with a desire for unbounded service to humanity.
Aurobindo schools, Ashrams, follow .... Integral Education regards the child as a growing soul and helps him to bring out all that is best, most powerful, most innate and living in his nature. It helps the child develop all facets of his personality and awaken his latent possibilities so that he acquires. They say ... Rupantar, one of our special initiatives, is a strategically designed initiative that targets the highest impact areas in Education with innovative solutions to transform an entire state education system in India.
A guy named Gadadhar Chattopadhyay ( not related to me ), became very Famous. Or should I say, yet he is famous ? I see his photograph in many houses, randomly; as I visit. There are many ashrams, in various parts of the world ... even in Bangalore, named as Ramkrishna Ashram, or Ramkrishna Paramhansa Ashram ... He also tried something on education reforms. His advice were also there for those who want to listen. The Ramkrishna Schools do follow their own "Teaching methodologies". Bhakti, Love, Kritya, Yoga .... the list is long.
Lots of kids go to Abacus classes. All the above techniques were surely enough, for teaching Maths. To become "good at Maths" the parents donate in Abacus classes.
Since when did you start assuming that Vedic Maths, and Abacus is enough to make all students good ?
Kumon, created by Toru Kumon, is a private tutoring organization. The Kumon Method is the mathematics and reading educational method which is practiced in franchised Kumon centers. Lots of Parents are donating in this method as well, so that Children can become whiz kids in Maths.
Little Einsteins Pre-School Branding is another money making venture. They also claim to be better than others. They use "Multiple Intelligence" framework. Now this is a framework; while others were using mere methodologies. Howard Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences utilizes aspects of cognitive and developmental psychology, anthropology, and sociology to explain the human intellect. Although Gardner had been working towards the concept of Multiple Intelligence's for many years prior, the theory was introduced in 1983, with Gardner's book, Frames of Mind. These are Research Backed theories. In contrast Indian Gurus never talk of any research backing. Gardner's theory challenges traditional, narrower views of intelligence. Previously accepted ideas of human intellectual capacity contend that an individual's intelligence is a fixed entity throughout his lifetime and that intelligence can be measured through an individual's logical and language abilities. According to Gardner's theory, an intelligence encompasses the ability to create and solve problems, create products or provide services that are valued within a culture or society. Originally, the theory accounted for seven separate intelligence's. Subsequently, with the publishing of Gardner's Intelligence Re-framed in 1999, two more intelligence's were added to the list.
Curry's onion model (Curry, 1983) was developed with four layers -- personality learning theories, information processing theories, social learning theories, and multidimensional and instructional theories.
Personality learning theories define the influences of basic personality on preferences to acquiring and integrating information. Models used in this theory include Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which measures personality in dichotomous terms - extroversion versus introversion, sensing versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perception, and the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, which classifies people as rationals, idealists, artisans, or guardians.
Information processing theories encompass individuals' preferred intellectual approach to assimilating information, and includes David Kolb's model of information processing, which identifies two separate learning activities: perception and processing.
Social learning theories determine how students interact in the classroom and include Reichmann's and Grasha's types of learners: independent, dependent, collaborative, competitive, participant, and avoidant.
Multidimensional and instructional theories address the student's environmental preference for learning and includes the Learning Style Model of Dunn and Dunn and the multiple intelligence's theory of Howard Gardner.
The World with 7 Billion people, and growing, gives opportunity to so many, to make their own share of money.
Kidzee another revolution in branded schools, say ... Regular seminars and workshops are held to align parents with Kidzee’s approach and enable them to develop a safe, healthy, hygienic and developmentally appropriate environment, even at home. iLLUME kit, which is a part of every Kidzee, is chosen by Kidzee team of experts to ensure that it stimulates all the intelligence's of a child and provides her with multiple pathways to enhance learning. The focus is on providing learning aids that help the child to explore and learn in ways that interest her. Feedback is shared with the parents on regular intervals wherein areas for further development are identified and mutually agreed upon, thereby supporting the child in multiple ways.
ICF.com provides program and policy services designed to enable positive student and teacher outcomes in early childhood, K–12, postsecondary, and adult education. They say ... ICF provides training and technical assistance on education initiatives that drive positive and long-lasting change at the national, state, and local level. ICF specializes in their own methodology or approach of MDA ( Multiple Dimension Approach ).
cfrce.com Centre for Fundamental Research and Creative Education, says in their website ...
(CFRCE) is an organization dedicated to positive change and self-actualization and is at once a platform for untrammelled Inquiry and Research and a Talent Hotspot espousing Accelerated Learning in its deepest sense.
CFRCE levels the playing field for individuals and students by empowering them to take active and independent, systemic and systematic charge of their learning and education, inquiry and research, entrepreneurial and financial potential, driven primarily by intrinsic motivation, meaning and purpose, irrespective of extrinsic incentives or patronage.
CFRCE challenges the status quo in educational theory and practice -that narrowly classifies individuals as achievers or failures, bright or dull, talented or non-talented -and leverages individual learning to an extraordinary level of deep practice, mastery and creativity. It thrives in making learning a tremendously evocative, exhilarating and ennobling optimal experience or flow. Thereby, learning resolves itself into its natural role as an instinct, or more precisely, as an implicate order or neuro-cognitive potential that develops and expresses itself by spontaneous self-organization once the hindrances and obstacles to its unfoldment are dissolved, removed or overcome.
In the CFRCE programs earnest students and inquiring individuals at diverse stages starting from primary through high school, undergraduate and postgraduate levels are empowered to take years and sometimes even decades, off their learning curve by a unique combination of personal development, domain mastery and professional eminence, and attain world class levels of excellence and achievement.
Tablet and Mobile Apps teaching methodology ...revolution... by idiots, for the Idiots. In this methodology every parent presenting the student a Tablet, a smart Phone ( Dumb phones wont do ! ); transforms every kid to a whiz-kid. Costlier Tablets, and Jazzy Phones will make a better Whiz-kid! Just by press of a button ( sorry the icon of the App ), the Whiz-kids can learn any subject in the world. By chance if they come to know that something is missing, they can google it !
Dr. Rajendra Prasad topped in Many subjects in various schools and colleges. What was the teaching methodology in the schools and colleges ?
We yet enjoy leave on Birthday of Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. He also gave his take in Teaching methodologies. If someone who is not bothered about his "teachings" then should he be allowed to celebrate Teachers Day ?
[ researchinformation.org/files/Dr.-Santosh-Kumar-Behera.pdf ]
Never ask which school did Srinivasa Ramanujan go ? What teaching methodology did his teachers follow ?
I have read many articles which argue that ability to Play Chess; is the best measure for IQ. If I believe in these kind of crap; should I reject students who do not play chess, or say doesn’t play well ? When a student approaches me, should I ask the first question... "Did you go to Abacus classes in childhood" ? "Do you play chess well" ?
Let us assume only top 100 rank holders of IIT-JEE are only smart guys in this world. So in 60 years we got only 60 X 100 = 6000 unknowns. Let it be loud and clear that from every random school and colleges rarely a smart guy shines, we only get Millions of Unknowns. There is no point in asking what happened to school batch-mates or college friends of Erwin Schrödinger.
I can write many more pages on these "Teaching Methodologies". Better I ask some hard questions ....
When we were naming Famous / Successful people did we name any India or IITan ? IIT Kharagpur is around since 1951. How many guys from IIT could become famous ?
[ Now don't jump and quickly tell me names of Sundar Pichai, Nandan Nilekani, or Narayana Murthy. Sundar is famous since very recently. What happened to all the IIT guys since last 60 years ? Also Nandan or Narayana are famous for Business reasons or for Money; NOT for technical reasons, or any inventions. Bjarne Stroustrup, James Gosling are more important; more famous than Nandan or Murthy. ]
Vinod Dham famously known as Father of Pentium Chip was randomly from DCE Delhi College of Engineering.
It is well known that Professors at IIT are 100 times smarter than the students. Most IIT students find it difficult to cope up at college. A large percent ( someone told me close to 50% ) of the IIT students get a back in some subject some year.
Well if the Professors are so smart, then how many famous Professors were named in the above discussions ?
In contrast it is well known widely discussed opinon that Students in IIM are far better / superior than the IIM Professors. So no question of naming any famous professor of IIM as Sucessful or role model. We never named any ... did we ?
I shouldn't ask how many IIM Alumni became famous in so many decades.
China has 568 billionaires versus the United States 535 as of 2016. Had seen a headline in Bloomberg ... "Chinese eat so much pork that the sellers are Billionaires!"
Does each and every Billionaire become my role model ?
Just because they made lot of money, each of my students should venerate them ?
How many People know name of Aliko Dangote – Net worth: $15.7 Billion - The Richest Man of Africa ?
Which school were these people from ? If we do not care of Aliko Dangote's school, then why should we bother about Nandan's School ? Did Mr. Murthy go to school ? I don't think everyone is eager to go to that school !
The United States has had the most Nobel Prize winners, with 336 winners overall. It has been most successful in the area of Physiology or Medicine, with 94 laureates since 1901. Similarly, the United Kingdom that majority of its 117 Nobel laureates winning in Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine. The top five countries with the most Nobel laureates are all western nations - with the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Sweden topping the rankings for the best minds in peace, literature, science and economics.
Recall the concepts of Determinism vs Predictability. Randomly as I meet my ex-Students, each say some story of their life or other. Someone is a Doctor from some college, so someone is in Navy. Someone is an Engineer, while someone is running his own business, or studied "Hotel Management". In general people want to feel good of themselves, and justify the outcome as "good". Each and every person see his own outcome as the "very good". Whatever he is doing is termed as success, and achievement. No one believes or agrees with external definitions of success or achievement given by someone else!
Who is more successful ... or achieved more ... amongst Sam Walton and Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu ?
[ Now most people will say Apples and Oranges can not and should not be compared ... Well we could have asked Potatoes and Pomegranates, which are better ? Though I named Sam because he wrote a book regarding success mantras; how to make money! ]
Did the parents, friends or close associates knew that the guy will become Billionaire ?
What about Reading Books, Being Humble, Ready to learn, Choose a Mentor, Understand your Dreams clearly, Persevere, Seeing Videos .....
youtube.com/watch?v=7bB_fVDlvhc
What "Teaching Methodologies" were followed in the schools in which all these guys went ?
Let it be Loud and clear ... School or College does not matter. Now how can the teaching methodology of the School and College matter ? which methodology for what ?
There is no consensus regarding "Thinking Techniques" or Should I say, "methods". Now a days we have to do "out of the Box thinking", normal thinking, or just "thinking" is undefined. Someone who is not doing "out of the box thinking" is termed as, not so smart. Edward De Bono taught us Po, 6 Thinking Hats, Lateral Thinking ... etc. I am not sure if my Boss will appreciate me if I say I am trying these methods. For most Bosses, "out of the Box ... " is enough and only acceptable technique. How are the Gurus, and Practitioners of Mind Mapping, "The Checklist", Picture Association, Change Perspective, "Get Up and Go Out", Brainstorming, Random Input, Reversal, SCAMPER, Reframing, Morphological Analysis, Storyboarding, Synectics, Metaphorical thinking, Lotus Blossum Technique, NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming) Techniques, Assumption Smashing, LARC Method, Simplex, TRIZ method, Fuzzy Thinking, Breakthrough Thinking ... doing ?
For some people now a days, plan is known as Hack. Growth Plan is Growth Hack. Coding is Hacking ...
Is there any consensus on Management Techniques ? Management by Goal Setting, Management by Objective, Management by Profit Centers, Management by Micro Profit, Management by exception, Management by Tactics, Management by Quality Control, Management by Total Quality, Management by Customer Focus, Management by Customer Delight, Management by Planning, Management by Forecasting, Management by Organizing, Management by Commanding, Management by "coordinating", Management by cost benefit Analysis, Management by Zero Base budgeting, Management by Log-Frame Analysis, Management by Current State Assessment, ...
All these are most commonly replaced with "Management by Meetings", Management by Wondering Around, Management by Shouting, Management by Con-calls, Management by Continuous Reminders, Management by Bribing ... Actually all these are Management by ..."the technique and terms the Boss wants ! "
Moms use only one technique ... Management by continuous Nagging, Chiding, Scolding, Pushing, Threatening, Ashaming, Beating ...
Key Concepts in Science as Recommended by Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
In youtube we have several thousand videos; where Science is discussed at sufficiently higher levels, than normally educated Engineers know. I have seen thousands of these Science videos because of my Bias towards spending time with Science ( or my Hobby being Science ). The information density; meaning the new things taught or discussed in the Video is very low in general. So if I tell any student or friend to see these thousands of videos, surely they will not see. Really all of us do not have so much time. Every person has different priorities, and truthfully so many things to do. While these words may be known to many; I also observed that in Panel discussions the reverent Persons are unaware of quite a few proven / well understood facts. Lot of time is wasted when a Panel member makes wrong statement or uses wrong words, and another member corrects him to say the right words. A Scientist as a Panel member sitting in the dais, in Science talk shows; is expected to know all the facts and use exact right words which should not be wrong or have any multiple meaning.
Let me quote some examples ...
1 ) Eienstein 100 years ago was not aware of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, or say "expansion of Universe is accelerating". In the context of stars, Galaxies, Celestial events ( such as a Supernova explosion ) he correctly said that if someone travels at a very high speed towards a Galaxy he will see the events earlier than the people who remain back on Earth. The word "now" has different meanings in different parts of the world. With resepect to People at Earth we can travel into the future, at very long distances. So an Astronaut can see a Supernova explosion before People in Earth see it.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to near distances, in Earth; and confused about flow of time from Past to future.
2 ) Since last 80 years ( Approx ) of Quantum Mechanics it is well known, ( well understood, and Mathematically well formulated; Backed up or confirmed by several experiments ) that smaller Particles can tunnel easily. So an electron or Neutrino can tunnel more easily than a Proton, Neutron or Mesons. As we have group of Particles or as Complexity increases such as a Folded Protein or a Ball in the Macro world, then then the Wave Phases randomly cancel out. The Properties of Tunneling, Interference, Diffraction etc does not hold. So Balls thrown through bars in a cage will bounce or pass through. Diffraction of a Ball or Interference of Balls is a meaningless Question or Waste of time to be discussed. We don 't have to take such big objects as Balls or Human Beings. If we take Molecules or Amino Acids; the Quantum World discussions are not relevant any more. In the Quantum World "Calculations"; we only have Probabilities, not Deterministic or Predictable. The Quantum state collapses; when observed. The entangled particles also get affected. These Quantum world concepts are not needed or not extendable to macro world.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changing this context to Bigger Objects and discussing about time reversal, Time Travel etc.
3 ) Second Law of Thermodynamics is understood well since Last 100 years. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics, entropy, the measure of the disorder in a closed system. It is about Statistical Laws of Randomness, Organization, elastic collisions, Entropy, Temperature etc. The Entropy of the Universe is almost always increasing, because the Universe is expanding. There can be small local fluctuations in Entropy and disorderliness randomly and due to attractive forces such as Gravity or Strong force etc. Photosynthesis, formation of Molecules, formation of Polymers or sugars or Proteins from monomers, Secondary Structures, Tertiary structures such as folded Proteins joining up mechanically and increasing order are understood in context of "open systems" and stability Laws which as more prevailing than second law. In an open system, there can be an influx of energy into the system capable of reinvigorating the structure; in full accord with the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Energy input can decrease entropy, and can simultaneously increase order. So a tree can grow by "bunching up" carbohydrates, Animals can grow by digesting carbohydrate chains, etc. Self-organization is a natural property of complex genetic systems. There is a spontaneous crystallization of order out of complex systems, and that this spontaneity can occur with no need for natural selection or any other external force. Dynamic systems, have a tendency to become more concentrated and heterogeneous as they evolve.
But yet we see Panelists / Scientists changes this context and tries to apply a lower version of 2nd law of thermodynamics only; in every situation. Seeing the holistic picture is not in the good habit of many. It is expected Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time; should be well known and well understood by everyone.
[ May be, I am assuming a world where the Panelists of Science Discussion forums will not contradict or correct one another in Public. They can argue and compromise in private discussions, and in public all say the same correct words. ]
I recommend students to know the following Key Concepts
- The paradox of predictability
- Kolmogorov complexity
- Chaos Versus Complexity
- Dynamic networks or complex systems
- Concept of emergence
- Patterns Amid Complexity
- Red Queen effect
- Determinism VS Predictability
- Poincare fluctuations
- epistemic uncertainty
- Aumann's agreement theorem
- LQG ( Loop Quantum Gravity )
- Occam's Razor
- Ology
- Ontology
- Nomology
- Bohmian quantum theories or Bohmian mechanics
- Planck length, Space, time etc
- Stability of Solar System
- Thermodynamic Asymmetry in Time
- How Prabability is distorted in Human Mind by Prospect Theory
- Anna Karenina principle
Many years ago Laplace made an error. Laplace assumed an Universe, in which all of the rules of the are fixed. In this type of universe, as Laplace pointed out, if we knew enough information about the current state of the universe in addition to all of its fundamental and unchanging laws, we would be able both to calculate the entire history of the universe and to predict its entire future. There would be no room for free will, which would be seen merely as an illusion. The actual solar system contains eight planets, six of which were known to Newton, Millions of Asteroids and each planet and rock exerts small, periodically varying, gravitational forces on all the other. The puzzle posed by Newton is whether the net effect of these periodic forces on the planetary orbits averages to zero over long times, so that the planets continue to follow orbits similar to the ones they have today, or whether these small mutual interactions gradually degrade the regular arrangement of the orbits in the solar system, leading eventually to a collision between two planets, the ejection of a planet to interstellar space, or perhaps the incineration of a planet by the Sun. Even though, the interplanetary gravitational interactions are very small, the force on Earth from Jupiter, the largest planet, is only about ten parts per million of the force from the Sun—but the time available for their effects to accumulate is even longer: over four billion years since the solar system was formed, and almost eight billion years until the death of the Sun. The effects of various forces, stability or instability with various possible random initial conditions, were tried in computers.
[ Compound Pendulum with LED showing Chaotic movement is shown at
youtube.com/watch?v=GFxPMMkhHuA ]
BUT ... Chaos theory studies these mechanistic types of systems but it tends to emphasise the principle of feedback whereby two variables are influenced by each other: this can lead to non-linearity and the variables behaving in seemingly chaotic ways. An important insight of Chaos Theory is the sensitivity of a chaotic system to initial conditions due to the non-linearity of the system. What this means is that if the initial conditions of a chaotic system were changed microscopically, then over a long enough period of time the outcome of the whole system will be completely different. This is often referred to as The Butterfly Effect. However, it is important to emphasize that if the initial conditions of the chaotic system were unchanged between two simulations to an infinite degree of precision, the outcome of the two will be the same over any period of time. So the butterfly effect really only serves to contrast the outcomes in two marginally different systems that are still deterministic i.e. machine-like. In one simulation, the butterfly flapped its wings, in the other it did not.
The science of Complexity happens somewhere between totally ordered and totally random systems. Complex systems are denoted by the fact that they may be generated by a relatively simple set of subprocesses; a few things interacting, but producing tremendously divergent behaviour. As Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann phrased it: “Surface complexity arising out of deep simplicity.” One might also call this: deterministic chaos; in other words, it appears random but isn’t. In complex systems, there is a concept known as a global cascade, which is similar to what people often mean by the butterfly effect but it is in fact fundamentally different. A global cascade is basically a network-wide domino effect that occurs in a dynamic network, made famous by Duncan Watts in 2002. Watts showed that sometimes a complex system proved robust in the face of a modest shock (it might just wobble slightly); but in other instances, the same shock might cascade across the system, showing it to be fragile.
Whatever we measure, there is a factor of error. Atomic clocks measuring time interval upto 17 decimal places, have error factors at the 18 th place. We know "time interval" ticks slower near more gravity, compared to less gravitational field. So time interval at the roof of the lab will tick quicker, and record more number of ticks, compared to ground floor of the Lab. The atomic clocks with 17 decimal places Precision, can see the difference in Time interval ticks with a height difference of 40 cms. Now in normal real world we hardly work or do things with 2 to 3 decimal places of Precision. Meaning things are not exactly repeatable. If we keep hitting a ball with 2.345 Newton force repeatedly, at a decided angle, each time there will be a different ball, different angle, different value of the force, within various error factors. If we imagine a slightly different initial direction, the trajectory will at first be only slightly different. And collisions with the straight walls will not tend to increase very rapidly the difference between trajectories. But collisions with the convex object will have the effect of amplifying the differences. After several collisions with the convex body or bodies, trajectories that started out very close to one another will have become wildly different. So a student should know that the future is not repeatable. With a ball itself if so much of Chaos, complexity etc, then imagine what happens for people, future, success and fame of persons, Careers, accidents, disease, lottery .... Nothing is predictable in the Trillion random incidences.
In Quantum world the complexity or chaos of repeating is more. Diffraction, entangled particles, Interference, interaction with virtual particles that pop up, various decays and transformations, etc creates a probability soup. At the microscopic level the world is ultimately mysterious and chancy.
So both in micro world and macro world events are not repeatable. Further it goes, with more interactions, outcomes may or may not fall into boundaries, or envelopes. In some cases there are fractal outcomes, some cases Gaussian, some cases long tail, the list can go on.
In chaotic dynamical systems come in a great variety of types: discrete and continuous, 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional and higher, particle-based and fluid-flow-based, and so on. Mathematically, we may suppose all of these systems share SDIC ( Sensitive dependence on initial conditions ). But generally they will also display properties such as unpredictability, non-computability, Kolmogorov-random behaviour, and so on—at least when looked at in the right way, or at the right level of detail.
Also laws of Physics are different in different parts of the world. Near or at Singularities, such as near Blackhole, the known laws breakdown. We do have concepts of Planck length, Planck space, Planck time etc. The maximum temperature that we can theoretically have is the temperature where photons are emitted with wavelength of Planck length. At that high temperature more particles, and virtual particles are created. The energy starts getting converted to mass, and thus temperature can 't increase any more.
The Rich and Poor divide is very huge in this world. Privileged are those who have the luxury to sue someone or other for slightest “discomfort”. In some cases “mental discomfort” is sighted as the cause for suing ….
We do not have the same rules or facilities for all in this world. See the images below and think who these poor men can sue? Can they sue anyone? Do they have money to sue anyone?
These poor men can’t afford hearse service. Nor there is any Public help or support. Can they sue anyone for “mental discomfort” and / or agony ? Society has pampered rich women with privileged laws and facilities. Who cares for poor Man ‘s Feelings ?
In contrast poor boys and Men are always left to fend themselves.
You should be horrified to see how much important the feelings of Rich Feminists are …
See breitbart.com/big-government/2015/09/25/u-n-womens-group-calls-for-web-censorship/
If you talk to a woman in Nottinghamshire, East Midlands in the United Kingdom and she doesn't want to be spoken to by you, prepare to get a call from the police.
( How dare Men, talk to rich women ? )
washingtonexaminer.com/county-in-uk-makes-it-a-hate-crime-to-upset-women/article/2596356#!
[ Who saves and helps Savvy, Rich, Painted faced, Wearing high heels, Women with Manicured and Pedicured nails ? Dirty hands … and White Knights … ]
I can only say that … “Poverty is very sad ! “
This book is dedicated to the following greats who died in Poverty, yet did their best in the subjects, they were passionate in. I couldn’t achieve infinitesimal part of their passion even being so well to do!
1 ) Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ( Kazan, Russia ) 1823 - known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry. William Kingdon Clifford called Lobachevsky the "Copernicus of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work. He was dismissed from the university in 1846, ostensibly due to his deteriorating health: by the early 1850s, he was nearly blind and unable to walk. He died in poverty in 1856.
Nikolai was an atheist.
-
2 ) Egon Schiele - Prolific artist Egon Schiele succumbed to the Spanish Influenza that took 20,000,000 lives in Europe in 1918. Schiele ’s wife Edith (who was six months pregnant at the time) died three days before him in their tiny apartment in Vienna. They were broke and hungry, and Schiele spent as much time as he could drawing. He was only 28 years old and spent his last moments alone drawing his wife’s body before his own untimely death.
-
3 ) Abraham de Moivre 1667-1754 (87, natural causes) Despite being a gifted and renowned mathematician in France, de Moivre spent much of his life in poverty. He was a Calvinist, and when the Edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 (a decision that is unequivocally considered to have damaged France), de Moivre left France for England. He remained virtually destitute, de Moivre was unable to secure employment and was often known to play chess for money in order to afford sustenance. Eventually succumbing to the ravages of poverty and old age, de Moivre predicted the day of his own death using a simple arithmetic progression in the number of hours he slept per day. The day he predicted 24 hours of sleep was the day he died.
-
4 ) Domenikos Theotokopoulos AKA El Greco - Master of the Spanish Renaissance who studied under Titian, El Greco was known for his contorted figures in his paintings. Born in 1541, El Greco as he came to be known, studied in Rome before moving to Spain. What he wasn’t known for was being a huge ladies man, or family man, as he followed various studios and painting masters across Europe. Some of his best known works were created for the Spanish royal family. El Greco was able to make a living as an artist for some time before he fell out of favor and became the subject of ridicule. He served as an inspiration for painters that brought forth the Expressionist and Cubist movements. Unfortunately after his work was scorned and laughed at he was unable to continue to make a living as a painter. It wasn’t until 250 years after he died that the rest of the art world noticed his paintings. He was a big careerist and was described in letters in 1563 as a “maestro Domenigo” a “master” when he was just 22 years old. He died unrecognised and alone in Toledo, Spain on the 7th of April 1614.
-
5 ) Niels Abel ( 1802-1829 Age - 26, pneumonia) Plagued by poverty and a lack of renown, Abel and his work went unrecognized during his lifetime. He spent time in Paris hoping to gain recognition and publish his work, but was unable to afford adequate means to sustain his health. In addition to being underfed, Abel contracted pneumonia. His pneumonia worsened on a trip to visit his fiancée for Christmas. He soon died, only two days before a letter arrived indicating that a friend had managed to find secure him a place as a professor in Paris. He never saw his work take root, nor did he ever secure a paying job as a mathematician, nor did he have opportunity to marry his fiancée.
-
6 ) Oscar Wilde - His famous last words really set the tone for Oscar Wilde’s end, “My wallpaper and I are fighting a duel to the death. Though Wilde was a celebrity of the age and his works sold well, he was known to have extravagant spending habits. One or other of us has got to go.” After his imprisonment he had been given a very small yearly allowance from the estate of his deceased wife, and was not helped at all by his former lover Lord Alfred Douglas, who had at that time just inherited a large sum. Living essentially in poverty in Paris, he was known to wander, bumping into old friends and spending what little cash remained on alcohol. Reportedly, when a doctor attending to him during his last days asked to be paid for his services, Wilde joked that he would die as he had lived - beyond his means. He passed away in a hotel room in Paris completely bankrupt from paying legal fees for his arrest and imprisonment for the crime of homosexuality. If that wasn’t bleak and cruel enough, it was during this period that his works were becoming extremely popular. Unnnfairrrrrrr.
-
7 ) Frank Ramsey 1903-1930 (26, jaundice) Ramsey is known for his work in mathematics, specifically combinatorics and logic/foundations, but is also remembered as a gifted philosopher and economist. Ramsey suffered from lifelong liver problems, and was often unable to focus on work for more than a few hours a day. In spite of this, he gained renown as a promising young philosopher and mathematician, until a severe attack of jaundice hospitalized him in 1930. He died during an operation meant to alleviate the problem.
-
8 ) Claude Monet – As the founder of French Impressionism, Monet’s paintings usually dealt with landscape scenes in a moment. While his seminal work “Impression, Sunrise” is now studied and appreciated in art colleges around the world, it was widely derided by critics when it was first revealed. Monet received little but abuse from public and critics alike, who complained that the paintings were formless, unfinished, and ugly. He and his family endured abject poverty. By the 1880s, however, his paintings started selling.
-
9 ) Srinivasa Ramanujan 1887-1920 (32, malnutrition/hepatic amebiosis ) The story of Ramanujan is well known among mathematicians, if not in general. Described as a prodigy, savant, genius, etc., Ramanujan taught himself mathematics as a youth and began to devise results in analytical number theory and other areas of mathematics in isolation. He was quite poor and unable to afford school, and his exclusive devotion to mathematics precluded him from scholarship funding. He spent much of his life seriously ill, and spent a fair amount of time unable to secure any position as a scholar or mathematician. Eventually, he came to England to work with G.H. Hardy. Sadly, his long-term illness continued, and he succumbed to a combination of malnutrition and a parasitic liver infection.
10 ) Vincent Van Gogh – It is hard not to think of tragedy when considers the life of Vincent Van Gogh. If there was ever a fine line between madness and genius, Vincent Van Gogh crossed it quite early in his career. Without his time in insane asylums and self-inflicted ear mutilation, the world would have never had “The Starry Night” and “The Potato Eaters.” Despite his countless post-Impressionist chefs-d’oeuvres, Van Gogh only sold one painting in his lifetime. It sold for the equivalent of approximately $109 dollars. Although he is famous for his works such as “The Starry Night” this artist battled mental illness most of his life. Unfortunately he finally lost this battle and cut his ear off in 1888, committing suicide not long after that by shooting himself in the chest. His last words were, “The sadness will last forever.” He died broke and destitute.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/vincent-van-gogh-who-prefered-to-paint-without-eating/
-
11 ) Dmitri Egorov 1869-1931 (61, starvation) Egorov made important contributions in the areas of analysis, differential geometry, and integral equations, including a fundamental result named for him in real analysis. Luzin was Egorov's first student, and was one member of a school that developed under Egorov to study real functions. Egorov became a leader and administrator in the Moscow Mathematical Society and at the Institute for Mechanics and Mathematics at Moscow State University. Egorov became a vocal opponent to the anti-religious persecution in the time following the Russian revolution, and was dismissed from the IMM. However, he remained active and well-respected in his position in the MMS, supported by his peers in the organization. Outside influences began to manipulate the society, and within a year, Egorov was dismissed from his position and arrested. He went on a hunger strike in prison and died in the prison hospital (or, as some reports state, at a colleague's home).
-
12 ) Johannes Vermeer – Vermeer was a 17th-century painter with eleven children, massive debt and a habit of working very slowly and painstakingly on his paintings. While Vermeer painted the “Girl with a Pearl Earring,” he certainly was not draped in them during his life. Instead of having the elite or nobility commission works, Vermeer’s genre of painting was catered to the provincial middle class. After the French invaded the Netherlands in 1672, the Dutch economy suffered terribly and Vermeer was left in hopeless debt. He suffered from a number of physical afflictions as well as mental illness. In 1675 Vermeer borrowed money in Amsterdam, using his mother-in-law as a surety. Soon after, the Dutch genre painter actually left his family in debt upon his death. After his death some of his paintings ( he created about 40 in his lifetime ) were sold with the names of other artists on them to make them more valuable. It took three centuries for Vermeer to be recognized as a master painter of the Dutch Golden Age for his use of light, tranquility and the unusual subject matter of peasants that populated his works. Though he did have patrons who paid him, he never made much and lived on the verge of poverty much of his life, eventually leaving his family in debt when he died at age 43.
-
13 ) Mathew Brady - The "Father of Photojournalism" is best known for his invaluable photographs of the American Civil War. Though he was a successful and well-known portrait photographer before the war began (Abraham Lincoln's likeness on the $5 bill is modeled after Brady's portrait of him), he spent around $100,000 during the war on his photographs, which numbered in the thousands. The pictures brought the truth and grotesque horror of the war to the doorsteps of all Americans - a marked change from the propaganda and half-truths coming from print journalists at the time. Unfortunately, after the war no one wanted to be reminded of the horrors of it, and Brady was unable to sell his photographs or recoup his losses. Eventually Congress bought his collection for a mere $2,840, but Brady's life had already been ruined by poverty and alcoholism, and he died in relative obscurity in 1896.
-
14 ) Paul Gauguin – Poverty became Gauguin’s reality. Then his favorite daughter Aline died of pneumonia and Clovis, his son, died from a blood infection. Gauguin’s escapades were far more exotic than his peers which eventually landed him in French Polynesia. There, he produced masterpieces like “Spirit of the Dead Watching,” which largely inspired primitivism – an important art movement of the 19th century. After many years of poverty and sickness, Gauguin died from heart failure, alone and unaware of the mark his art would later make on the 20th century.
-
15 ) Nikola Tesla - Early in the 20th century, brilliant scientist Nikola Tesla was a world-famous inventor and regular headline news-maker. As for genius, we have Tesla to thank for alternating current, radio, wireless technology, neon lamps, and X-rays. Sadly, Tesla’s life was a series of run-ins with guys like Thomas Edison, who famously stiffed Tesla out of $50,000, and Guglielmo Marconi, who stole the credit for the invention of the radio by using 17 of Tesla’s patents. Tesla died penniless in 1943 in the New Yorker Hotel, where he had lived for 10 years after being evicted from another hotel for not paying his bill.
-
16 ) Stephen Foster - Though you may not be familiar with Stephen Foster's name, you undoubtedly know his songs. Foster is considered the "Father of American Music," penning the works "Camptown Races," "Swanee River," "Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair," "Beautiful Dreamer" and "Oh! Susanna" among many others, some of which function as current state songs. Foster's melodies were popular in his time ( and remain so today, despite some controversy ), and he wished to make a living as a professional songwriter. Unfortunately, the lack of copyright laws or a structure for the payment of royalties meant Foster made very little to nothing on performances and reprints of his work. Foster died at the age of 37 with 38 cents in his pocket.
-
17 ) Jean-Honore Fragonard - Jean-Honore Fragonard was born in Grasse, Provencal in 1732 and became one of the most famous painters of the Rococo period. His family moved to France in 1738, where he was heavily influenced by the Baroque style. His art career started out promisingly enough, having attended the Ecole Royale des Eleves Protégés in Paris. Fragonard was then sent to Italy, where he spent time at the French academy in Rome. He had some success after returning to France, preferring to do private commissioned work. Some of his best known pieces were “Coresus and Callirhoe” and “The Swing”. He was well-known for his sensual and erotic style, complimented by his sense of whimsy and fantasy. Unfortunately, Fragonard was unable to adapt to the new style that eventually came into popularity over “Rococo” called “Neo-classical”. That ended his career and he died in relative obscurity and poverty in 1806.
-
18 ) Herman Melville - The celebration of the Moby Dick author’s genius did not begin until well after he could enjoy — or profit from — the recognition. It took a solid 30 years after Herman Melville’s death before his epic whaling novel was recognized as a masterpiece of American literature. By then he had long since abandoned any hopes of living off his writing, instead working as a customs inspector for 19 years. When he died of a heart attack in 1891, he was broke and virtually unknown. The only paper to mention his passing referred to him as a "long forgotten" author.
-
19 ) James Barry - James Barry born in Ireland in 1741 was a self–taught artist. He’s best known for his six part series of paintings, “The Progress of Human Culture”. He completed these for the Great Room of the Royal Society of Arts. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1773 and taught as a Professor there from 1782 to 1799. Barry was one of the earliest of the “romantic” painters in Britain and although he died in poverty in 1806 he was thought to be the most important Irish Neoclassical artist.
20 ) Joseph Gandy - Reviews for a 2006 book on the life of Joseph Gandy referred to him as a "stifled genius" and "our greatest architectural artist." But history has mainly forgotten the genius that was Gandy, who lived and worked in Britain in the early 1800s. Despite being a major figure in Romantic culture and creating some of the best architectural drawings of all time, he was a commercial failure and was thrown into debtor’s prison. He died in a windowless asylum that his family had him committed to, and the whereabouts of his grave are unknown.
-
21 ) Henri de Toulouse - Lautrec was born in France in 1864. He was a close friend of Vincent Van Gogh, even using him as a subject for his painting. Toulouse-Lautrec is considered one of the great painters of the Post-Impressionist period. He favored painting the theatrical life of Paris in the 1800’s, giving his audiences personal and provocative peeks inside the Moulin Rouge. Unfortunately, Toulouse-Lautrec suffered from a variety of health issues including pycnodysostosis (a disease that causes very short brittle bones). This may have been the culprit that caused his short stature. Depression caused Toulouse-Lautrec to begin drinking and he died in poverty in 1901 from complications of alcoholism as well as syphilis.
22 ) Richard Heck - 2010 Nobel Chemistry prizewinner died aged 84 in Manila. He was Penniless. Famous for his Heck reaction that he discovered in the late 1960s and then spent three decades refining, he won the Nobel for it along with two Japanese chemists working in a similar field.
-
23 ) Gustave C. Langenberg Born in 1859 in Germany this painter became known as “The Painter on Horseback”. He painted many portraits including a portrait of Queen Wilhelmina, which hangs even today at the Royal Palace at The Hague. Langenberg fought in the Boer War as a member of the British Army. He painted many battle scenes of his time there. Afterward spending time in Mexico, Langenberg painted Mexican scenes including the Hill Indians and Mexican natives. Although he toured much of the world and spent time with Kings and Queens, he died alone and penniless in 1915.
24 ) Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn Rembrandt was born in 1606 and he became one of the greatest painters of all time and certainly the most important in Dutch history. Historians credit him with bringing on the “Dutch Golden Age”. He was best known for his portraits. Rembrandt also painted many biblical scenes. He was credited with having great empathy into the human condition, which helped him to capture his subjects in a way no one else could seem to manage. Unfortunately his life was fraught with tragedy and after his wife died and his friends deserted him, he was pushed into bankruptcy and unable to find any more work. He died in obscurity and poverty in 1669.
-
25 ) Amedeo Modigliani - Born in 1884, Modigliani was an Italian artist. He painted and sculpted, spending most of his career in France. He was known for his unique portraits and lush nudes. Modigliani’s family was very poor and tragedy followed him from an early age. He was a true bohemian, drinking absinthe, smoking hashish, and attending wild parties. Modigliani lived fast and hard and died of tubercular meningitis at the age of 35, leaving his nine-month pregnant wife behind. She was so distraught over his death she committed suicide the very next day jumping five stories to her death.
26 ) Franz Schubert - Like van Gogh, Schubert was exceptionally prolific in his short life as a classical composer ( he died at the age of 31, just one year after the death of his contemporary, Beethoven). Also similarly to van Gogh, Schubert's works were of little interest to those of his age, and considered inferior to Bach and Beethoven. Because of his financial difficulties, Schubert often lead a rather bohemian and at time nomadic lifestyle, but it did not slow down his production. His music influenced later composers such as Brahms and Mendelssohn, and the complexity and beauty of his melodies are now thought to be on par with Mozart ( you may recognize one little song of his called "Ave Maria"), solidifying his place in the canon of neglected geniuses who died in obscurity.
-
27 ) William Blake - William Blake was another artistic luminary working in obscurity in his day. Though he died poor and unknown, he did not have any debts. Blake was one of the first artists of the 18th century to rebel against Rationalism and move forward into the Romantic Age, and was unsurprisingly considered "mad" because of it. At the time of his death Wordsworth wrote of him, "There was no doubt that this poor man was mad, but there is something in the madness of this man which interests me more than the sanity of Lord Byron and Walter Scott." Blake was known not only for his paintings but also for his fantastic engravings that illustrated his poetry. Despite attempts at exhibitions of his works, no interest was attracted at the time, which did not deter (thankfully) Blake from continuing to produce. He was buried in an unmarked grave at Bunhill Fields in 1827.
28 ) Edgar Allan Poe - Without a doubt now one of the most recognizable names in literature, Edgar Allen Allan Poe was one of the first writers to attempt to make a living on just that, and unfortunately embodied the Romantic notion of life as a starving artist because of it. Facing a myriad of rejections early in his career, even after Poe was published (in 1839 with a volume of short stories, "Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque") he initially received no money for his work. Despite the relative success of stories such as "The Gold Bug," Poe was unable to make enough money to support his family. Whether attempting to start his own magazines or simply working at journals that ultimately failed, Poe's revenue stream seem to have a life-long curse of bad luck. His beloved wife died in 1847, and two years later Poe was hospitalized and died in utter poverty under famously mysterious circumstances.
-
29 ) Sammy Davis, Jr. - The famous Rat Pack singer is reported to have made over $50 million in his lifetime, but died in 1990 $15 million in debt (much of it, like in the case of Joe Louis, was owed to the IRS). Though he made around $1 million a year at the height of his career, the notorious "swinging world" of the Rat Pack nearly bankrupted Davis. According to Matt Birkbeck's book "Deconstructing Sammy," Davis actually rejected surgery in 1989 on his throat that may have saved him, because of his dismal finances. He reasoned that without his voice he couldn't sing and therefore couldn't make any more money. Birkbeck spoke to NPR in 2008 to talk about Sammy's regrettable decline from superstardom to poverty.
30 ) Antonio Meucci - At least in the United States, Alexander Graham Bell has enjoyed far more acclaim than Antonio Meucci, whose name likely invokes a resounding "Who?" from most Americans. But in 2002, Congress gave Meucci his just credit for the invention of the telephone, or the "teletrofono" as he had called it. Bell simply called it "mine" when he stole the idea from Meucci ’s papers, which he had sent to Bell’s company in the hopes of securing financial backing. Meucci sued him but died, penniless, in 1889, never having been able to profit from his genius.
See
kellenmyers.org/deaths.html
blog.redbubble.com/2014/02/6-famous-artists-who-died-poor-and-alone/
realclearscience.com/blog/2015/02/mathematicians_die_in_horrible_ways.html
finearttips.com/2011/10/10-famous-artists-who-died-before-their-art-was-recognized/
therichest.com/rich-list/poorest-list/10-famous-artists-that-died-penniless/
Did you notice that these great passionate Men, did not quit from their work or Passion. They did not switch to some other means of “ making money “ even in abject Poverty! Men are in Love ( war ) with their Work, Creations, Problems, Research, Search of new Knowledge …
Kamikaze Pilots can only be Men. Passionate great men doesn’t know “how to quit” or simply Can’t quit.
It is quite expected that, the advice for quitting will come from women …
youtube.com/watch?v=6MBaFL7sCb8
youtube.com/watch?v=wfNX1cHk-fE
In case of calamity there are broadly “Two Ways” to survive. Women prefer to runaway, hide ( change jobs / change family / change Protector ). This is a very valid way, a very intelligent / safe way, to continue living. Running away ensures Survival.
But the Second Way, which most Men Prefer, is to fight it out! It is to “Solve the Problem” to survive! This is a very valid way, but bit foolish / unsafe way ! This ensures living. After the problem is solved it ensures Survival.
This book is for young students say around the age of 13 to Max 20 years. So to elaborate the above survival techniques, let us see some very simple or common example.
If there is a fire then all women rush out to extinguish the fire, risking whatever …. While Men are hardly seen, as every Man has taken recluse in some far away safe place …
Am I saying or seeing something wrong ?
Why are the Maths Department of every College, or Every IIT is full with Women ?
99% Women, and rarely 1% Men somehow making it ?
This book is dedicated to Hardworking Men who solve Problems …
Preface
We all know that in the species “Homo Sapiens “, males are bigger than females. The reasons are explained in standard 10, or 11 ( high school ) Biology texts. This shapes or size, influences all of our culture. Before we recall / understand the reasons once again, let us see some random examples of the influence
Random - 1
If there is a Road rage, then who all fight ? ( generally ? ). Imagine two cars driven by adult drivers. Each car has a woman of similar age as that of the Man. The cars “ touch “ or “ some issue happens”. Who all comes out and fights ? Who all are most probable to drive the cars ?
( Men are eager to fight, eager to rule, eager for war. Men want to drive. Men want to win )
Random - 2
Heavy metal music artists are all Men. Metallica, Black Sabbath, Motley Crue, Megadeth, Motorhead, AC/DC, Deep Purple, Slayer, Guns & Roses, Led Zeppelin, Aerosmith ….. the list can be in thousands. All these are grown-up Boys, known as Men.
( Men strive for perfection. Men are eager to excel. Men work hard. Men want to win. )
Random - 3
Apart from Marie Curie, only one more woman got Nobel Prize in Physics. ( Maria Goeppert Mayer - 1963 ). So, … almost all are men.
( Men want to excel. Men strive for perfection. Men want to win. Men work hard. Men do better than women. )
Random - 4
The best Tabla Players are all Men.
( Men want to excel. Men strive for perfection. Men want to win. Men work hard. Men do better than women. )
Random - 5
History is all about, which all Kings ruled. Kings, their men, and Soldiers went for wars. History is all about wars, fights, and killings by men. Who won, and who controlled !
Boys start fighting from school days. Girls do not fight like this
( Men are eager to fight, eager to rule, eager for war. Men want to drive. Men want to win. )
Random - 6
The highest award in Mathematics, the “ Fields Medal “ is around since decades. Till date only one woman could get that. ( Maryam Mirzakhani - 2014 ). So, … almost all are men.
( Men want to excel. Men strive for perfection. Men want to win. Men work hard. Men do better than women. )
Random - 7
Actor is a gender neutral word. Could the movie like “ Top Gun “ be made with Female actors ? The best pilots, astronauts, Fighters are all Men.
Random - 8
In my childhood had seen a movie named “ The Tower in Inferno “. In the movie when the tall tower is in fire, women were being saved first, as only one lift was working….
Many decades later another movie is made. A box office hit. “ The Titanic “. In this also …. As the ship is sinking women are being saved. Men are disposable. Men may get their turn later… ( never ) !!
Movies are not training programs. Movies do not teach people what to do, or not to do. Movies only reflect the prevalent culture. Men are disposable; is the culture in the society. Knowingly, unknowingly, the culture is depicted in Movies, Theaters, Stories, Poems, Rituals, etc. I or you can’t write a story, or make a movie in which after a minor car accident the Male passengers keep seating in the back seat, while the both the women drivers come out of the car and start fighting very bitterly on the road. There has been no story in this world, or no movie made, where after an accident or calamity, Men are being helped for safety first, and women are told to wait.
Random - 9
Artists generally follow the prevalent culture of the Society. In paintings, sculptures, stories, poems, movies, cartoon, Caricatures, knowingly / unknowingly, “ the prevalent Reality “ is depicted. The opposite will not go well with people. If deliberately “ the opposite “ is shown then it may only become a special art, considered as a special mockery.
Random - 10
Men go to “girl / woman’s house” to marry / win, and bring her to his home. That is a sort of winning her. When a boy gets a “ Girl-Friend “, generally he and his friends consider that as an achievement. The boy who “ got / won “ a girl-friend feels proud. His male friends feel, jealous, competitive and envious. Millions of stories have been written on these themes. Lakhs of movies show this. Boys / Men go for “ bike race “, or say “ Car Race “, where the winner “ gets “ the most beautiful girl of the college.
( Men want to excel. Men are eager to fight, eager to rule, eager for war. Men want to drive. Men want to win. )
Prithviraj Chauhan ‘ went ` to “ pickup “ or “ abduct “ or “ win “ or “ bring “ his love. There was a Hindi movie ( hit ) song … “ Pasand ho jaye, to ghar se utha laye “. It is not other way round. Girls do not go to Boy’s house or man’s house to marry. Nor the girls go in a gang to “ pick-up “ the boy / man and bring him to their home / place / den.
Random - 11
We have the word "ice cold". While, when it snows heavily, the cleaning of the roads is done by Men. Ice avalanche is cleared by Guns, by Men.
Can women do this please ?
Random - 12
There are many remote mines in this world which are connected by rails through Hilly regions. These railroads move through steep ups and downs. Optimum speed of the train has to be maintained !! The expert driver has to ensure that the brakes do not burn out, if driven too slow. The speed should be enough so that next climbing can be done. Sudden braking is not possible ! ; as the load of the wagons will derail the train, and that will mean huge loss and deaths. The Drivers are Men who risk their lives in every journey.
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster happened on March 11, 2011. This was primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake ( magnitude 9.0 ). Lots of radioactive materials were scattered in the environment thorough “vent” to reduce the internal pressure and the hydroponic explosions of the nuclear reactors.
Old Men, Pensioners, Seniors offered to cleanup the Nuclear damage as 'suicide corps' See edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/05/31/japan.nuclear.suicide/
I deeply appreciate such gesture to "Save" the society. While I wish to draw your attention to a much deeper/important questions !!
Why old women did not Volunteer to clean the Nuclear site ?
Old women are not pregnant ! Women get menopause sometime in their early 40s. Why is it so common in the Society to "Save" older women as well, and "spare" or “deprive” old men ? Why old men are treated so badly ? Why are Men eager to fight every war ?
[ Climbing Everest or any Mountain Peak, or say crossing Atlantic solo, or reaching the North Pole / South Pole; Almost ALL are Men isn't it .... Researching into technology, inventing and discovering new frontiers of Science is also a war! In every case it is Almost ALL Men ]
Very Sad, bad habit of Million years, is driving the world for so much of "Good" and "BAD" !
The reader / student should not assume that I have not read enough Philosophy; where it is taught that GOOD or BAD are only individual’s mental interpretations. I am mature enough to say the above words as .... ' Million years of Good Habit of "Fighting to Win and Survive" has led Men to all sorts of difficulties, accidents, discomforts, loss .... '
Most women are just Thankless to Men, and their efforts. Women just use Men like parasite or Leeches. They see all the facilities’ and benefits as their right !
( Unfortunately most men submit themselves to be used / exploited like this ! MGTOW s are one of the exceptions. )
In all countries the Laws / Traditions / Customs / Society norms etc have been systematically twisted in favor of women to ensure that Women get "everything". While Nothing is available for Men !
For example Money, Job, Certificate, Facilities etc are given to Widow and ( may be Mom ) of the deceased MAN; who died 'fighting ' ! The Law or norm is not for the father of the Soldier. [ Think … who is dying ? Who is surviving ? Who is getting the benefits ? who is being deprived ? ]
( These images are a few amongst Millions of images which are available. All make the same point )
Men are only for working ! ( sorry, hunting ! ) always … that’s what most people think !
Every woman has a womb. The women ( rather their Wombs ) were protected / kept safe, so that children are born. That was the survival method to continue the species…
Let us name the best of the Mathematicians …
Leonhard Euler, Isaac Newton, Carl Gauss, Fermat, Henri Poincaré, Lagrange, David Hilbert, G.W. Leibniz ...
( See fabpedigree.com/james/mathmen.htm )
Why all these great names are of Men ? Why women could not contribute, in the cozy safe home ?
A newly married couple goes out in car … and if there is a flat tire ( known as puncture in India ) then who opens the wheels ? who replaces from the stepney ?
Womb being protected ? Why women don’t help ?
How much is the Society or Men paying for wombs ? This penance is till which age ?
No woman works for “ Male Suicide “ issues. Even-though, the rate of suicide in men are many times higher, than that of women. Women are never bothered about Men. Some women work only for “women issues “.
telegraph.co.uk/men/the-filter/11965029/Middle-aged-male-suicide-rate-rises-by-40-per-cent-since-2008.html
scroll.in/article/669061/married-men-are-most-likely-to-commit-suicide-in-india
Human beings are in general not comfortable with New ideas or New Paradigms or say new doctrines. New ideas take time to shape up !
( I am aware of Hundredth monkey effect ... scientists were conducting a study of macaque monkeys on the Japanese island of Koshima in 1952. These scientists observed that some of these monkeys learned to wash sweet potatoes, and gradually this new behavior spread through the younger generation of monkeys—in the usual fashion, through observation and repetition. Watson then concluded that the researchers observed that once a critical number of monkeys was reached, i.e., the hundredth monkey, this previously learned behavior instantly spread across the water to monkeys on nearby islands.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredth_monkey_effect )
dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3317316/Monkeys-food-hygiene-Macaques-clean-potatoes-grain-eating-fewer-parasites.html
Robindranath Thakur, the first Nobel Laureate of Asia, was follower / believer of Bromho. His father Debendranath Thakur,( As son of Dwarkanath Tagore, a close friend of Ram Mohan Roy ) philosopher and religious reformer, active in the Brahmo Samaj ("Society of Brahmā," also translated as "Society of God"), which aimed to reform the Hindu religion and way of life. He was one of the founders in 1848 of the Brahmo religion, which today is synonymous with Brahmoism.
When Robindronath wanted to open a school in Calcutta, many people did not want to send their children to a "Bromho Teacher ". So In 1901 Tagore moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram.
Chatimtala Kaanch Ghor the Bramho Mandir, at Santiniketan
[ English People could not pronounce Thakur. They used to distort it as Tagore .... Over time the family name is called as Tagore by most non-Bengalis ]
Abdus Salam the only Physics Nobel Laureate of Pakistan was an Ahmadiyya; by faith. Ahmadiyya religion is not accepted in Pakistan. [ The theological amendment in the constitution of Pakistan does not allow members of the Ahmadiyya faith to call themselves Muslims. ] Abdus Salam had to shift to Trieste, Italy. Salam was buried in Bahishti Maqbara, a cemetery established by the Ahmadiyya Community at Rabwah, Punjab, Pakistan, next to his parents' graves. The epitaph on his tomb initially read "First Muslim Nobel Laureate". The Pakistani government removed "Muslim" and left only his name on the headstone. The word "Muslim" was initially obscured on the orders of a local magistrate before moving to the national level.
blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19695/we-are-sorry-dr-abdus-salam/
blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/31969/dr-abdus-salam-and-all-the-wrong-choices-pakistan-made/
nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/salam-bio.html
In some cases accepting the Truth takes very long time....
Pope John Paul II apologised on behalf of the Catholic Church for the mistreatment of Galileo in the 17th century. The dispute between the Church and Galileo has long stood as one of history's great emblems of conflict between reason and dogma, science and faith. At the time of his condemnation, Galileo had won fame and the patronage of leading Italian powers like the Medicis and Barberinis for discoveries he had made with the astronomical telescope he had built. But when his observations led him to proof of the Copernican theory of the solar system, in which the sun and not the earth is the center, and which the Church regarded as heresy, Galileo was summoned to Rome by the Inquisition. Forced to Recant. Galileo took back his statement, but still lived under house arrest for the rest of his life. It took 359 years and the leadership of Pope John Paul II (left) to recognize the wrong. On October 31, 1992, he formally apologized for the "Galileo Case" in the first of many famous apologies during his papacy.
youtube.com/watch?v=JUAsLcFPeNw
History of Gravity …
Galileo to Einstein youtube.com/watch?v=2H_zvoENNXo
youtube.com/watch?v=QGQq2aB3cWE
youtube.com/watch?v=mPxwgyJtJXI
nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html
For new ideas …. See …
slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/foreigners/2009/06/the_herbivores_dilemma.html
wisedup.org/antiphysical-men-giving-sex-relationships/
pairedlife.com/dating/Dating-10-Things-Men-Dont-Do-Anymore
Random – 13 ( will you be comfortable with new ideas ? )
Almost all of us are very biased. Instead of I asking some questions; see the following images
independent.co.uk/life-style/love-sex/women-are-genetically-programmed-to-have-affairs-evolution-university-texas-scientists-suggest-a7203501.html
In all cultures the onus of Proving himself not guilty, lies on the Man; while it is enough for the woman just to accuse, and cry. Tears are taken as proof of Crime !
Random - 14
Rich people; often are very hard working. Successful business men, establish their business ( empire ), amass lot of wealth, with lot of difficulty. Lots of sacrifice, lots of hard work, gets into this. Rich people’s wives had no contribution in this wealth creation. Women are smart, and successful upto the extent to choose the right/rich man to marry. So generally what happens in case of Divorces ? Search the net on “ most costly divorces “ and you will know. The women;( who had no contribution at all, in setting up the business / empire ), often gets in Billions, or several Millions in divorce settlements. [ Just because the wife has womb ]
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/misandry-and-men-issues-a-short-summary-at-single-place/
See skmclasses.kinja.com/save-the-male-1761788732
It was Boys and Men, who brought the girls / women home. The Laws are biased, completely favoring women. The men are paying for their own mistakes.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/biased-laws/
( Man brings the Woman home. When she leaves, takes away her share of big fortune! )
uplifting-love.com/2013/08/80-percent-of-divorces-are-filed-by.html
Random - 15
A standardized test of Intelligence will never be possible. It never happened before, nor ever will happen in future. No IQ test results will be acceptable by all. In the net there are thousands of charts which show that the intelligence scores of girls / women are lesser. Debates of Trillion words, does not improve performance of Girls.
I am not wasting a single second debating or discussing with anyone, on this. I am simply accepting ALL the results. IQ is only one of the variables which is required for success in life. Thousands of books have been written on “ Networking Skills “, EQ ( Emotional Quotient ), Drive, Dedication, Focus, “ Tenacity towards the end goal “ … etc. In each criteria, and in all together, women ( in general ) do far worse than men. Bangalore is known as “ ….. capital of India “. [ Fill in the blanks ]. The blanks are generally filled as “ Software Capital “, “ IT Capital “, “ Startup Capital “, etc. I am member in several startup eco-systems / groups.
I have attended hundreds of meetings, regarding “ technology startups “, or “ idea startups “. These meetings have very few women. ( Generally in most meetings there are no women at all ! ). Starting up new companies are all “ Men’s Game “ / “ Men’s business “. Only in Divorce settlements women will take their goodies, due to Biased laws. There is no dedication, towards wealth creation, by women. Women want easy money.
Random - 16
Many men, as fathers, very unfortunately treat their daughters as “ Princess “. Every “ non-performing “ woman / wife was “ princess daughter “ of some loving father. Pampering the girls, in name of “ equal opportunity “, or “ women empowerment “, have led to nothing.
See skmclasses.kinja.com/progressively-daughters-become-monsters-1764484338
See skmclasses.kinja.com/vivacious-vixens-1764483974
There can be thousands of more such random examples, where “ Bigger Shape / size “ of males have influenced our culture, our Society. Let us recall the reasons, that we already learned in standard 10 - 11, Biology text Books. In humans, women have a long gestation period, and also spends many years ( almost a decade ) to grow, nourish, and stabilize the child. ( Million years of habit ) Due to survival instinct Males want to inseminate. Boys and Men fight for the “ facility ( of womb + care ) “ the girl / woman may provide. Bigger size for males, has a winning advantage. Whoever wins, gets the “ woman / womb / facility “. The male who is of “ Bigger Size “, has an advantage to win…. Leading to Natural selection over millions of years. In general “ Bigger Males “; the “ fighting instinct “ in men; have led to wars, and solving tough problems ( Mathematics, Physics, Technology, startups of new businesses, Wealth creation, Unreasonable attempts to make things [ such as planes / Flying Machines ], Hard work …. )
So let us see the IIT-JEE results of girls. Statistics of several years show that there are around 17, ( or less than 20 ) girls in top 1000 ranks, at all India level. Some people will yet not understand the performance, till it is said that … year after year we have around 980 boys in top 1000 ranks. Generally we see only 4 to 5 girls in top 500. In last 50 years not once any girl topped in IIT-JEE advanced. Forget about Single digit ranks, double digit ranks by girls have been extremely rare. It is all about “ good boys “, “ hard working “, “ focused “, “Bel-esprit “ boys.
In 2015, Only 2.6% of total candidates who qualified are girls ( upto around 12,000 rank ). while 20% of the Boys, amongst all candidates qualified. The Total number of students who appeared for the exam were around 1.4 million for IIT-JEE main. Subsequently 1.2 lakh ( around 120 thousands ) appeared for IIT-JEE advanced.
IIT-JEE results and analysis, of many years is given at zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/iit-jee-iseet-main-and-advanced-results/
In Bangalore it is rare to see a girl with rank better than 1000 in IIT-JEE advanced. We hardly see 6-7 boys with rank better than 1000. Hardly 2-3 boys get a rank better than 500.
See skmclasses.weebly.com/everybody-knows-so-you-should-also-know.html
So what “ some women “ are doing ?
Thousands of people are exposing the heinous crimes that Motherly Women are doing, or Female Teachers are committing. See facebook.com/WomenCriminals/
Some Random Examples must be known by all
In Facebook, and internet + whatsapp etc we have unending number of posts describing frustration of men / husbands on naughty unreasonable women. Most women are very illogical, Punic, perfidious, treacherous, naughty, gamey bitches.
We also see zillions of Jokes which basically describe how unreasonable women / girls are. How stupid they are, making life of Boys / Men / Husband a hell.
While each of these girls was someones daughter. Millions of foolish Dads are into Fathers rights movement, who want their daughter back for pampering.
Most girls are being cockered, coddled, cosseted, mollycoddled, featherbedded, spoilt into brats.
Foolish fathers are breeding Monsters who are filing false rape cases. Enacting Biased Laws. Filing False domestic violence cases. Filing false sexual assault cases. Asking for alimony, and taking custody of the Daughter, not allowing the " monster " to meet dad. The cycle goes on and on and on.
Foolish men keep pampering future demons who make other Men's life a hell. ( Now read this again from beginning ). Every day we see the same posts of frustration.
nicewemen.wordpress.com/
Each women as described below was someone’s Pampered Princess …
Monster women have very easy and cozy life. Easy to demand anything and get law in favor !
If the lawmakers submit to these strange demands of say … “ Stare Rape ! “; then we can easily see what kind of havoc that will create.
In several countries or rather in several regions of the world, family system has collapsed, due to bad nature and naughty acts of women. Particularly in Britain, and America, almost 50% people are alone, lonely, separated, divorced or failed marriages. In 2013, 48% children were born out of wedlock. It was projected that by 2016, more than 51% children will be born, to unmarried mothers. In these developed countries " paternity fraud " by women, are close to 20%. You can see several articles in the net, and in wikipedia etc. This means 1 out of 5 children are calling a wrong man as dad. The lonely, alone “ mothers " are frustrated. They see the children as burden. Love in the Society in general is lost, long time ago. The types of “ Mothers “ and “ Women “ we have now …………
By now if you have assumed that Indian women are not doing any crime then please become friends with MRA Guri facebook.com/profile.php?id=100004138754180
He has dedicated his life to expose Indian Criminals
Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Read warrenfarrell.org/TheBook/index.html
Read pdfarchive.info/pdf/S/Sm/Smith_Helen_-_Men_on_strike.pdf
Read judgybitch.com/2013/09/17/what-would-happen-if-no-men-showed-up-for-work-today/
Preface for Science
Many Scientists have made, very good TV programs; to teach Science. Carl Sagan, Desmond Morris, Jacques Cousteau, Neil deGrass Tyson, James Burke, Jacob Bronowski, Bill Nye, Andrew Pontzen, Sean Carroll, Michio Kaku, Brian Cox, Brian Greene, Freeman Dyson, Dr. Don Lincoln ... the list is long. BBC, Discovery Channel, Nova, Nature, Science Planet .... the list of good Channels is big.
Even though these programs are being delivered free, ( add education programs of Govt. of India, which are also very good ); not sure how many are correctly learning.
youtube.com/watch?v=4sLGCeeA1UI&list=PLaMjJl9Tuw7HoCo8wzZNwMC7jjo3nrEvx
As I randomly talk to lots of students ... I find ...
The Science understanding of Urban, Rich children, in general; is abysmal.
The Science fiction movies, showing Aliens; or winning war with Aliens are more popular and influential. Doraemon making "time machine" so easily, and doing "time travel" so often intrigues children more. ( for General Knowledge see skmclasses.weebly.com )
India is an uniquely peculiar country; has 1.3 Billion people, obsessed with thousands of stupid things. Superstitious Religious Rituals, Hundreds of festivals, 'What to do' and 'what not to do' [ on a full moon day, on a No Moon day, on 11 th day of Lunar month ], before and after an eclipse, what to eat and what not to eat, what to wear and what not to wear, Caste, Gotra, “methods and steps” for Puja or Prayer, hundreds of ways to control or restrict or influence others etc... ; keeps people busy.
Students have major influence and learning's from these superstitious life style, and fiction / 'stupid movies' rather than from good Science TV shows.
[ if you ask any Science Question to any student, first reaction is “Ye to course mein nahi hai”! ]
Another most important obsession of Indians is to become Engineers; well somehow .... 14 Lakh ( 1.4 million ) students appear for IIT JEE exam. ( Not about IITs or NITs etc ) Almost all are stark idiots; study "Engineering" in some college or other .... the story goes on.
In general students / people in India do not know or understand the following ...
One of the most important drawbacks of Human beings is Anthropophilia. We love to imagine that ... God, Aliens, Robots etc, are similar to us. Tell a small child to draw a Robot, and almost 100% cases you see a Humanoid being drawn. It is not about the child being intelligent or smart. It is a fundamental ‘mental block’ that we harbor in general. [ when I was a kid, and if someone had told me to draw a Robot, I would have surely drawn a Humanoid ]
( if I tell you to draw a “Chemical Robot” then ? )
We feel comfortable with Humanoid Robots only
It takes lot of Training and maturity to understand that all machines are Robots. A car is a Robot. A crane is a Robot. Mars Rover is a Robot. Robots can be of any size and shape, serving a particular purpose.
Similarly Aliens do not have to look like us. We have five fingers in our hands, and five toes in our legs because Monkeys have the same. We all evolved step by step from some primitive fish, which had five bones / cartilages in its fins. The fish from which we all evolved had 2 pairs of fins. The pair of fins which was nearer to the head became hands, and the pair at the rear became legs.
Now imagine an Alien evolving from a fish, which had 3 pairs of fins ! or say 17 pairs ! then that may lead to ....
Some children will be quick to identify that Aliens may not evolve from fish, can be different pathways ... in that case they will look very different from us isn't it !
As I write all these in 2016, I say .... " Soon we will find various life-forms in Mars, Moons of Jupiter, Jupiter, and Asteroids ! "
Back to Anthropophilia ... It is very difficult to get rid of this. Christiaan Huygens the great Dutch Scientist ‘logically concluded’ from observations as follows ...
Jupiter has Atmosphere, so it will rain in Jupiter, so Jupiter must have seas and Oceans, so the "life forms" in Jupiter must have boats, the boats need rope, and rope must be made from trees / fiber, so "they" should have hemp plants ...
Huygens was the first to make a submarine which could go down in water, by a few meters. In those days, around 1650 there was no plane, rocket or space travel. So do you see Huygens could not imagine Aliens in Jupiter flying in Planes or Rockets. While movies now show Aliens in Rockets!
[ Students must know about various limitations of Human beings. Professor Daniel Kahnemen ( 2002 Nobel Laureate ) has long list of Human Limitations in his book.
see vk.com/doc23267904_175119602
I collected some limitations, and wrote an article. See skmclasses.kinja.com/bias-we-all-are-biased-1761664826
Scientists have advised a list of "must learn" for students, to appreciate / understand Science better.
See Read edge.org/responses/what-scientific-concept-would-improve-everybodys-cognitive-toolkit
It is mandatory for students; to know all the points given in the above links; whom I personally teach ]
Chimps and Humans have 96 Percent common genes; Research and Gene Study Finds. But Humans and Chimps can't communicate, or discuss. Orangutans are our nearest relatives. We humans are 97% the same as orangutans, gene study shows. But we can't converse with any other species. A little bit of sign language of say 100 "words" or a Dog understanding "instructions" of his master is not what is being referred here. Earth has several Million species, while observations as of now, does not show "communication" across two separate species. Let us not bring in Symbiotic relationship into this. It is about intelligent communication, discussions, debate, learning from each other etc. Can Humans communicate with insects or birds chirping ?
Imagine a World where Lions were communicating with insects, or say Otters communicating with birds ! The ecosystem as we know, has all these staying together ... so close ! All like a family !! telegraph.co.uk/science/2016/09/11/dolphins-recorded-having-a-conversation-for-first-time/
Simard discovered that different tree species are in contact with one another.
Some birds which fly very long distances; do that by sensing Magnetic fields. The eyes of the bird is sensing these feeble magnetic field of Earth by Quantum entangled Particles. As the light photons reach and “react” with various Chemicals, the entangled particles are released. These particles “enable” the birds brain to detect Magnetic fields. Does one bird communicate or Guide another with similar mechanisms ?
Trees, it turns out, have a completely different way of communicating: they use scent. It was found that acacias start pumping toxic substances into their leaves to rid themselves of the large herbivores, when being eaten. Beeches, spruce, and oaks all register pain as soon as some creature starts nibbling on them. When a caterpillar takes a hearty bite out of a leaf; the tissue around the site of the damage changes. In addition, the leaf tissue sends out electrical signals, just as human tissue does when it is hurt. However, the signal is not transmitted in milliseconds, as human signals are; instead, the plant signal travels at the slow speed of a third of an inch per minute. Accordingly, it takes an hour or so before defensive compounds reach the leaves to spoil the pest’s meal. Trees live their lives in the really slow lane, even when they are in danger. If the roots find themselves in trouble, this information is broadcast throughout the tree, which can trigger the leaves to release scent compounds. And not just any old scent compounds, but compounds that are specifically formulated for the task at hand. [ Discussing more of this later in the book ]
Now do we see the limitations about our obsession, with "communicating" with Aliens ?
The nearest stars are several light years away. Even if we improve the technology to travel 1000 times faster than the fastest rockets it will take thousands of years to travel to nearest "Earth like" planets. I personally rule out any more discussions on travelling and meeting and communicating with Aliens.
The life forms ( which we will soon find ) in Mars, Moons of Jupiter, Jupiter etc have to be analyzed for DNA. Will these life-forms have DNA ? Will these Aliens have molecules similar to what we see in organisms here in Earth ? These are important questions in Xenobiology, Astrobiology etc. We have to wait for data.
Science is study of data, experimental verification, logical conclusions.
We have made XNA. We have made various kinds of Artificial life, including Arsenic, Selenium based pathways. But extremeophiles also have the same kind of DNA or molecules that we see in all organisms. Same kinds of mRNA etc. Why didn't life grow and evolve multiple times ? We don't know as of now. Or did life evolve / grow multiple times in the same way ? Intelligent human beings will keep researching, and we will know the answers.
The only Sanskrit word in Standard 11-12 Science CBSE text books is Tincal ( which is the word for Borax). The books ( rightly ) are full with German names. Students are unaware the Potassium was derived from an Arabic word Potash, ashes of ( roots ) of plant.
( not talking about last 50 or 100 years ) Not a single chemical element were purified / synthesized or discovered in India, by any Indian. Indium (In = #49): Indicum (Latin) means indigo. The pigment indigo was named after indicon (Greek) in allusion for its coming from India. On August 18th, 1868 by French astronomer Jules Janssen. While in Guntur, India, Janssen observed a solar eclipse through a prism, whereupon he noticed a bright yellow spectral line (at 587.49 nanometers) emanating from the chromosphere of the Sun. This led to discovery of Helium. In 1937, Discovery of Astatine was reported by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name "dakin" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series, and the true identity of dakin is not known.
[ not considering the ancient elements which were known to others also ... Supher, Zinc, Mercury and thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indian-role-in-producing-superheavy-element-117/article5986191.ece ]
As a culture Indians preferred Ayurveda. Identify the trees, smash the leaves, take the bark and / or the roots, make a paste, in some cases add honey etc … and this paste or potion cures everything. If we do not have a medicine for some disease, or if the medicine is not effective, then the argument is … “we did not search the trees in the jungle enough !”. The belief being solution / medicine for every disease is out there in the jungle!
This culture is grossly opposite to get into the details, identify the molecules, find the reaction pathways. Modern techniques is not seen as good. In fact opposite … older things are considered better. The claim often is “some grandfather’s grandfather was a great Ayurvedic Doctor, since several generations they are using some paste, and they now the best.
With this kind of a culture Indians cannot and did not find pharmacophores.
[ see eurekaselect.com/81348/article
ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/medicalschool/departments/Pharmacology/Pages/history.aspx
adaptogens.org/adaptogen/history ]
An extremely superstitious culture, avoiding to get-into any details, easy way of “chalta hai” had its Dark effect. Indians are averages and poor, because hardly there was any value-add !
Most people in India; think in the following way …
Let us see contribution of some Mathematicians and Scientists; who did great work but students generally don’t know about them.
Eugene Wigner - After his sojourn in Berlin, Wigner returned to Budapest to work in his father's tannery. Somehow and somewhere from there, he returned to Berlin joining the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute working first under Karl Weissenberg and later under Richard Becker. There he explored quantum mechanics of Erwin Schrödinger and group theory ( founded by the genius Evariste Galois who was obsessed with polynomials equations and their solutions ). At the age of 25, in 1927, in Germany somewhere he introduced the group theory into quantum mechanics. He published it formally in 1931 at the age of 29:
"Group Theory and Its Application to the Quantum Mechanics of Atomic Spectra."
He soon thereafter introduced symmetries (rotations, translations, and CPT- charge parity and time reversal symmetry) into quantum mechanics. He formulated and proved a theorem which became the cornerstone of the mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics. Eugene Wigner was so impressed with the usefulness of abstract mathematics in nuclear physics and quantum mechanics that he went on to write a landmark article in 1960 titled:
"The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences".
In 1930, Princeton University recruited both Jeno Pal Wigner and Janos Von Neumann at 7 times the salary they were drawing in Europe. Both these geniuses anglicized their first names to "Eugene" and "John" respectively and soon thereafter became naturalized citizens of the United States.
-
Janos Bolyai (Transylvania, Hapsburg Empire) 1822 - one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry — a geometry that differs from Euclidean geometry in its definition of parallel lines. The discovery of a consistent alternative geometry that might correspond to the structure of the universe helped to free mathematicians to study abstract concepts irrespective of any possible connection with the physical world.
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ( Kazan, Russia ) 1823 - known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry. William Kingdon Clifford called Lobachevsky the "Copernicus of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work. He was dismissed from the university in 1846, ostensibly due to his deteriorating health: by the early 1850s, he was nearly blind and unable to walk. He died in poverty in 1856.
Nikolai was an atheist.
-
Bernhard Riemann (Breselenz, Jameln, Kingdom of Hanover) 1853: student of Gauss - Influential German mathematician who made lasting and revolutionary contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry. In the field of real analysis, he is mostly known for the first rigorous formulation of the integral, the Riemann integral, and his work on Fourier series. His contributions to complex analysis include most notably the introduction of Riemann surfaces, breaking new ground in a natural, geometric treatment of complex analysis. His famous 1859 paper on the prime-counting function, containing the original statement of the Riemann hypothesis, is regarded, although it is his only paper in the field, as one of the most influential papers in analytic number theory. Through his pioneering contributions to differential geometry, Riemann laid the foundations of the mathematics of general relativity.
-
Felix Klein (Düsseldorf, Prussia) 1870s - German mathematician and mathematics educator, known for his work in group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen Program, classifying geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a hugely influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the day.
-
Marcel Grossman (Budapest) 1910s tutored Einstein on differential geometry and tensor calculus - mathematician and a friend and classmate of Albert Einstein. Grossmann was a member of an old Swiss family from Zurich. His father managed a textile factory. He became a Professor of Mathematics at the Federal Polytechnic Institute in Zurich, today the ETH Zurich, specializing in descriptive geometry.
-
Gregario Ricci-Curbastro (Italy) 1880s - Italian mathematician born in Lugo di Romagna. He is most famous as the inventor of tensor calculus, but also published important works in other fields. With his former student Tullio Levi-Civita, he wrote his most famous single publication, a pioneering work on the calculus of tensors, signing it as Gregorio Ricci. This appears to be the only time that Ricci-Curbastro used the shortened form of his name in a publication, and continues to cause confusion. Ricci-Curbastro also published important works in other fields, including a book on higher algebra and infinitesimal analysis, and papers on the theory of real numbers, an area in which he extended the research begun by Richard Dedekind.
-
Ernst Mach (Moravia, Austrian Empire) 1900s who totally abhorred Newton's idea of absolute space and time - Austrian physicist and philosopher, noted for his contributions to physics such as study of shock waves. Quotient of one's speed to that of sound is named the Mach number in his honor. As a philosopher of science, he was a major influence on logical positivism, American pragmatism and through his criticism of Newton, a forerunner of Einstein's relativity.
-
Hendrik Lorentz (Netherlands) 1900s - Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations which formed the basis of the special relativity theory of Albert Einstein. According to the biography published by the Nobel Foundation, "It may well be said that Lorentz was regarded by all theoretical physicists as the world's leading spirit, who completed what was left unfinished by his predecessors and prepared the ground for the fruitful reception of the new ideas based on the quantum theory." For this he received many honours and distinctions during his life, including—from 1925 to his death in 1928—the role of Chairman of the exclusive International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.
-
Willem De Sitter (Netherlands) 1920s - Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. De Sitter made major contributions to the field of physical cosmology. He co-authored a paper with Albert Einstein in 1932 in which they discussed the implications of cosmological data for the curvature of the universe. He also came up with the concept of the de Sitter space and de Sitter universe, a solution for Einstein's general relativity in which there is no matter and a positive cosmological constant. This results in an exponentially expanding, empty universe. De Sitter was also famous for his research on the planet Jupiter.
-
Alexander Friedmann (St. Petersburg, Russian Empire) 1920s - was a Russian and Soviet physicist and mathematician. He is best known for his pioneering theory that the universe was expanding, governed by a set of equations he developed now known as the Friedmann equations.
-
Georges Lemaitre (Belgium) 1920s - was a Belgian priest, astronomer and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Leuven. He proposed the theory of the expansion of the universe, widely misattributed to Edwin Hubble. He was the first to derive what is now known as Hubble's law and made the first estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant, which he published in 1927, two years before Hubble's article. Lemaître also proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe; which he called his "hypothesis of the primeval atom" or the "Cosmic Egg".
-
One of the greatest help we apes got; was with the discovery or invention of mass spectrometry.
The men who invented this device were (at least Two; as claimed by the Western English speaking world).
1. Englishman Francis William Aston in 1919
2. Canadian American Arthur Jeffrey Dempster in 1918.
Just imagine as Europe was involved in one of their bloodiest slaughter and carnage, these men were quietly working in their labs devising an instrument that could sort out atoms and ions based on their charge to mass ratio.
( I wish to emphasize yet again that even though atoms are a fact, we using the term atomic theory till date. )
By 1919, Aston had achieved 2 feats:
1. He showed that atoms of a single element could have different isotopes thereby establishing as fact that even non radioactive elements have isotopes.
2. He had invented the first mass spectroscope.
The Canadian Dempster had greatly improved on it, greatly increasing its accuracy in identifying compounds by mass of elements in a sample. This was a gigantic step to our understanding of nature.
-
David Goldberg - David Edward Goldberg ( born September 26, 1953) is an American computer scientist, civil engineer, and professor at the department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering (IESE) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and is most noted for his work in the field of genetic algorithms. He is the director of the Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (IlliGAL) and the chief scientist of Nextumi Inc. He is the author of Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, one of the most cited books in computer science.
In computer science and operations research, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA). Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on bio-inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection.
-
Lotfi Zadeh - The term fuzzy logic was introduced with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi Zadeh. Fuzzy logic had however been studied since the 1920s, as infinite-valued logic—notably by Łukasiewicz and Tarski. Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1, considered to be "fuzzy". By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be 0 or 1, often called "crisp" values. Fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence.
-
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts - (1943) created a computational model for neural networks based on mathematics and algorithms called threshold logic. This model paved the way for neural network research to split into two distinct approaches. One approach focused on biological processes in the brain and the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence.
In the late 1940s psychologist Donald Hebb created a hypothesis of learning based on the mechanism of neural plasticity that is now known as Hebbian learning. Hebbian learning is considered to be a 'typical' unsupervised learning rule and its later variants were early models for long term potentiation. Researchers started applying these ideas to computational models in 1948 with Turing's B-type machines.
Farley and Wesley A. Clark (1954) first used computational machines, then called "calculators," to simulate a Hebbian network at MIT. Other neural network computational machines were created by Rochester, Holland, Habit, and Duda (1956).
Frank Rosenblatt (1958) created the perceptron, an algorithm for pattern recognition based on a two-layer computer learning network using simple addition and subtraction. With mathematical notation, Rosenblatt also described circuitry not in the basic perceptron, such as the exclusive-or circuit, a circuit which could not be processed by neural networks until after the backpropagation algorithm was created by Paul Werbos (1975).
Neural network research stagnated after the publication of machine learning research by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert (1969), who discovered two key issues with the computational machines that processed neural networks. The first was that basic perceptrons were incapable of processing the exclusive-or circuit. The second significant issue was that computers didn't have enough processing power to effectively handle the long run time required by large neural networks. Neural network research slowed until computers achieved greater processing power.
-
Interval arithmetic, interval mathematics, interval analysis, or interval computation, is a method developed by mathematicians since the 1950s and 1960s, as an approach to putting bounds on rounding errors and measurement errors in mathematical computation and thus developing numerical methods that yield reliable results. Very simply put, it represents each value as a range of possibilities. For example, instead of estimating the height of someone using standard arithmetic as 2.0 meters, using interval arithmetic we might be certain that that person is somewhere between 1.97 and 2.03 meters. In mathematics, a (real) interval is a set of real numbers with the property that any number that lies between two numbers in the set is also included in the set. For example, the set of all numbers x satisfying 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is an interval which contains 0 and 1, as well as all numbers between them.
This concept is suitable for a variety of purposes. The most common use is to keep track of and handle rounding errors directly during the calculation and of uncertainties in the knowledge of the exact values of physical and technical parameters. The latter often arise from measurement errors and tolerances for components or due to limits on computational accuracy. Interval arithmetic also helps find reliable and guaranteed solutions to equations and optimization problems.
-
Nassim Nicholas Taleb and Benoit Mandelbrot -
Nassim is a Lebanese-American essayist, scholar, statistician, former trader, and risk analyst, whose work focuses on problems of randomness, probability, and uncertainty. His 2007 book The Black Swan was described in a review by the Sunday Times as one of the twelve most influential books since World War II. He advocates what he calls a "black swan robust" society, meaning a society that can withstand difficult-to-predict events.
Benoit Mandelbrot was a Polish-born, French and American mathematician with broad interests in the practical sciences, especially regarding what he labeled as "the art of roughness" of physical phenomena and "the uncontrolled element in life." He referred to himself as a "fractalist". He is recognized for his contribution to the field of fractal geometry, which included coining the word "fractal'", as well as developing a theory of "roughness and self-similarity" in nature. He spent most of his career in both the United States and France, having dual French and American citizenship. In 1958, he began a 35-year career at IBM, where he became an IBM Fellow, and periodically took leaves of absence to teach at Harvard University. Because of his access to IBM's computers, Mandelbrot was one of the first to use computer graphics to create and display fractal geometric images, leading to his discovering the Mandelbrot set in 1979. He showed how visual complexity can be created from simple rules. He said that things typically considered to be "rough", a "mess" or "chaotic", like clouds or shorelines, actually had a "degree of order." His math and geometry-centered research career included contributions to such fields as statistical physics, meteorology, hydrology, geomorphology, anatomy, taxonomy, neurology, linguistics, information technology, computer graphics, economics, geology, medicine, cosmology, engineering, chaos theory, econophysics, metallurgy, taxonomy and the social sciences.
Nassim, Benoit Mandelbrot and many others showed that application of Fractals / Mandrelbot is better to predict several practical outcomes, in contrast to Gaussian distribution analysis.
-
Charles Darwin told his friend that, he guesses; Life may have started in a shallow hot pond. Darwin was many hundred years ahead of his times.
The Murchison meteorite that fell near Murchison, Victoria, Australia in 1969 was found to contain over 90 different amino acids, nineteen of which are found in Earth life. Comets and other icy outer-solar-system bodies are thought to contain large amounts of complex carbon compounds (such as tholins) formed by these processes, darkening surfaces of these bodies.
The early Earth was bombarded heavily by comets, possibly providing a large supply of complex organic molecules along with the water and other volatiles they contributed.
The University of Waterloo and University of Colorado conducted simulations in 2005 that indicated that the early atmosphere of Earth could have contained up to 40 percent hydrogen—implying a much more hospitable environment for the formation of prebiotic organic molecules. The escape of hydrogen from Earth's atmosphere into space may have occurred at only one percent of the rate previously believed based on revised estimates of the upper atmosphere's temperature.
Researchers at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York reported the possibility of oxygen available around 4.3 billion years ago. Their study reported in 2011 on the assessment of Hadean zircons from the earth's interior (magma) indicated the presence of oxygen traces similar to modern-day lavas.
700 Million years after Earth's origin, ( around 3.8 Billion years ago ), the Rocks have signatures of Microbe Life. Just 540 million year ago diversity of life happened ( Cambrian Explosion ). So for almost 3 Billion years Earth had only Microbes. The day was around 22 hours then, as Earth was rotating quicker.
Studies have been made of the amino acid composition of the products of "old" areas in "old" genes, defined as those that are found to be common to organisms from several widely separated species, assumed to share only the last universal ancestor (LUA) of all extant species. These studies found that the products of these areas are enriched in those amino acids that are also most readily produced in the Miller–Urey experiment. This suggests that the original genetic code was based on a smaller number of amino acids – only those available in prebiotic nature – than the current one.
Cyanobacteria are able to survive extreme conditions. They live in Antarctica as well as in mountain springs. One species was isolated even from polar bear hairs.
Cyanobacteria get their name from the bluish pigment phycocyanin, which they use to capture light for photosynthesis as they also contain chlorophyll. Their name comes from the Greek word for blue, cyanos. Cyanobacteria have been living on the Earth for more than 3 billion years. They alter genetically and develop various evolutionary lines. They have survived here for a uniquely long time. These are microscopic, they are rich in chemical diversity. the chloroplast in plants is a symbiotic cyanobacterium, taken up by a green algal ancestor of the plants sometime in the Precambrian. These bacteria are often found growing on greenhouse glass, or around sinks and drains. The Red Sea gets its name from occasional blooms of a reddish species of Oscillatoria, and African flamingos get their pink color from eating Spirulina.
The scientific community has gained a clearer understanding of the evolution of cyanobacteria of the Synechococcus group. It is one of the largest groups of cyanobacteria, widespread from the poles to the equator, in the sea as well as on land. Petr Dvorák, a phycologist from the Faculty of Science, has compared their genes and constructed, with the help of molecular biology, the first complex phylogenetic tree of this group, an interpretation of its evolution.
It shows that; the beginning of life, coincides with a hypothetical event that occurred 4 billion to 3.85 billion years ago, known as the Late Heavy Bombardment, in which asteroids pummeled Earth and the solar system's other inner planets. These impacts may have provided the energy to jumpstart the chemistry of life.
Studies suggest that asteroid impacts may break down formamide — a molecule thought to be present in early Earth's atmosphere — into genetic building blocks of DNA and its cousin RNA, called nucleobases.
Chemist Svatopluk Civiš, of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, and his colleagues used a high-powered laser to break down ionized formamide gas, or plasma, to mimic an asteroid strike on early Earth. The reaction produced scalding temperatures of up to 4,230 degrees Celsius, sending out a shock wave and spewing intense ultraviolet and X-ray radiation. The chemical fireworks produced four of the nucleobases that collectively make up DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
The Amino acids joinup to make various Proteins. These lead to microbes. Stromatolites produced Oxygen, and increased the Oxygen content in the atmosphere over Billion years. The Oxygen also made Iron oxide out of Iron dissolved in Water, which deposited as layers of Iron ore.
See about Trilobites at research.amnh.org/paleontology/trilobite-website/twenty-trilobite-fast-facts
fossilmuseum.net/Tree_of_Life/Stromatolites.htm
jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/fieldcourses01/PapersMarineEcologyArticles/Stromatolites-Thelongestl.html
Dvorák and his colleagues utilised also a genome sequence of a new genus of cyanobacteria found in a peatbog in Slovakia. It was named Neosynechococcus. Algology (from algae) is a branch of biology studying algae and cyanobacteria. It deals with the systematisation, phylogenesis, and ecology of these organisms. It also includes physiology, biochemistry, and genetics.
See youtube.com/watch?v=SOGwoFkPtT8
The Miller–Urey experiment was a chemical experiment that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment investigating abiogenesis, it was conducted in 1952 by Stanley Miller, with assistance from Harold Urey, at the University of Chicago and later the University of California, San Diego. Scientists examining sealed vials preserved from the original experiments ( of Stanley Miller ) were able to show that there were actually well over 20 different amino acids produced in Miller's original experiments.
See youtube.com/watch?v=57merteLsBc
In 1961, Joan Oró found that the nucleotide base adenine could be made from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in a water solution. His experiment produced a large amount of adenine, the molecules of which were formed from 5 molecules of HCN. Also, many amino acids are formed from HCN and ammonia under these conditions. Experiments conducted later showed that the other RNA and DNA nucleobases could be obtained through simulated prebiotic chemistry with a reducing atmosphere.
See youtube.com/watch?v=xyhZcEY5PCQ
Next Study Evolution
- evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/side_0_0/origsoflife_05
youtube.com/watch?v=QqG01ihQjoo
-
There are many near Earth Asteroids; that are being constantly monitored, since 1990s. This is to avoid any major impact that may wipeout life from Earth. International cooperation exists, to plan for destroying the Asteroid which is directed towards Earth. Near-Earth asteroids are in a different class than main belt asteroids, as they are much closer energetically to Earth.
There are three main orbits of near-Earth asteroids: Amor, Aten, and Apollo.
Most intersect with the Earth’s orbit at some point during their trip around the sun, making this the prime time to analyze them with a telescope, or even rendezvous with them on a prospecting mission with our Arkyd spacecraft.
See planetaryresources.com/2015/10/studying-close-approaches-of-near-earth-asteroids/
47,000 of the probable Asteroids have been listed.
dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2145699/New-Nasa-sky-scan-reveals-47-000-hazardous-near-Earth-asteroids-330ft-wide--BIGGER.html
Craig Venter and his team of Nobel Laureates, and other very smart Scientists, have been working on Artificial or Synthetic life for long.
See youtube.com/watch?v=ayfF1v7rifw
-
Gordon Allport and S. Odbert - The OCEAN model of "Big Five personality traits", rather modern Psychology was started by these two Men. The Big Five personality traits, also known as the five factor model (FFM), is a model based on common language descriptors of personality (lexical hypothesis). These descriptors are grouped together using a statistical technique called factor analysis (i.e. this model is not based on experiments). This widely examined theory suggests five broad dimensions used by some psychologists to describe the human personality and psyche. The five factors have been defined as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism, often listed under the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Beneath each proposed global factor, a number of correlated and more specific primary factors are claimed. For example, extraversion is said to include such related qualities as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions.
In 1884, Sir Francis Galton was the first person who is known to have investigated the hypothesis that it is possible to derive a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language: the lexical hypothesis. In 1936, Gordon Allport and S. Odbert put Sir Francis Galton's hypothesis into practice by extracting 4,504 adjectives which they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits from the dictionaries at that time. In 1940, Raymond Cattell retained the adjectives, and eliminated synonyms to reduce the total to 171. He constructed a self-report instrument for the clusters of personality traits he found from the adjectives, which he called the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Based on a subset of only 20 of the 36 dimensions that Cattell had originally discovered, Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal claimed to have found just five broad factors which they labeled: "surgency", "agreeableness", "dependability", "emotional stability", and "culture". Warren Norman subsequently relabeled "dependability" as "conscientiousness".
After “God, Puja & Prayer”, being the 1st ; the 2nd worst illusion, that hampers Science; is “Gut feeling”. The Havoc or mayhem of “Gut feeling” is very prominently seen regarding Psychology, or People skills ( of most people ). Close to 99% people conduct interviews and take ‘people decisions’, without caring anything about Psychology.
Long back I wrote “Millions of Interviews are being conducted every day, where the interviewer knows nothing about Psychology, while believes that her gut feeling is guiding for correct decisions”. [ the reader will have to agree with this, if he heard about OCEAN model for the first time, here ]
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/interview-techniques-and-the-things-you-cannot-find/
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/are-people-very-logical-and-rational-then-why-should-we-be-polite-with-all/
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/correlated-adjectives-this-personality-trait-predicts-your-tendency-to-lie-and-cheat/
Psychology stands on the conclusions drawn after experiments. Some most important experiments being Milgram Experiment, Stanford Prison experiment, Hawthorne experiment, Bad Samaritan experiment, Attractiveness experiments, Evolutionary Psychology experiment, Decoy experiments, Equity theory of Motivation experiments, etc …
The experiments that I used to talk about while teaching Senior Corporate Managers are listed at
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/psychology-experiments-and-summary-of-the-subject/
-
Is Economics a Branch of Science ?
Not discussing about Economists here, as my personal opinion about, "works and contribution of Economists" is very poor. All of them argue and fancy in disagreeing with each and every thing told by someone. Economics has no consensus, no agreed rules, driven more by politics, and / or dynamic situations. No prediction by any Economist comes Correct or True; consistently. Media interviews thousands of these "strange foolish guys", and trys to "understand" an average. Randomly someone's prediction matches the actual outcome, and Predictions of 999 of the other morons deviate. These guys are always busy, analyzing and confirming that in past what had happened was "inevitable", while in the same breath, they accept that "no clue about the future". None had predicted the “inevitable” though. The stupidest of all the doomsters is Thomas Malthus. He has a "world record" of its kind, as ALL his predictions came wrong.
[ The second record holder will be of course Sigmund Freud. All explanations given by Freud are wrong, and crap. Modern Psychologists, call Freud worst than a quack. See how Professor Bloom, from Yale laugh at Freud, ( and I agree with Prof. Bloom ), in the class... youtube.com/watch?v=P3FKHH2RzjI&list=PL6A08EB4EEFF3E91F
even Aristotle did better than these stupids. See something what Aristotle said is true, given below in this book ]
Personally I have read several books in Economics, and several thousand ( may be more than 10,000 ) scholarly articles. All will call me a fool, for every prediction; I make on Economy, or anything in Economics. As usual no one will agree with me, I know. I never try to talk about Economics, as you all saw, here, just now! I agreed with Millions of others, 'to Not to' believe in anything an Economist says or predicts.
A very small "summary" of what these 'idiots' have done is at
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/a-butcher-makes-kima-of-economics/
[ My friends occasionally say … “even Russia has Russian economists” … ]
Nassim Taleb has called for cancellation of the Nobel Prize in Economics, saying that the damage from economic theories can be devastating. ( and I agree with him ).
-
In contrast to economics, Finance Law/Rules and Marketing Tricks/Techniques are supreme. Very correctly Millions call these subjects as "Financial Science" and "Marketing Science".
The learning's here are generally not attributed to a particular person. There are many Key concepts, which are correct; and accurate! These enable people to take right decisions, to make money, be profitable, to generate employment, to avoid and reduce loss, to sale, and keep businesses going.
For whatever we do, we have to deal with people, and earn money or make profit. So the basic understanding of Psychology, the Laws of Finance, and the 'Tricks and trades' of Marketing ( Science ) are must for all. Human beings in general, harbor many limitations; which Economists disregard. One of the first assumptions of Economics, "The Rational Human beings" is wrong.
See the list of Biases at skmclasses.kinja.com/bias-we-all-are-biased-1761664826
Some of the key concepts of Finance are NPV ( Net Present Value ), ROI ( Return on Investment ), Risk/Return Tradeoff, Diversification, ROCE ( Return on Capital Employed ), Discounted Cash flow, Time value of Money, Liquidity, Budgeting etc. The list is big. It takes many months of correct studies, to understand and master these. Those who apply these rules and learning's well; are paid well. People in general do not disagree to fight with what Finance Gurus says.
It is extremely important for every student to know that everyone is not working or running after profit, or ROI. The world is full with Philanthropic acts. There are Billions of Altruists. Too much of priority towards money, makes people cold, cruel, isolated, un-helping, and in-human …
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/do-you-know-who-was-dashrath-manjhi/
-
Marketing Science is Art. Successful Marketing gurus are paid very well. I have not seen insults and fights, towards Marketing Gurus. People just do not hate them like Economists. There are some key concepts.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/25-points-on-brand-and-marketing/
Personally I will always remain a toddler, regarding Tricks and details of Marketing.
When I was in Standard 9, my Aunt ( Cousin sister of my Mom ), started a very small chemical business. She was staying in a different city, and I “managed” the business affairs, in Jamshedpur. I had to meet lot of people at various offices, advertise, give sale pitches, sale, follow-up with people, get payments, and generate profit etc.
This gave me very interesting exposure to human behavior, organizations, processes, human nature and follies, greed etc. Much later I managed my own IIT JEE coaching / Business.
With this background, I am adding “a Pinch of Salt” in the Ocean of Management.
[ meaning, I do not think, my words are going to teach or contribute anything ]
Regarding advertisement, I have observed that people are in silos, or islands. Mostly unaware what is going on in other islands. People expect advertisement in their own silo, or island. So advertisement is required to be done in multiple mediums / channels. If I advertise in newspaper, ( say about Govt. of India, official Olympiads ), some people will say … “school did not tell anything”. If I advertise in Google adwords, guys in Facebook will not know. Any amount of “Radio Messages” done, will not stop people saying … “the CSR ( corporate Social responsibility ) department did not send any mailer ! …
It is extremely costly to advertise in every island. Small businesses just cannot afford such expenditures. So advertisement always remains insufficient, as per my perception. Effectiveness of the advertisements, and success is always unknown. As per my perception, the young MBA’s handling the budget randomly try various things, playing randomly with “others money”. Randomly there is some result/response, that is termed / “show cased” as success. Gurus handling crores of advertisement budget will have their own “correct” experience. 99.99% people / small businesses are not relevant in that.
[ Google adwords in my experience or observation; is very costly, and not at all effective. Adwords is absolute waste of money. Facebook in contrast maintains lots of connections, the visitors repeat of their own, so much more persistent. ]
As per my perception; Advertisement is not a communication, at all. It is an enabler, so that if someone searches, then can find the links / details quickly. Only those who search, if they get some details, of something; earlier than another; the former has higher chance being considered.
[ Did you notice that top 50 or 100 Management Gurus, and / or “Best selling Management Books“ are not Indian ]
-
Science is closely related to Technology. I personally cannot distinguish.
3D Printing was started by Chuck Hull
As of 2016 ( apart from Lakhs of Industrial Applications ) Body-parts are being 3D printed
See youtube.com/watch?v=a1Ikv3yHs0w
And youtube.com/watch?v=_RO5DSIB1GE
Xenotransplantation
youtube.com/watch?v=6rKUBBjaa0g
youtube.com/watch?v=qFQo28AahAE
-
Artificial Blood
Since 1990s various kinds of Artificial Blood has been made. I read many reports! Research to improve is always on.
youtube.com/watch?v=9I7oUuZBG4c
-
Artificial Photosynthesis or Chlorophyll
youtube.com/watch?v=hU-T0ht2OdQ
youtube.com/watch?v=N8LHqoNber4
-
Nanotechnology
youtube.com/watch?v=xlYIex2TF5g
youtube.com/watch?v=7hRjhxi2uL0
-
Metamaterials
youtube.com/watch?v=taSfueSfmag
youtube.com/watch?v=26J5n_8_6TQ
-
Molecular Motors
youtube.com/watch?v=WH5rwsu5tzI
-
Quantum Computer
youtube.com/watch?v=0dXNmbiGPS4
youtube.com/watch?v=u9zx7QOKPno
For list of emerging Technologies see
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies
-
Bio-batteries: creating energy from bacteria ( or Microbial Fuel Cell )
Research reported by Dr Tom Clarke's team at the University of East Anglia's Department of Biological Sciences has shown how thousands of tiny molecular wires embedded in the surface of a bacterium called Shewanella oneidensis can directly transmit an electric current to inorganic minerals such as iron and manganese oxides, or the surface of electrodes. The phenomenon, known as direct extracellular electron transfer (DEET), occurs because of the way that some bacteria living in environments lacking oxygen export electrons that are generated through their respiratory cycle. Examples include Shewanella, and some species of another bacterium known as Geobacter.
See eandt.theiet.org/magazine/2013/07/growing-power.cfm
Regarding Indian Scientists journosdiary.com/2016/09/10/iisc-india-bacteria-power-tiny-engine/
-
Communication in trees
Trees, it turns out, have a completely different way of communicating: they use scent. Four decades ago, scientists noticed something on the African savannah. The giraffes there were feeding on umbrella thorn acacias, and the trees didn’t like this one bit. It took the acacias mere minutes to start pumping toxic substances into their leaves to rid themselves of the large herbivores. The giraffes got the message and moved on to other trees in the vicinity. But did they move on to trees close by? No, for the time being, they walked right by a few trees and resumed their meal only when they had moved about 100 yards away.
The acacia trees that were being eaten gave off a warning gas ( specifically, ethylene ) that signaled to neighbouring trees of the same species that a crisis was at hand. Right away, all the forewarned trees also pumped toxins into their leaves to prepare themselves. The giraffes were wise to this game and therefore moved farther away to a part of the savannah where they could find trees that were oblivious to what was going on. Or else they moved upwind. For the scent messages were carried to nearby trees on the breeze, and if the animals walked upwind, they could find acacias close by that had no idea the giraffes were there.
This ability to produce different compounds is another feature that helps trees fend off attack for a while. When it comes to some species of insects, trees can accurately identify which bad guys they are up against. The saliva of each species is different, and the tree can match the saliva to the insect. Indeed, the match can be so precise that the tree can release pheromones that summon specific beneficial predators. The beneficial predators help the tree by eagerly devouring the insects that are bothering them. For example, elms and pines call on small parasitic wasps that lay their eggs inside leaf-eating caterpillars. As the wasp larvae develop, they devour the larger caterpillars bit by bit from the inside out. Not a nice way to die. The result, however, is that the trees are saved from bothersome pests and can keep growing with no further damage. The fact that trees can recognize saliva is, incidentally, evidence for yet another skill they must have. For if they can identify saliva, they must also have a sense of taste.
A drawback of scent compounds is that they disperse quickly in the air. Often they can only be detected within a range of about 100 yards. Quick dispersal, however, also has advantages. As the transmission of signals inside the tree is very slow, a tree can cover long distances much more quickly through the air if it wants to warn distant parts of its own structure that danger lurks. A specialized distress call is not always necessary when a tree needs to mount a defence against insects. The animal world simply registers the tree’s basic chemical alarm call. It then knows some kind of attack is taking place and predatory species should mobilize. Whoever is hungry for the kinds of critters that attack trees just can’t stay away.
Trees can also mount their own defence. Oaks, for example, carry bitter, toxic tannins in their bark and leaves. These either kill chewing insects outright or at least affect the leaves’ taste to such an extent that instead of being deliciously crunchy, they become biliously bitter. Willows produce the defensive compound salicylic acid, which works in much the same way. But not on us. Salicylic acid is a precursor of aspirin, and tea made from willow bark can relieve headaches and bring down fevers. Such defence mechanisms, of course, take time. Therefore, a combined approach is crucially important for arboreal early-warning systems.
Trees also warn each other using chemical signals sent through the fungal networks around their root tips. which operate no matter what the weather. Surprisingly, news bulletins are sent via the roots not only by means of chemical compounds but also by means of electrical impulses that travel at the speed of a third of an inch per second. In comparison with our bodies, it is, admittedly, extremely slow. However, there are species in the animal kingdom, such as jellyfish and worms, whose nervous systems conduct impulses at a similar speed. Once the latest news has been broadcast, all oaks in the area promptly pump tannins through their veins.
Tree roots extend a long way, more than twice the spread of the crown. So the root systems of neighbouring trees inevitably intersect and grow into one another—though there are always some exceptions. Even in a forest, there are loners, would-be hermits who want little to do with others. Can such antisocial trees block alarm calls simply by not participating? Luckily, they can’t. For usually there are fungi present that act as intermediaries to guarantee quick dissemination of news. These fungi operate like fibre-optic Internet cables. Their thin filaments penetrate the ground, weaving through it in almost unbelievable density. One teaspoon of forest soil contains many miles of these ‘hyphae’. Over centuries, a single fungus can cover many square miles and network an entire forest. The fungal connections transmit signals from one tree to the next, helping the trees exchange news about insects, drought, and other dangers. Science has adopted a term first coined by the journal Nature for Simard’s discovery of the ‘wood wide web’ pervading our forests. What and how much information is exchanged are subjects we have only just begun to research. For instance, Suzzane Simard discovered that different tree species are in contact with one another, even when they regard each other as competitors. And the fungi are pursuing their own agendas and appear to be very much in favour of conciliation and equitable distribution of information and resources.
If trees are weakened, it could be that they lose their conversational skills along with their ability to defend themselves. Otherwise, it’s difficult to explain why insect pests specifically seek out trees whose health is already compromised. It’s conceivable that to do this, insects listen to trees’ urgent chemical warnings, and then test trees that don’t pass the message on by taking a bite out of their leaves or bark. A tree’s silence could be because of a serious illness or, perhaps, the loss of its fungal network, which would leave the tree completely cut off from the latest news. The tree no longer registers approaching disaster, and the doors are open for the caterpillar and beetle buffet. The loners I just mentioned are similarly susceptible—they might look healthy, but they have no idea what is going on around them.
In the symbiotic community of the forest, not only trees but also shrubs and grasses—and possibly all plant species—exchange information this way. However, when we step into farm fields, the vegetation becomes very quiet. Thanks to selective breeding, our cultivated plants have, for the most part, lost their ability to communicate above or below ground—you could say they are deaf and dumb—and therefore they are easy prey for insect pests. That is one reason why modern agriculture uses so many pesticides. Perhaps farmers can learn from the forests and breed a little more wildness back into their grain and potatoes so that they’ll be more talkative in the future...
To decide if trees are silent … researchers substitute grain seedlings because they are easier to handle. They started listening, and it didn’t take them long to discover that their measuring apparatus was registering roots crackling quietly at a frequency of 220 hertz. Crackling roots? That doesn’t necessarily mean anything. After all, even dead wood crackles when it’s burned in a stove. But the noises discovered in the laboratory caused the researchers to sit up and pay attention. For the roots of seedlings not directly involved in the experiment reacted. Whenever the seedlings’ roots were exposed to a crackling at 220 hertz, they oriented their tips in that direction. That means the grasses were registering this frequency, so it makes sense to say they ‘heard’ it.
It is well known that Music Played near trees help them grow faster. There are many commercial products claiming quicker growth in farms.
After reading all these some may imagine that this is what is happening in jungles ….
The list can go on forever. Students can read and learn more of their own…
Even though Indian Rocket could send 20 Satellites to space in one go, Indian prefer to do the following ...
Every Puja is remnant of “Caste System”. Think … Who are performing the Pujas ? What is the Qualification of the Pujari ? What is his effectiveness ? How are the Pujaris chosen ?
Russian Dnepr rocket had sent 37 satellites to Space, without Pujas !
I have met lot of people who think, that “Global Warming” is happening due to Cars, or because of burning Plastics …
In our atmosphere close to 1% is Argon, while only 0.04% in CO2
Half of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The other half is produced via photosynthesis on land by trees, shrubs, grasses, and other plants.
See news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0607_040607_phytoplankton.html
See skmclasses.kinja.com/global-warming-is-not-due-to-human-activity-1761784651
My students and the readers of this book must know that; over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere. One volcanic cough can do this in a day. skepticalscience.com/print.php?r=50
time.com/3698572/science-maya-tolstoy-geophysical-research-letters-volcanoes-climate-change/
Temperature-Sea Levels-CO2-etc always have been fluctuating over ages - Global Warming
See archive.org/details/TemperatureSeaLevelsCO2EtcAlwaysHaveBeenFluctuatingOverAgesGlobalWarming
Know about the Giants of Science from Videos
archive.org/details/CasimirPolderDaviesUnruhBELLAspectGalileoMosleyChadwickFeynmanSchrodinger
youtube.com/watch?v=ecQazN9Z24w
Long back a Professor had advised me, to read all issues of Scientific American; say from 1920s, or as old as possible; to learn Physics. I did listen to him and read all old copies, that were available in the Library. Now in the net it is much easier for Students, to get the copies.
See archive.org/search.php?query="Scientific%20American"
In 1999 there was a Special Issue on Men
See archive.org/stream/ScientificAmericanspEd-Vol10No2-Men-1999#page/n1/mode/2up
Preface for Physics
Professor H. C. Verma wrote amazing books in Physics. There are many other good books for IIT JEE and other exams. Krishna’s Guides, Books by Professor N. N. Ghosh, Professor D. C. Pandey, GRB Publications Physics Guides etc are very good. For numerical s the Irodov’s books remain the King !
“Concepts of Physics” by Professor H C Verma have been available since 1991. ( and did not change or updated since ). Previous to that, past papers of IIT JEE, and other exams, were the source for preparation. I was in High School in 1980s. I had 6-7 Russian books apart from Irodov. All these were very good. Resnick and Halliday ‘s ( Walker and Krane came in subsequently ) book was also well known. There were too many “ uncles “ who used to advice that “ only Resnick and Halliday ‘s book was enough “ !
Well I agreed and disagreed. There were many IIT JEE questions which were ditto or verbatim picked-up from Resnick Halliday ! But, something more was always needed. Brilliant Tutorials, Agarwal Coaching etc, were famous those days. ( 1980s 90 s ). They were giving several new questions, which enabled more practice. People slowly realized that “ every type “ of questions are NOT there in Resnick & Halliday, or say Irodov.
Uncles saying “ only Resnick and Halliday ‘s book was enough “ ! were wrong. “Concepts of Physics” by Professor H C Verma sold so much because of very good step by step explanations, new solved examples, new exercises. Several gaps were filled-up.
The word Physics is derived from Latin physica, from Greek (ta) phusika, (the things) of nature, from neuter plural of phusikos.
So, why am I writing “another book” in Physics ? ( The description of nature )
I wish to answer this most important question, first !
There are many kind of Questions which are not covered in “ Concepts of Physics “ of Professor H. C. Verma. Also Irodov, in his books, does not explain or cover several kinds of Problems or Questions. The “ Coaching Institutes “ very rightly thrived on these gaps. Almost 100% students benefit more with more examples. As Coaching Institutes discuss, cover and repeat several more examples in each chapter compared to School or Text books; explains the reason of their popularity.
Let me list a few examples to explain all this.
Optics - 1 ) The expression for deviation of a ray passing through a slab
See again
Optics - 2 ) Fresnel’s Biprism
Optics - 3 ) Negative Refractive Index. For meta-materials we can have Negative Refractive index. So “ Refractive Index “ is a ‘ rare ‘ scalar which can be negative. [ Recall most scalars are positive, such as volume, mass, pressure, viscosity, resistance, inductance, capacitance etc. Can you think of a few scalars which can be negative also apart from charge or current ? ]
Negative refractive index question was asked in 2012 IIT JEE
Optics - 4 ) Combination of Prism and Mirror problems
A prism having an apex
Optics - 5 ) How do we find focal length of a lens ?
Optics - 6 ) Circle of least confusion
Optics - 7 )
Deviation diagrams
While this combination will also have a circle of least confusion
Optics - 8 ) Aspherical lenses can be used to reduce axial spread ( of paraxial rays ), apart from stoppers or rather with combinations of stoppers.
Remember more curved surface should face the light first. In plano-convex lens the convex part should face the light for better utilization of refraction properties. Also this minimizes the errors.
Optics - 9 ) The conical image of a point
Optics - 10 ) Split lenses
- Was asked in Physics Olympiad before being asked in IIT JEE
Solution
Solution
Optics - 11 ) Lloyd’s Mirror
Optics - 12 ) Newton’s Rings
Optics - 13 ) Plano-Convex lens problems
Optics - 14 ) Lens problems with graphs
IIT JEE 2011
Answer [ c ]
Answer ( a )
In the above problem which of the following relations are correct
Answer ( a ) and ( d )
-
Answer - b, c, d
-
As the position of an object ( u ) from a concave mirror is varied, the position of the image ( v ) also varies. By letting u change from 0 to ∞ the graph between v and u will be ?
Answer - ( a )
So Answer - ( d )
-
Optics - 15 ) Lens immersed in a liquid
Karnataka CET 1996 problem - Lens put in Slab with liquid
If the formula was printed as +ve, then the absolute values of Radius will be taken.
Solution :
There can be problems with lens and different transparent materials on either side or both sides
Solution : ( d )
Optics - 16 ) Trick questions with distance of object, Image, focal length of lenses
A short linear object of length L lies on the axis of a spherical mirror of focal length f at a distance u from the mirror. Its image has an axial length L’ equal to ?
Solution :
Solution :
Optics - 17 ) Application of Geometry in sphere to understand a plano-convex lens problem
Application of Sagitta Theorem
-
Optics - 18 ) Spherical lens
A ray in incident on a sphere, with incidence anagle of 600 Refractive Index of the sphere is √3 The ray is reflected and refracted on the further surface. The angle between the reflected and refracted surface is ?
Answer 900
Sin 60 / Sin r1 = √3 => Sin r1 = ½ => r1 = 300
Sin i2 / Sin r2 = √3 => i2 = 600 as r1 = r2 = 300
Angle of deviation 180 - ( r2 + i2 ) = 180 - 90 = 90
-
Optics - 19 ) Thick lenses
Optics - 20 ) Cauchy’s formula for Refractive Index
-
Optics - 21 ) Reflection images in inclined mirrors
Number of images is given as greatest integer of [ (360/θ ) - 1 ]
-
Optics - 22 ) Optics problems with vectors, 3D imagination
The x - y plane is boundary between two transparent media. Medium-1 with z 0 has a refractive index and medium 2 with z 0 has refractive index . A ray of light inmedium-1 given by vector is incident on the plane of separation, find the unit vector in the direction of the refracted ray in medium-2.
Solution: Let refracted ray be
Normal to plane of incident and normal =
=
it must also be normal to refracted ray
cos ( - i) =
= = cos1200
i = 600
r = 450
Now since angle between refracted ray and Normal = 450
c2 = a2 + b2 = a2 +
c =
Optics - 23 ) Problems with continuously varying refractive index ( First asked in IPhO and then in IIT JEE )
A ray of light in air is incident atgrazing angle (i = 900) on a long rectangular slab of a transparent medium of thickness t = 1.0 m. The point of incidence is the origin A(0, 0).
The medium has a variable index of refraction n(y) given by n(y) = where k = 1.0 m-3/2.
The refractive index of air is 1. (i) Obtain a relation between the slope of the trajectory of the ray at a point B(x, y) in the point. (ii) Obtain an equation for trajectory y(x) of the ray in the point. (iii) Determine the co-ordinates (x, y1) of the point P where the ray intersects the upper surface of the slab-air boundary. (d) Indicate the path of the ray subsequently.
Solution:
Taking on arbitrary point P(x, y) refractive index at this point n =
from Snell's law n sin = constant applying this for initail pt. (when ray is entering medium B) and at point.
1 x sin900 = sin i
sin i = it can be seen that i =
Slope = tan = cot i =
(ii) = cot i =
it passes through origin C = 0
x = 4 is the equation of trajectory
when ray comes out of the mediums
then x = 4 x 1 = 4
Co-ordinate of pt- is (4, 1)
If medium on both sides are same, then angle with which the ray enters the medium = angle with which the ray comes out.
Ray will be parallel to x-axis.
-
Optics - 24 ) Cylindrical lens ( IIT JEE 1999 )
Optics - 25 ) Two lenses or mirros whose axis is not coinciding ( IIT JEE 1993 ) Shifted lenses or mirrors
Solution
archive.org/details/IITJEE1993OpticsInterestingShiftedLensImageMagnificationAndPosition
-
So f1 = -15 cm
Optics - 26 ) Painted lens or Combination of lenses where the last one is painted ( silvered )
If I am recalling correctly IIT JEE and other exams ( till 2016 ) had more than 10 questions of this kind. Most books do not discuss the easy formula of -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm
( In 1990 I had derived this formula of my own for quick solving of this kind of problems )
Fm is focal length of the mirror as R/2 +ve or -ve as per conditions
Solution :
Focal length of planar side is fm = R/2 = -∞
by lens makers formula. R is positive because center of curvature is on right side
Use -1/F = 2/fL1 - 1/fm or 1/F = - or F =
R ( equivalent ) = 2F =
We don’t have to use the formula -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm for every problem
See a Karnataka CET problem of 2004 ( Was also asked in IIT JEE and solved in “Concepts of Physics by Professor H C Verma )
Solution :
IIT JEE 2006
Solution :
Long method
Shorter Method
Use F = and = 1/(2R)
1/15 = 1/2R => 15 = 2R => R = 7.5 cm
F = - 7.5 / ( 2 X 0.5 ) = -7.5 = -15/2
Using 1/v + 1/u = 1/F for equivalent mirror
1/v + 1/( -20 ) = 1/( - 7.5 )
1/v = 1/20 - 2/15 = ( 3 - 8 )/60 = -5 / 60 = -1/12
V = -12 cm
Even more shorter method
If I am appearing for an exam I would have done -1/F = 2/fL1 - 1/fm
So -1/F = 2/( 15 ) - 1/( - ∞ ) = 1/7.5 - 0 => F = - 7.5 cm
Then Using 1/v + 1/u = 1/F for equivalent mirror
1/v + 1/( -20 ) = 1/( - 7.5 )
1/v = 1/20 - 2/15 = ( 3 - 8 )/60 = -5 / 60 = -1/12
V = -12 cm
-
IIT JEE 1978
Let us use -1/F = 2/fL1 - 1/fm
And giving 1/20 = 0.5 ( 1/R1 - 1/(-22)) or R1 = 55/3
R1 actually is not required. We can find fm as R2 /2 = - 11 cm
So - 1/F = 2/20 - 1/( -11 ) = 1/10 + 1/11 = 21/110
or F = - 110/21 ( not required ! 1/F = -21/110 is enough )
Using mirror formula 1/v + 1/u = 1/F
So 1/v + 1 / ( -10 ) = -21/110
1/v = 1/10 - 21/110 = ( 11 -21 )/110 = -10/110 = -1/11
v = -11 cm
virtual image on left at 11 cm
( Now do you guys see that even though we got problems of this kind since 1978 and before, but yet the formula is not there in every book ! )
-
IIT JEE 1979
Now you know that this problem can be solved by 3 different ways.
The longest method being successive image method. Meaning find the first image due to lens, then 2nd image due to silvered surface as mirror. The 3rd and final image is due to light travelling from right to left through the lens again.
I will discuss the shorter methods
( b ) use -1/F = 2/fL so F = -12 cm
The system will act as a concave mirror of focal length 12 cm. The parallel rays will converge at 12 cm left of this silvered lens.
( c )
( d )
IIT JEE 1981
I will prefer to solve this by -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm ( note it was a 2 marks problem )
While for practice and to know how successive image method of solving works see …
( b )
Now can you guys check the results using -1/F = 2/fL1 + 2/fL2 - 1/fm
Solution :
Video explanations of Painted or Silvered lenses
archive.org/details/PaintedLensIITJEEProblemImageNeedsToCoincideWithObjectHCVProf.HCVermaPart1
Optics - 27 ) Image speed when object is moving as seen from various mirrors and lenses
( concave, convex, silvered etc )
Mirror formula ( 1/v + 1/u = 1/f ) or Lens formula ( 1/v - 1/u = 1/f ) have to be differentiated to find du/dt or dv/dt
Optics - 28 ) Slab with a hole or gap, then may be filled with liquid etc
Solution :
Optics - 29 ) Constraint in interference conditions
Solution :
Answer ( b ) See above Solution
Solution :
Optics - 30 ) Silvered Prisms or Painted Prisms
Solution : ( c )
Optics - 31 ) A slab is silvered on one side or Painted on one side
Solution : ( d )
-
iii )
iv )
Solution : ( b )
Solution : ( a )
Optics - 32 ) In YDSE experiment the light falls at an angle on 2 slits
Optics - 33 ) Diffraction Grating
The maximum is sufficiently sharp
Optics - 34 ) Interference with equations
Optics – 35 ) f number of a camera
If n1 and n2 are f-numbers of two cameras and t1 and t2 are the exposure times then ( t1 / t2 ) = ( n1 / n2 )2
The f-number of a camera lens is defined as n = f / D
where D = diameter of the camera lens
and f = focal length
Modern Physics 1 ) Spallation reactions ( MP-PET-2002 Madhya Pradesh Pre Engineering Test )
See skmclasses.weebly.com/spallation-reaction.html
-
Modern Physics 2 ) Ruby LASER ( asked in COMED-K Karnataka )
See skmclasses.weebly.com/ruby-laser.html
-
Modern Physics 3 ) Various details in Particle Physics ( asked in several state exams, including Karnataka CET and COMED-K )
See skmclasses.weebly.com/particle-physics.html
-
Modern Physics 4 ) “Magic Numbers” and “Doubly Magic Numbers” in Nuclear Isotope Stability
See skmclasses.weebly.com/magic-number-doubly-magic-in-nucleus.html
-
Modern Physics 5 ) Every Alpha ( α ) decay produces an isodiapher. Meaning isodiaphers are extremely common. There was AIEEE question on isodiaphers. Also asked in many other exams. Even though every book talks of α, β, and γ decay; most do not talk about isodiaphers, and positron decay. I find this very strange or rather weird !
An example of positron emission (β+ decay) is shown with Magnesium 23 decaying into Sodium23
With a positron emission a Proton changes to Neutron. So Mass number remains the same. In 1934 Frederic and Irene Joliot Curie bombarded aluminium with alpha particles to effect the nuclear reaction and observed that the product isotope 30P15 emits a positron identical to those found in cosmic rays by Carl David Anderson in 1932. Meaning it is surely not so new or modern phenomena that “ Modern Physics “ chapter of Modern Books are not covering this ! 3 year back a IIT JEE question with Positron is also not changing the taboo !
Once again I will say “ So strange is this World ! “
Modern Physics 6 ) Relativistic correction for mass when electrons are flying at very high speed due to very high voltage.
If the voltage is 10KV then what will be the speed of the electrons ?
We know Charge X Voltage = Energy = ½ mv2
Well so far so good. Substitute the values ….
Charge of electron e = 1.6 X 10-19 Coulomb and mass of electron m = 9.1 X 10-31 kg or 0.511 MeV For sake of this discussion let us approximate electron mass as 0.5 MeV/c2
So e ( 104 )V = 104 eV = ½ mv2 = ( ½ )( ½ MeV)(v/c)2 = ( MeV/4 ) (v/c)2
4 X 104 = 106 (v/c)2 => 4/100 = (v/c)2 => v/c = 1/5 => v = c/5
Upto speed of around c/5 we do not take relativistic corrections.
Now what would be the speed of the electrons if the voltage was 1MV ?
A wrong calculation and thus wrong answer would be
X e ( 106 ) V = ½ mv2 = ( ½ )( ½ MeV)(v/c)2 = ( MeV/4 ) (v/c)2
X 4 = (v/c)2
X v/c = 2 => v = 2c
Students should know that particles can’t move at speed more than c
An 1 mark question in Karnataka CET had an option close to 98% of c. Student can guess this and tick. While the calculation will be as follows
Let k =
We will have e ( 106 ) V = ½ (m/k)v2 = ( ½ )( ½ MeV/k)(v/c)2 = ( MeV/4k ) (v/c)2
So 4k = (v/c)2 put v/c = x we get 4 √( 1 - x2 ) = x2 put x2 = y so 4√( 1 - y ) = y
Or 16 ( 1 - y ) = y2 => y2 + 16y - 16 = 0 Solve the quadratic to get y = 0.95
So x2 = 0.95 or x = √0.95 = 0.975 => v/c = 0.975 or v = 97.5% of light speed
-
Electronics 1 )
NOT gate can be implemented by NOR Gate. All the pins have to be connected to same signal.
Similarly NOT gate can be implemented with NAND gates
XOR ( exclusive OR ) gate can be implemented with other gates. In various exams the connections are asked.
Implementing OR Gate with NAND gates
Implementing AND gate with NOR gates
Varactor diode
Common emitter
Common base
Common emitter
Common base
Common base
Common emitter
Heat or Thermodynamics 1 ) So many exams including IIT JEE had questions on Polytropic processes. Apart from Professor N. N. Ghosh’s books, hardly this is covered in Physics Books
I am surprised and amused to see so many coaching Institutes making errors in Polytropic Process Problems. In most cases the teachers are avoiding it, and in rare cases when it is being covered there are errors.
Let us do it here.
We assume ideal gas for Thermodynamics process problems. So PV = nRT is taken as true regardless the process gas is taken through. So Isothermal ( meaning constant Temperature ), Isobaric ( meaning const Pressure ), Isochoric ( meaning constant Volume ) or even PVz = Const ( P into V to the power z is constant ) where z is a constant of the polytropic process, the expression PV=nRT is taken as true. We do substitute that to exchange the variables in many problems.
If the gas expands ( often due to supply of heat ) the work done by the gas is taken as positive.
Work done expression in Isothermal ( or isotropic as some people say it ) is given by
In case of adiabatic process ( where no heat exchange takes place ) , n is γ ( gamma ), so in the above expression replace n as γ
There are other expressions which are handy ( given for 1 mole of gas ), for Heat supplied in Polytropic Process
Heat Supplied in a process at constant Pressure is
VdP expression in polytropic process
Specific heat in case of Polytropic process and Cv in terms of gamma
Example
You can also write + R / ( 1-k ) in Specific heat expression so see an example
IIT JEE 1995 Polytropic Thermodynamics Process Problem
Heat or Thermodynamics 2 ) Formula for equivalent gamma in mixture of gases. n1 moles of gas with γ1 and n2 mole of gas with γ2 are mixed, then what is equivalent gamma ?
Why Cv = R / ( γ – 1 )
Specific heat of a polytropic process. Derivation of work done in polytropic process.
Heat or Thermodynamics 3 ) Work done calculations in various situations
Work done example in Isothermal expansion
Example in Isothermal Expansion
Work done by the gas
Work done by the gas
work done by the gas
Question on Total Heat rejected
- Question with P T diagram
Solution :
Work done by the gas
Example of cycle given P T diagram
Heat or Thermodynamics 4 ) Efficiency of Refrigerator and Refrigeration constant
Coefficient of Performance of a Refrigerator
Coefficient of performance of refrigerator working between temperatures 30 and 0 deg centigrade
Ans : c )
Efficiency of Refrigerator is given by
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 273 / 303 ) = 0.099 ≈ ( approx ) 0.1 or 10%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : a )
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 273 / 300 ) = 0.09 ≈ or 9%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : b )
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 260 / 312 ) = 0.16666 ≈ ( approx ) 0.16667 or 16.67%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : a )
So in this case efficiency η = 1 – ( 250 / 300 ) = 0.1666666 ≈ ( approx ) 0.16667 or 16.67%
Refrigerator Problem
Ans : b )
Carnot engine efficiency is covered in every book. But efficiency of refrigerator and Coefficient of Performance is rarely discussed.
Heat or Thermodynamics 5 ) Concept of “free expansion”
Adiabatic free expansion
Question on work done
Solution :
Let A be the area of cross section
Heat or Thermodynamics 6 ) Ingen Housz’s experiment of identical rods
Heat or Thermodynamics 7 ) Concept of Internal Energy at Room temperature
Question in Internal Energy
Heat or Thermodynamics 8 ) Saturated vapor pressure problems
Heat or Thermodynamics 9 ) Mean free path
Mean free path of a gas molecule between 2 collisions
Heat or Thermodynamics 10 ) Questions on efficiency of cycle
Efficiency of cycle example
= 16237.2 Kelvin per mole
Example of Efficiency of a cycle
Example where 2 vessels are connected
More example in Heat and Thermodynamics
Properties of Material 1 ) Torsional Torque per unit twist
Properties of Material 2 ) Torsion of a cylinder
Properties of Material 3 ) Coefficient of Resilience
3 kinds of Coefficient of Resilience
The amount of energy absorbed per unit volume of the body. This is affected by the class of deformation whether axial, bending, or torsional; hence there are three kinds of coefficients of resilience.
Some Authors refer Coefficient of Restitution as Coefficient of resilience.
If a ball falls from a height falling vertically, and just before hitting the ground, it has a speed of v1. Then after hitting the ground it jumps upward with a vertical upward speed of v2.
Then the coefficient of restitution e = mod of ( v2 / v1 )
If a ball is moving at u1 and another is moving at u2, they collide. After collision if these move at v1 and v2 then e = mod of ( v2-v1) / ( u2 – u1 )
Properties of Material 4 ) Relations between various Elastic constants
Write many times to memorize
There is a mistake in the formula below. Y/η should be 2 ( 1 + σ )
Properties of Material 5 ) Bending of the Beam
Depression of Beam at center
Properties of Material 6 ) Measurement of Radius of Curvature
Properties of Material 7 ) Shear stress
Properties of Material 8 ) Thermal stress and force
Properties of Material 9 ) Proof Resilience
Properties of Material 10 ) Elongation in a Pendulum
Properties of Material 11 ) Depression at center of rod
Fluid 1 ) Bernoulli’s Principle and Application
Differential velocity at top and bottom of an aircraft wing, for uplift
Dynamic lift in aircraft
Ans :
Pressure Difference = ΔP = 1/2 ( ρ ) v ^2
roof of hut being flown off due to strong wind
Fluid 2 ) Magnus Effect Top Spin
Magnus Effect lift
Fluid 3 ) Reynold’s Number
Fluid 4 ) Surface Tension Formula
Fluid 5 ) Bulk Modulus and Compression of liquid
Fluid 6 ) Time taken for water to go from h1 to h2
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation in Siphon
Magnetic Properties of Materials 1 ) Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Ferrimagnetic, Antiferromagnetic
Projectile Problems
In Professor H C Verma’s book there are less than 10 Projectile problems. This is insufficient.
Radius of Curvature of a Projectile
A Special Problem on Average Relative Velocity
A modified problem from Irodov regarding “Spring constant” and height of fall
Melde’s Experiment
A wave problem with interpretation of equation
Beats of Beats
Bremsstrahlung Effect
Bremsstrahlung ( German word ) from bremsen "to brake" and Strahlung "radiation", i.e. "braking radiation" or "deceleration radiation") is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into a photon because energy is conserved. The term is also used to refer to the process of producing the radiation. Bremsstrahlung has a continuous spectrum, which becomes more intense and shifts toward higher frequencies as the change of the energy of the accelerated particles increases.
Strictly speaking, bremsstrahlung is any radiation due to the acceleration of a charged particle, which includes synchrotron radiation, cyclotron radiation, and the emission of electrons and positrons during beta decay. However, the term is frequently used in the more narrow sense of radiation from electrons (from whatever source) stopping in matter.
Bremsstrahlung emitted from plasma is sometimes referred to as free-free radiation. This refers to the fact that the radiation in this case is created by charged particles that are free both before and after the deflection (acceleration) that causes the emission.
Equivalent Resistance in Infinite Mesh or Grid
For Resistances R connected in square mesh or grid at any node current 1 Amp injected in any node will spread as 1/4 Amp as in all directions. This is because, resistance in all directions are same. This current will go and assimilate at infinite radius. So a Battery positive terminal connected at a node and negative connected to infinite ring at edge will give current I/4 in adjacent resistances to the node. Similarly a Negative terminal of a battery connected to next node and positive terminal connected to infinite grid will also see I/4 in all adjacent resistances of the node. So as per superposition theorem the effective current in the resistance between the nodes is I/4 + I/4 = I/2 and thus equivalent resistance is R/2
The principle of superposition says that if we add the two solutions we also get a solution. Adding the two configurations above means that the resistor joining A to B must be carrying 1/2 Amp (1/4 from the first solution and 1/4 from the second, both in the same direction). But this is a 1Ω resistor so the Voltage across AB must be 1/2 V.
Think ( or Imagine ) the whole mesh or grid as being inside a black box in between the input wire and output wire. This black box has a current of 1 Amp flowing through it and the voltage dropped is 0.5 V. It’s resistance is therefore 0.5 Ω. ( For resistances of R the equivalent will come as R/2 )
For Triangular mesh
From node A; a current I injected will spread out in 6 directions equally. so I/6 will flow in each node, for positive of Battery being connected to A and negative connected to infinite ring away. Now again connect the Battery Negative to node B and positive terminal of the Battery to infinite ring away. So I/6 will flow again from A to B. Thus as per superposition theorem current in Branch A-B will be I/6 + I/6 = I/3 when Battery Positive terminal is connected to A and Battery negative is connected to B. Thus equivalent Resistance will come out to be R/3
So let us discuss what happens in Hexagonal Honeycomb Resistances Infinite mesh or grid
Here I will spread out as I/3 so when battery connected to adjacent nodes, the current in the resistance will be 2I/3 thus equivalent resistance will be 2R/3
The V – i graph for a conductor at T1 and T2 are shown ….
Ans : ( 3 )
Hot wire Ammeter
-
Thevenin's Theorem, Norton's Theorem, and Maximum Power Transfer
A good way to demonstrate the electrical equivalence of these circuits is to calculate their responses to identical load resistor values. The equivalence you see here is an application of
Thevenin’s Theorem
Examine this circuit, consisting of an ideal voltage source and several resistors
First, calculate the voltage seen at the load terminals with a voltmeter directly connected across them
(an open-circuit condition)
Next, calculate the current seen at the load terminals with an ammeter directly connected across them (a short-circuit condition)
(very Important) Concept of current Source IIT-JEE Karnataka-CET Circuits
archive.org/details/6veryImportantConceptOfCurrentSourceIITJEEKarnatakaCETCircuitsPhy
archive.org/details/ConceptOfCurrentSourcePhysicsIITJEE1986CircuitAnalysisCapacitorPart2
(very important) Delta to Star Conversion Electrical Circuits
archive.org/details/6DeltaToStarConversionEquivalentResistanceOfUnbalancedWheatstoneBridgePhysics
EAMCET-2000 Trick Questions in Electrical Circuits Internal Resistance of Battery
archive.org/details/6EAMCET2000TrickQuestionsInElectricalCircuitsInternalResistanceOfBatteryIITJEEPhy
Superposition Theorem
archive.org/details/6SuperimpositionTheoremBranchCurrentIsSumOfIndividualCurrentsDueToEachBattery
Electrical Circuits Step by Step
archive.org/details/ElectricalCircuitsBasicsExplainedStepByStep1
Radius of Curvature of an Ellipse
Let us learn a few basic facts about Ellipse
The major diameter is sometimes called the major axis. Let this have length 2*a. Let the minor diameter (minor axis) have length 2*b. We often say that a is the "semimajor axis" and that b is the "semiminor axis." Then the eccentricity of the ellipse is
e = sqrt(a^2 - b^2) / a
This should be a number between 0 and 1. The distance from the center to the foci is c = a*e = sqrt(a^2 - b^2).
An Ellipse can be visualized as a Conic Section
While the equations of the Ellipse is given as shown below
In these ( h, k ) is the center of the Ellipse. For the ellipse a > b
While if b > a then the calculations are shown below
Now, this tells you where the foci are--they both lie on the major axis, at a distance of c from the center of the ellipse. But if you are trying to calculate the radius of curvature at the point y end (where the major axis intersects the ellipse), you can work directly from the formula for the ellipse:
x^2 y^2
--- + --- = 1 this assumes that the coordinate system
a^2 b^2 has the origin at the ellipse's center.
We need the radius of curvature at (x,y) = (a,0).
This is actually a question that is found using calculus:
[(x')^2 + (y')^2]^(3/2)
radius of curvature R = ----------------------------------
x'y" - y'x"
Or it can be written as shown below
where the x and y coordinates can be parameterized as
x(t) = a cos(t), y(t) = b sin(t)
x'(t) = -a sin(t), y'(t) = b cos(t)
x"(t) = -a cos(t), y"(t) = -b sin(t)
and plugging these into the expression for R gives us
[a^2 sin^2(t) + b^2 cos^2(t)]^(3/2)
R = -------------------------------------------
ab [sin^2(t) + cos^2(t)]
The point (x,y) = (a,0) occurs when t=0, so we plug t=0 into this expression to find the maximum possible radius of your cutting tool:
[0 + (b2 )*1]^(3/2) b3
R(a,0) = ------------------------ = ------ = b2 /a
a*b*1 a*b
You can see that if b/a is small(i.e., the ellipse is very squashed), then the radius of curvature is b*(b/a), so that it is smaller than the semiminor axis b. And if b=a, then the ellipse is actually a circle, and it has radius of curvature equal to a, as required.
Motion in Variable Acceleration
Example – A body is Decelerating at Proportional to square of the distance …
archive.org/details/ABodyIsDeceleratingProportionalToXSquareWhatWillBeVelocoty
An important Concept in Buoyant Force
For Buoyant Force to act There must be liquid below
I have observed that most Text books only stop by saying that Buoyant Force is the weight of the displaced liquid ( by the object ). This works fine for discussion with Boats, floating blocks etc. But in some cases, there are issues with this statement. To give more clarity to students I would like to discuss the following…
Take 3 Jars whose inside bottom part is very smooth. Also take a Hemisphere, a Cylinder and a Cone. The bottom of the hemisphere, cone and cylinder is very smooth.
Now put the Cone, Cylinder, and the Hemisphere inside the Jar
The density of the material of the Cone, Cylinder, and the Hemisphere is less than water. If we pour water slowly, and fill-up partially or Fully will these objects float up ?
[ Because we took smooth surfaces, no water enters the bottom of the objects and jar ]
Do we have displaced liquid ? ( yes ).
Do we have weight of the displaced liquid ? ( yes )
Is Buoyant Force acting ? ( no ).
The liquid pressure hρg will act side wise ( for cylinder ) and down-wise for Cone and hemisphere. Recall the pressure is scalar, so can act in all / any possible directions as required at a particular place / spot. The liquid pressure tends to compress the objects, but due to absence of any liquid layer below the objects, the objects will NOT float up, even though the material density was lesser than water.
We could have taken hallow ( but with no holes ) steel or lead objects. The density of the material is many times higher than water, but the overall density ( Total mass by Total volume ) is lesser than that of water. In this case also if the bottom is smooth and no water layer enters below the object, the object will NOT float up.
So the complete statement of Buoyant force is … “weight of the displaced liquid, if there is liquid below the object”.
Consider the jar where a sphere is connected to the bottom.
This sphere will be subjected to Buoyant Force if some liquid is poured into the jar. The material connecting the sphere will be subjected to ( resultant ) tensile force or compressive force; depending how much liquid is poured, and various values of size, volume, density etc.
<- This is the limiting position ( where the liquid surface is just touching the bottom of the sphere ) where the bottom material is subjected to ( only ) compressive force due to weight of the sphere. No Buoyant Force yet.
More liquid poured, the sphere may be partially immersed or fully, ( neglecting compression volume reduction of the sphere ), the tensile force on the bottom material will keep increasing. So resultant force on the bottom material will be weight of sphere downward + the tensile force due to Buoyant force upwards. The resultant force will be up or down depending on the geometrical values, of size, density etc.
Liquid level just touching the top of the sphere, or little above the sphere will not make any difference on the resultant force.
< - Both these Cases will have same Buoyant Force, same weight of the sphere, and thus same resultant force on the bottom material.
But in the following jar
if some liquid is poured, no Buoyant Force will act.( Regardless the upper part or upper hemisphere is partly or fully submerged ). The material is tangential at the horizontal diameter of the sphere. The material will be compressed downwards, if the liquid is above the diameter.
archive.org/details/2ForBuoyantForceToActThereMustBeLiquidBelowIITJEEPhy
Videos solving IIT-JEE problems ( 1962 1963 1966 1970 1971 1975 1984 etc )
archive.org/details/6IITJEE1962BuoyantForceAtDiffTemps1973ApparentWeightBothBobLiquidPhy
Concept of Newton ‘s 3rd Law in Liquid
Let us consider a Block of 7 kg hanging from a spring balance. Let the volume of the block be 1 litre.
Also take a big beaker partially full with water. Say it has 4.5 litre of water. Let the beaker be of 1.5 Kg.
If we weigh the Beaker; the balance will show 4.5 + 1.5 = 6 Kg
[ We know 1 litre of water is 1 kg ]
The empty space above the water in Beaker is more than 1 litre, say 2 litres.
So the spring balance from where the mass is hanging shows 7 kg and the weighing pan with beaker and water shows 6 kg.
Now what will be the readings in the spring balance and the weighing pan if the block is inserted in the water with Beaker ?
The Buoyant Force will be weight of 1 litre of ( displaced ) water. So 1 kg weight. Thus spring balance will show 7 – 1 = 6 Kg
The weighing pan will show 6 + 1 = 7 kg. Newton ‘s 3rd law in liquid. The force equal to Buoyant force acting down, acting on water, pushing it down.
[ Student should note that the values 6 and 7 are NOT exchanged. The values chosen were coincidental. For example if the mass was of volume 2 litre, then the Buoyant force would have been 2 kg weight. So the weighing pan would have a reading of 6 + 2 = 8 Kg, and spring balance 7 Kg – 2 kg = 5 kg ]
As long as the block is not touching the bottom, this will be the case.
Now let us consider the block hangs from a thread connected to the spring balance, the bottom of the block being very smooth; and inside surface of the bottom of the Beaker also very smooth.
What will be the reading in the spring balance and in the weighing pan below ?
Assuming no water layer between the block and the inner surface of the beaker,
( Molecular adhesive force or van-der-waal ‘s force may or may-not be present. )
What will be the readings ?
If the string is slack, the spring balance will show zero. The block and the Beaker will effectively be a single entity, and total mass will be 4.5 ( water ) + 1.5 ( Beaker ) + 7 ( Block ) = 13 kg. So Weighing pan will show 13 kg.
If the string ( and the spring balance ) is pulled up such that the tension is equivalent of 1 kg force, then the spring balance will read 1 kg; while the weighing pan will read 12 kg. No buoyant force is being discussed assuming no water layer below the block !
The Concept of Buoyant Force acts opposite to acceleration
Students understand that Buoyant Force acts up when gravity acts down. But if an acceleration is given in some other direction by applying an external force, then Pseudo buoyant force will act in opposite direction.
Tan 30 will be a/g in this case. The block or bob will be subjected to D Alembert ‘s Force towards left( m X a ), as the truck is accelerating towards right. The horizontal Buoyant force of Vρa will act on the Balloon towards right. Upward Buoyant force of Vρg is also present.
About Empirical Formulae
In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide, or H2O2, would simply be HO. Glucose (C6H12O6), ribose ( C5H10 O5 ), acetic acid (C2H4O2), and formaldehyde (CH2O) all have different molecular formulas but the same empirical formula: CH2O. This is the actual molecular formula for formaldehyde, but acetic acid has double the number of atoms, ribose has five times the number of atoms, and glucose has six times the number of atoms.
In this article we are not discussing the above " Empirical formulas ". There is another kind of " Empirical formulas " where the constants are determined by experiments, rather than derived. The dimesions on the left side or in the right sides may or may not match, case to case basis.
Slater's rule
In quantum chemistry, Slater's rules provide numerical values for the effective nuclear charge concept. In a many-electron atom, each electron is said to experience less than the actual nuclear charge owing to shielding or screening by the other electrons. For each electron in an atom, Slater's rules provide a value for the screening constant, denoted by s, S, or s, which relates the effective and actual nuclear charges as
Zeffective = Z – σ ( sigma )
The rules were devised semi-empirically by John C. Slater and published in 1930.
Revised values of screening constants based on computations of atomic structure by the Hartree–Fock method were obtained by Enrico Clementi et al in the 1960s
Steps to follow –
1.1) Write the electron configuration for the atom using the following design;
(1s)(2s,2p)(3s,3p) (3d) (4s,4p) (4d) (4f) (5s,5p)
1.2) Any electrons to the right of the electron of interest contributes no shielding. (Approximately correct statement.)
1.3) All other electrons in the same group as the electron of interest shield to an extent of 0.35 nuclear charge units
1.4) If the electron of interest is an s or p electron: All electrons with one less value of the principal quantum number shield to an extent of 0.85 units of nuclear charge. All electrons with two less values of the principal quantum number shield to an extent of 1.00 units.
1.5) If the electron of interest is an d or f electron: All electrons to the left shield to an extent of 1.00 units of nuclear charge.
1.6) Sum the shielding amounts from steps 2 through 5 and subtract from the nuclear charge value to obtain the effective nuclear charge.
Examples:
Calculate Z* for a valence electron in fluorine.
(1s2)(2s2,2p5)
Rule 2 does not apply; 0.35 • 6 + 0.85 • 2 = 3.8
Z* = 9 – 3.8 = 5.2 for a valence electron.
Calculate Z* for a 6s electron in Platinum.
(1s2)(2s2,2p6)(3s2,3p6) (3d10) (4s2,4p6) (4d10) (4f14) (5s2,5p6) (5d8) (6s2)
Rule 2 does not apply; 0.35 • 1 + 0.85 • 16 + 60 • 1.00 = 73.95
Z* = 78 – 73.95 = 4.15 for a valence electron.
Shielding
The first ionization energy for hydrogen is 1310 kJ•mol–1 while the first ionization energy for lithium is 520 kJ•mol–1. The IE for lithium is lower for two reasons-
1.7 ) The average distance from the nucleus for a 2s electron is greater than a 1s electron;
1.8 ) The 2s1 electron in lithium is repelled by the inner core electrons, so the valence electron is easily removed.
The inner core electrons shield the valence electron from the nucleus so the outer most electron only experiences an effective nuclear charge. In the case of the lithium the bulk of the 1s electron density lies between the nucleus and the 2s1 electron. So the valence electron `sees' the sum of the charges or approximately +1. In reality the charge the valence electron experiences is greater than 1 because the radial distribution show there is some probability of finding the 2s electron close to the nucleus.
Moseley's Law
This law relates to the frequency of the spectral lines of the characteristic X-radiation of a chemical element to its atomic number. This law was experimentally established by H. Moseley in 1913. According to Moseley’s law, the square root of the frequency v of a spectral line of the characteristic radiation of an element is a linear function of its atomic number Z:
Einstein-Debey equation (Dulong & Petit)
Dulong and Petit gave an Empirical Law for molar specific heat of Solids. The Dulong–Petit law, a thermodynamic rule proposed in 1819 by French physicists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit, states the classical expression for the molar specific heat capacity of a crystal. Experimentally the two scientists had found that the heat capacity per weight (the mass-specific heat capacity) for a number of substances became close to a constant value, after it had been multiplied by number-ratio representing the presumed relative atomic weight of the substance. These atomic weights had shortly before been suggested by Dalton.
In modern terms, Dulong and Petit found that the heat capacity of a mole of many solid substances is about 3R, where R is the modern constant called the universal gas constant. Dulong and Petit were unaware of the relationship with R, since this constant had not yet been defined from the later kinetic theory of gases. The value of 3R is about 25 joules per kelvin ( Close to 6 Calories per Kelvin ), and Dulong and Petit essentially found that this was the heat capacity of crystals, per mole of atoms they contained.
The modern theory of the heat capacity of solids states that it is due to lattice vibrations in the solid, and was first derived in crude form from this assumption by Albert Einstein, in 1907. The Einstein solid model thus gave for the first time a reason why the Dulong–Petit law should be stated in terms of the classical heat capacities for gases.
Einstein's oscillator treatment of specific heat gave qualitative agreement with experiment and gave the correct high temperature limit (the Law of Dulong and Petit). The quantitative fit to experiment was improved by Debye's recognition that there was a maximum number of modes of vibration in a solid. He pictured the vibrations as standing wave modes in the crystal, similar to the electromagnetic modes in a cavity which successfully explained blackbody radiation. The density of states for these modes, which are called "phonons", is of the same form as the photon density of states in a cavity.
In thermodynamics and solid state physics, the Debye model is a method developed by Peter Debye in 1912 for estimating the phonon contribution to the specific heat (heat capacity) in a solid. It treats the vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) as phonons in a box, in contrast to the Einstein model, which treats the solid as many individual, non-interacting quantum harmonic oscillators. The Debye model correctly predicts the low temperature dependence of the heat capacity, which is proportional to T3 ( T Cube )
Reynolds number
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number (Re) is a dimensionless quantity that is used to help predict similar flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, but the Reynolds number is named after Osborne Reynolds (1842–1912), who popularized its use in 1883
The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions.
Reynolds numbers frequently arise when performing scaling of fluid dynamics problems, and as such can be used to determine dynamic similitude between two different cases of fluid flow. They are also used to characterize different flow regimes within a similar fluid, such as laminar or turbulent flow:
laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion;
turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities.
In practice, matching the Reynolds number is not on its own sufficient to guarantee similitude. Fluid flow is generally chaotic, and very small changes to shape and surface roughness can result in very different flows. Nevertheless, Reynolds numbers are a very important guide and are widely used.
R = Inertial Forces / Viscous Forces = Rho v L by Mu
Inertial Force = Rho (V square) ( L square )
Viscous Force = Mu V L
where
Rho = is the density of the fluid (kg/m³).
v = is the kinematic viscosity mu/rho (m²/s)
L = is a characteristic linear dimension, (travelled length of the fluid; hydraulic diameter when dealing with river systems) (m)
Mu = is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa•s or N•s/m² or kg/(m•s))
-
Variation of viscosity with temperature
With an increase in temperature, there is typically an increase in the molecular interchange as molecules move faster in higher temperatures.
The gas viscosity will increase with temperature. According to the kinetic theory of gases, viscosity should be proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature, in practice, it increases more rapidly.
In a liquid there will be molecular interchange similar to those developed in a gas, but there are additional substantial attractive, cohesive forces between the molecules of a liquid (which are much closer together than those of a gas). Both cohesion and molecular interchange contribute to liquid viscosity.
The impact of increasing the temperature of a liquid is to reduce the cohesive forces while simultaneously increasing the rate of molecular interchange.
The former effect causes a decrease in the shear stress while the latter causes it to increase. The result is that liquids show a reduction in viscosity with increasing temperature. With high temperatures, viscosity increases in gases and decreases in liquids, the drag force will do the same.
The impact of increasing temperature will be to slow down the sphere in gases and to accelerate it in liquids. When you consider a liquid at room temperature, the molecules are tightly bound together by attractive inter-molecular forces (e.g. Van der Waal forces).
It is these attractive forces that are responsible for the viscosity since it is difficult for individual molecules to move because they are tightly bound to their neighbors.
The increase in temperature causes the kinetic or thermal energy to increase and the molecules become more mobile.
The attractive binding energy is reduced and therefore the viscosity is reduced. If you continue to heat the liquid the kinetic energy will exceed the binding energy and molecules will escape from the liquid and it can become a vapor.
So the temperature dependence of liquid viscosity is the phenomenon by which liquid viscosity tends to decrease (or, alternatively, its fluidity tends to increase) as its temperature increases. This can be observed, for example, by watching how cooking oil appears to move more fluidly upon a frying pan after being heated by a stove.
Variation of surface tension with temperature
Surface tension is dependent on temperature. For that reason, when a value is given for the surface tension of an interface, temperature must be explicitly stated. The general trend is that surface tension decreases with the increase of temperature, reaching a value of 0 at the critical temperature. For further details see the Eötvös rule below. There are only empirical equations to relate surface tension and temperature:
Liquid drop model of Nucleus
In nuclear physics, description of atomic nuclei formulated (1936) by Niels Bohr and used (1939) by him and John A. Wheeler to explain nuclear fission. According to the model, the nucleons (neutrons and protons) behave like the molecules in a drop of liquid. If given sufficient extra energy (as by the absorption of a neutron), the spherical nucleus may be distorted into a dumbbell shape and then split at the neck into two nearly equal fragments, releasing energy. Although inadequate to explain all nuclear phenomena, the theory underlying the model provides excellent estimates of average properties of nuclei.
The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called Weizsäcker's formula, or the Bethe-Weizsäcker formula, or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass and various other properties of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons. As the name suggests, it is based partly on theory and partly on empirical measurements. The theory is based on the liquid drop model proposed by George Gamow, which can account for most of the terms in the formula and gives rough estimates for the values of the coefficients. It was first formulated in 1935 by German physicist Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, and although refinements have been made to the coefficients over the years, the structure of the formula remains the same today.
The SEMF gives a good approximation for atomic masses and several other effects, but does not explain the appearance of magic numbers of protons and neutrons, and the extra binding-energy and measure of stability that are associated with these numbers of nucleons.
Nuclear Shell Model
Maria Goeppert Mayer, who made important discoveries about nuclear structure, is one of only two women to have won the Nobel Prize in physics.
In August 1948, Goeppert Mayer published her first paper detailing the evidence for the nuclear shell model, which accounts for many properties of atomic nuclei.
During her time at Chicago and Argonne in the late 1940s, Goeppert Mayer developed a mathematical model for the structure of nuclear shells, which she published in 1950. Her model explained why certain numbers of nucleons in an atomic nucleus result in particularly stable configurations. These numbers are what Eugene Wigner called magic numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. Enrico Fermi provided a critical insight by asking her: "Is there any indication of spin orbit coupling?" She realised that this was indeed the case, and postulated that the nucleus is a series of closed shells and pairs of neutrons and protons tend to couple together. She described the idea as follows:
Think of a room full of waltzers. Suppose they go round the room in circles, each circle enclosed within another. Then imagine that in each circle, you can fit twice as many dancers by having one pair go clockwise and another pair go counterclockwise. Then add one more variation; all the dancers are spinning twirling round and round like tops as they circle the room, each pair both twirling and circling. But only some of those that go counterclockwise are twirling counterclockwise. The others are twirling clockwise while circling counterclockwise. The same is true of those that are dancing around clockwise: some twirl clockwise, others twirl counterclockwise.
Three German scientists, Otto Haxel, J. Hans D. Jensen, and Hans Suess, were also working on solving the same problem, and arrived at the same conclusion independently. Their results were announced in the issue of the Physical Review before Goeppert Mayer 's announcement in June 1949. Afterwards, she collaborated with them. Hans Jensen co-authored a book with Goeppert Mayer in 1950 titled Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure. In 1963, Goeppert Mayer, Jensen, and Wigner shared the Nobel Prize for Physics "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure." She was the second and most recent female Nobel laureate in physics, after Marie Curie.
See physicsoftheuniverse.com/intro.html
( Apart from Millions of smart people ) Several Nobel Laureates were Atheists.
Some famous examples have been Albert Einstein ( 1921 ), Richard Feynman ( 1965 ), Erwin Schrödinger ( 1933 ), Paul Dirac ( 1933 ), Lawrence M. Krauss ( 2011 ), Niels Bohr ( 1922 ), Peter Higgs ( 2013 ), John Bardeen ( The only person receiving the Physics Nobel prize twice. 1956, 1972 ), Frederick Sanger ( The only person receiving the Chemistry prize twice. 1958, 1980 ), Marie Curie ( 1903, 1911 ), Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie ( 1935 ), Milton Friedman ( 1976 ), John Harsanyi ( 1994 ), Friedrich Hayek ( 1974 ), John Forbes Nash, Jr. ( 1994 ), Amartya Sen ( 1998 ), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( 1983 ), Enrico Fermi ( 1938 ), C. V. Raman ( 1930 ), Eugene Wigner ( 1963 ), Steven Weinberg ( 1979 ), Chen-Ning Yang ( 1957 ) etc
A bigger ( incomplete ) list can be seen at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates
Important Scientists physicsoftheuniverse.com/scientists.html
physicsoftheuniverse.com/facts.html
( When the body is burnt, oxides are the ash. The gases and water vapor spread in the air )
My personal favorites ( among these Atheists ) are Richard Feynman, Peter Higgs, Lawrence Krauss.
Richard Feynman openly laughed ( Publicly and in class ) about Gods, Fairies etc. see youtube.com/watch?v=j3mhkYbznBk
and youtube.com/results?search_query=Richard+Feynman
youtube.com/watch?v=JzWzLyGuPRY&list=PL_6G_2_0gFDqFjq4gZbmDvJT4bnvnNwr-
Approx 200 years ago; around 1800, Pierre-Simon Laplace developed a new branch of Mathematics, Perturbation theory. Perturbation theory was investigated by the classical scholars — Laplace, Poisson, Gauss — as a result of which the computations could be performed with a very high accuracy. The discovery of the planet Neptune in 1848 by Urbain Le Verrier, based on the deviations in motion of the planet Uranus (he sent the coordinates to Johann Gottfried Galle who successfully observed Neptune through his telescope), represented a triumph of perturbation theory.
Laplace was one the first persons who did not see or use "hand of God" ( or role of God ) to explain something. Newton's Gravitation equations for Two masses, were not enough to explain stability of multibody, rather multi planet and Sun system. Perturbation Theory could accommodate cumulative effects of many small forces.
While talking to Napoleon,( discussing the theory ); Laplace said, ( about God ) "that" ( God ) hypothesis is not needed.
naturalhistorymag.com/universe/211420/the-perimeter-of-ignorance
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perturbation_theory
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace
Peter Higgs was very unhappy about " Higgs Boson " being called "G..( I don't want to name this ) Particle". Stupid Journalists, Media, and dumb people kept repeating that word, and Peter requested to refrain from using this word. Now for Madala Boson also the Stupid Journalists, Media, and dumb people are using that same G word.
Lawrence Krauss openly laughs and ridicules the Theists or any non-Atheists. The crap of Agnosticism does not work with me or Krauss.
Empty Space is not empty. Mass of Proton, Neutron is not sum of masses of Quarks
archive.org/details/EmptySpaceIsNotEmptyMassOfProtonNeutronIsNotSumOfMassesOfQuarks
We are in Modern Times. I am lucky to learn the correct things quite early in my life, in a so " peaceful " society. When I was in standard 9, ( in early 1980s ), I was writing a book on Atheism. I was convinced to understand, learn, and imbibe the correct approach and knowledge.
But that was not the case previously. Copernicus used to discuss and explain people widely and randomly, that Earth is rotating around the Sun, and it is not a Geocentric" universe. Nicolaus Copernicus had to waste lot of time arguing, fighting and convincing the stupids.
Measuring something, which is very slow; is very difficult. I have asked lot of "educated / engineer / Software or IT ( senior position ) Parents" that " How do we know that Earth is moving around the Sun in 365 days or say 365.242196 days " ? Believe me I never got an answer. The Modern iPad / smartphone community in general does not know how 365.24 days was measured almost thousand years ago !
A metal triangle was set at top of buildings ( Mosques or churches ) and the position of the shadow was marked at a particular time. Say 8 AM each day. The position of the shadow varied each day. It was seen that after 365 days the shadow matched the position but after sometime, not exactly at 8 AM but after a few hours ( approx 6 hours ) so at around 2 PM or slightly before.
See details of this at blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-timekeepers-part-2-observing-the-sky/
blog.world-mysteries.com/science/ancient-timekeepers-part4-calendars/
See the video youtube.com/watch?v=IhqzW97_47w
thecuriousastronomer.wordpress.com/2012/10/
Much tougher questions are “ How many different kind of years do we have ? “
Or “ What is the difference between ‘ Sidereal year ‘ and ‘ Tropical year ‘ “
Meteors were coming from sky. These were called ‘ shooting stars ‘. Meteors often had Iron in them. Sidero is a combining form meaning “star,” “constellation,” used in the formation of compound words. Greeks used the word siderolite for Iron. Next the source of meteors; the sky itself was named the same. As year was measured using objects from sky; Sun and shadows; the year was named a “ Sidereal Year “
To avoid embarrassing people; I don’t ask ….
See the answers in youtube.com/watch?v=cGjP3vAZGa4
youtube.com/watch?v=qgsrVyW53DY
It took many centuries to introduce the leap year corrections. A century is a leap year only if divisible by 400 and not the rule of divisible by 4. Year 1900 was not a Leap year. But year 2000 was. I have met computer Science guys who are aware that Microsoft Database SQL-server do not accept some old dates, while Oracle database does not accept some specific dates of the past. But none whom I met knew the detailed or actual reasons.
See zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/everyone-must-know-about-the-calendar/
“ How do you prove that day and night is happening due to rotation of Earth around it own axis in contrast to Sun is rotating around Earth “ ?
See visual-arts-cork.com/prehistoric-art-timeline.htm
No student from Bangalore, whom I met, answered this. Though conservation of Angular Momentum is in course. ( I am being polite ) Hardly met any parent who knew the explanation. See youtube.com/watch?v=iqpV1236_Q0
And youtube.com/results?q=Foucault%27s+pendulum
What about Gyroscopes ?
Approx 300 year back around 1750 the gyroscopes were made.
History of Gyroscope gyroscopes.org/history.asp
See about Gyroscopes in youtube.com/watch?v=cquvA_IpEsA
youtube.com/watch?v=awXTZt86gz0
youtube.com/watch?v=zbdrqpXb-fY
youtube.com/watch?v=N92FYHHT1qM
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit
youtube.com/watch?v=ZcWsjlGPPFQ
Must see youtube.com/watch?v=SnMmBmzoVQc&list=PL68IJE2PG4AnVVMS7WvOYbJDmqf4umHG1
Must know …
youtube.com/watch?v=zjV3PQ4f6IM&list=PLTve54sz-eh_P29Sbbv_j3bC97OFaArOd
Tyco Brahe took the boldest step to create the " Foundation of Science ". Experiments or "Double blind experimental observations" are the supreme. The Theory follows the experimental verification.
[ There are some universities who award M.Sc in Psychology. A psychologist may guess something .... But that is not reality or truth. Till something is experimentally verified it remains as a Perception. Truth is known only after experiments. Because the subject Psychology; completely stands of experimental verification; so the Master in Science degree. ]
Galileo was the first person who wanted to experimentally verify the speed of light.
Tycho decided to observe the skies ( around 1573 ). In those days sky was synonymous to God. He had the courage to go to the King to ask for donations to make an observatory. He said to the king that "he wants to observe the Gods and take conclusions ". Salute to Tycho's paradigm that even Gods can be observed and conclusions can be drawn.
Amazing leap to start Science.
Since those days till now we observed and concluded about Kepler’s Laws, Gravitation Laws, We concluded that there was no Phlogiston or Flogiston, Cavendish measuring value of G, measuring speed of light, X-Ray, Electromagnetism / Maxwell's equations, Radioactivity, No Aether was " observed " in Michelson Morley's experiments, Protons, Neutrons, General Theory of Relativity, Slowing of clocks at high speed, Bending of space, Bending of light and gravitational lens, YDSE, Quantum Mechanics, Ernst Ruska designed and built the first electron microscope, Casimir Forces, Virtual particles and more than 400 kinds of particles, Quarks, Unruh effect ( an accelerating thermometer shows higher temperature ), Negative Kelvin Temperature, Bose-Einstein condensates, Superconductivity, Solution to EPR paradox by John Stewart Bell, Violation of Parity in certain situations - Madam Wu, Yang and Lee, Quantum entanglement in Alain Aspect’s Experiments, Black holes, mass of Neutrinos, Caesium Atomic Clocks, Dark Matter, Dark energy, Magnetic Monopole, Gravitational Waves, Nano Materials, Meta Materials, Quantum Computers ..... No God was observed, or no role of God was observed. There is no conspiracy theory going around in Science. Those who want to verify God have to die waiting
... Nothing ever will be reported regarding this illusion.
[ Stupids had proposed the phlogiston theory. This was a superseded scientific theory that postulated that a fire-like element called phlogiston is contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlogistón (burning up), from φλόξ phlóx (flame).]
In contrast see americanscientist.org/issues/pub/burn-magnet-burn
Some examples of stupidity to show / explain by contrasts; will be the right approach.
Aristotle used Goat Urine and Hippocrates recommended Pigeon droppings to cure baldness.
dazeinfo.com/2010/06/22/superstitions-across-different-countries-an-overview/
Australians bathed inside rotting whales to 'cure' rheumatism
wired.co.uk/article/whale-bath
Weird Bizarre superstitions to cure disease
historyextra.com/feature/animals/10-historical-superstitions-we-carry-today
listverse.com/2013/01/21/10-crazy-cures-for-the-black-death/
Millions of People are making money out of superstitons of Fools
Rebirthing Therapy, Reiki, Energy-Deflecting Golfer Pendant, Maggot Debridement Therapy, Leech Therapy, Beer spas, Ozone Anti-Aging …… the list is very big.
webecoist.momtastic.com/2010/07/05/12-most-bizarre-modern-alternative-medical-treatments/
oddrandomthoughts.com/strange-and-bizarre-medicine-and-cures/
stylist.co.uk/life/13-strange-superstitions
So in simple words instead of taking opinions of Stupid Fools, or wasting any time arguing with them ….. Let study science correctly, without bias !
Aristotle is yet Famous, because Girls come to know about his name in school text books. Though not sure why !
Aristotle told at-least one statement correct !
The monkeys in the previous page were all Female Monkeys
Aristotle was not correct ( though not sure ), Women are not missing anything …. No one is voting for Aristotle.
Not wrong as well ( though not sure ), very difficult to prove either way!
Most important physics experiments ( that a certain kind of Apes conducted ) can be seen at
See explainthatstuff.com/great-physics-experiments.html
physics-animations.com/Physics/English/top10.htm
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_experiments
quora.com/What-are-some-of-the-most-important-experiments-in-physics
Though my list will be as follows -
Michelson–Morley experiment proving there was no Aether, Measurement of e/m then e ( charge of electron ) and m ( mass of electron ), Fizeau's method of measuring the speed of light, Moseley 's experiment with X-Rays to discover Protons, Jagadish chandra Bose demonstrating controlled emission / transmission and receiving of Radio waves, Casimir experiments to show Casimir forces of virtual particles, Edington measuring bending of light, Flying atomic clocks in planes and confirming slowing down of time at high speeds, Victor Hess measured Radiation level variation at ground and high up in the atmosphere, Soviet physicist Sergey Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings with an instrument carried to high altitude by a balloon at heights up to 13.6 km, The proof of time dilation by Muon decay debunkingrelativity.com/muons-time-dilation/ , Measurement of Space-time curvature near Earth and thereby the stress–energy tensor (which is related to the distribution and the motion of matter in space) in and near Earth en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_Probe_B , Detecting Gravitational Waves.
[ In 1909 Theodor Wulf developed an electrometer, a device to measure the rate of ion production inside a hermetically sealed container, and used it to show higher levels of radiation at the top of the Eiffel Tower than at its base. However, his paper published in Physikalische Zeitschrift was not widely accepted. In 1911 Domenico Pacini observed simultaneous variations of the rate of ionization over a lake, over the sea, and at a depth of 3 meters from the surface. Pacini concluded from the decrease of radioactivity underwater that a certain part of the ionization must be due to sources other than the radioactivity of the Earth. In 1912, Victor Hess carried three enhanced-accuracy Wulf electrometers to an altitude of 5300 meters in a free balloon flight. He found the ionization rate increased approximately fourfold over the rate at ground level. Hess ruled out the Sun as the radiation's source by making a balloon ascent during a near-total eclipse. With the moon blocking much of the Sun's visible radiation, Hess still measured rising radiation at rising altitudes. He concluded "The results of my observation are best explained by the assumption that a radiation of very great penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above." In 1913–1914, Werner Kolhörster confirmed Victor Hess' earlier results by measuring the increased ionization rate at an altitude of 9 km. Hess received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for his discovery. Homi J. Bhabha derived an expression for the probability of scattering positrons by electrons, a process now known as Bhabha scattering. His classic paper, jointly with Walter Heitler, published in 1937 described how primary cosmic rays from space interact with the upper atmosphere to produce particles observed at the ground level. Bhabha and Heitler explained the cosmic ray shower formation by the cascade production of gamma rays and positive and negative electron pairs. Soviet physicist Sergey Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings with an instrument carried to high altitude by a balloon. On 1 April 1935, he took measurements at heights up to 13.6 kilometers using a pair of Geiger counters in an anti-coincidence circuit to avoid counting secondary ray showers. ]
See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray
web.mit.edu/8.13/www/JLExperiments/JLExp14.pdf
web.mit.edu/lululiu/Public/pixx/not-pixx/muons.pdf
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation
physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/389/muon/muonphysics.pdf
www2.fisica.unlp.edu.ar/~veiga/experiments.html
Detecting Neutrons
Rutherford predicted the existence of the neutron in 1920. Twelve years later, his assistant James Chadwick found it. At Cambridge, Chadwick searched for the neutron. He tried in 1923, but did not find it. He tried again in 1928, with no success. In 1930, the German physicists Walther Bothe and Herbert Becker noticed something odd. When they shot alpha rays at beryllium (atomic number 4) the beryllium emitted a neutral radiation that could penetrate 200 millimeters of lead. In contrast, it takes less than one millimeter of lead to stop a proton. Bothe and Becker assumed the neutral radiation was high-energy gamma rays.
Marie Curie's daughter, Irene Joliot-Curie, and Irene's husband, Frederic, put a block of paraffin wax in front of the beryllium rays. They observed high-speed protons coming from the paraffin. They knew that gamma rays could eject electrons from metals. Theythought the same thing was happening to the protons in the paraffin. Chadwick said the radiation could not be gamma rays. To eject protons at such a high velocity, the rays must have an energy of 50 million electron volts. An electron volt is a tiny amount of energy, only enough to keep a 75-watt light bulb burning for a tenth of a trillionth of a second. The alpha particles colliding with beryllium nuclei could produce only 14 million electron volts.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It certainly looked as if energy was being created along with the neutral radiation. Chadwick had another explanation for the beryllium rays. He thought they were neutrons. He set up an experiment to test his hypothesis.
Chadwick put a piece of beryllium in a vacuum chamber with some polonium. The polonium emitted alpha rays, which struck the beryllium. When struck, the beryllium emitted the mysterious neutral rays.
In the path of the rays, Chadwick put a target. When the rays hit the target, they knocked atoms out of it. The atoms, which became electrically charged in the collision, flew into a detector. Chadwick's detector was a chamber filled with gas. When a charged particle passed through the chamber, it ionized the gas molecules. The ions drifted toward an electrode. Chadwick measured the current flowing through the electrode. Knowing the current, he could count the atoms and estimate their speed. Chadwick used targets of different elements, measuring the energy needed to eject the atoms of each. Gamma rays could not explain the speed of the atoms. The only good explanation for his result was a neutral particle. To prove that the particle was indeed the neutron, Chadwick measured its mass. He could not weigh it directly. Instead he measured everything else in the collision and used that information to calculate the mass.
For his mass measurement, Chadwick bombarded boron with alpha particles. Like beryllium, boron emitted neutral rays. Chadwick placed a hydrogen target in the path of the rays. When the rays struck the target, protons flew out. Chadwick measured the velocity of the protons.
Using the laws of conservation of momentum and energy, Chadwick calculated the mass of the neutral particle. It was 1.0067 times the mass of the proton. The neutral radiation was indeed the long-sought neutron.
ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/19/pioneers102011/
100 Greatest Discoveries of Physics
youtube.com/watch?v=Bpid0LBTqWg
( As I write these words { 2016 } GUT [ General Unified Theory ] is being modified to introduce a 5th fundamental force, because some heavy particles have been observed at CERN and various other experiments and Producing Gravitational waves at will, without mass, Madala Bosons to explain Dark Matter )
Learn Science from youtube.com/user/cassiopeiaproject/videos
Some easy Physics ( much easier than IIT-JEE ) youtube.com/channel/UCliSRiiRVQuDfgxI_QN_Fmw/videos
youtube.com/watch?v=VCVTK5yzo0g&list=PLB03A41EA88A8DE65
youtube.com/user/diggitydev/playlists
youtube.com/user/onlearningcurve/playlists
youtube.com/watch?v=qWu82nJS42I&list=PLF71B362214423F9D
youtube.com/user/FizziksGuy/playlists
youtube.com/watch?v=gIOTFjq76tM&list=PL3pIurvIhuSANBIZa3u0RP9GFQprlSN11
youtube.com/watch?v=y7fXEKCP2XU&list=PL3pIurvIhuSDjUvzNZwC1HBW9eY1qldno
youtube.com/channel/UCiEHVhv0SBMpP75JbzJShqw/playlists
( Pradeep Kshetrapal Sir’s Videos are at - youtube.com/user/PradeepKshetrapal/videos )
Lectures by Professor Robert Riggs
youtube.com/watch?v=RWqAjKFKH3o&list=PL01771E7CE99097F8
Lectures by Professor Jerzy Wrobel
youtube.com/watch?v=DFhdUQ9AZw4&list=PLEEB9EC9DD59D6D85
Lectures by Yuri-Kolomensky
youtube.com/watch?v=KEiYSQnMHHQ&list=PL-XXv-cvA_iAKxxGD1tIWLS0DcieGLHh0
Physics Videos from Berkeley
youtube.com/watch?v=a-0h-9KCGjo&list=PLr11xUV7FM0EDu3u28Zp3d4ffjpqROm5Y
Lectures by Professor Muller
youtube.com/watch?v=6ysbZ_j2xi0&list=PL09717125E8C05BFC
Lectures by Steven W. Stahler
youtube.com/watch?v=Uc9Q5hNpv4Q&list=PL-XXv-cvA_iB1lYkU1YcdLCranBB0woKX
Lectures by Michel van Biezen
youtube.com/watch?v=FkO6vyMqo8E&list=PLX2gX-ftPVXVCw9WxxEA4yD14k8yskTSj
Dr. Don Lincoln of Fermilab youtube.com/user/fermilab/videos
Advance Physics Lectures by Leonard Susskind
youtube.com/watch?v=pyX8kQ-JzHI&list=PLQrxduI9Pds1fm91Dmn8x1lo-O_kpZGk8
A kid who wants more fun
youtube.com/watch?v=p_o4aY7xkXg&list=PL908547EAA7E4AE74
youtube.com/watch?v=51GNAET2zFU&list=PLllVwaZQkS2rxqMXTH-cdE0LIX9Zi_oS1
youtube.com/watch?v=h0hwuyOmd4k&list=PLSBNC6ROBP12PUanbUNaVLhNbJR6rgbmm
youtube.com/user/dramaticphysics/playlists
IIT-JEE is extremely tough for most humans. A productive PhD in Physics, or actually contributing to growth of the subject is much more tougher ( than IIT JEE ). { I personally know quite a few IIT-JEE single or double digit rankers, joining for PhD and then dropped out due to performance }. Most people have an illusion that they can argue with Scientists and imagine to ask some " smart " questions which the Scientists will not able to answer, so the argument is won, and existence of God is proved. As if Scientist are eagerly sitting or waiting to answer every crap asked. I can only say; that most scientists ( since more than 100 years ) have stopped wasting their time arguing or convincing fools. I am not a Scientist. Even being a simple teacher, I do not try to teach fools, or argue with anyone.
[ For History of Physics I recommend historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=kqq ]
[ Gravitational lens and Einstein ring due to bending of light by mass ]
Recall what I said at the beginning of the book .... " Someone will learn only by his hard work, his desire to learn. " No arguments or no ‘time wasting’ with fools. There is too much of good material ( data, books, videos etc ) out and free in this world. If someone wants to learn, can learn; instead of wasting time arguing. Since centuries stupids and/or fools are being eliminated in various exams. Entrance exam, is a misnomer. These are elimination tests. The society has systems of Interviews, Peer reviews, appraisals, Thesis evaluation etc... to eliminate crap, foolish things, and nonsense.
Religion and/or " war between religions " mostly to decide whose God is better; have killed millions. Instead of fighting and killing; to decide which custom to follow; how to dress; what rituals to do on a daily basis; better to spend time experimenting and developing new things, new technologies, new ideas. Scientists ( the men ) are busy; and always will be busy! Rather, in war; with new frontiers of knowledge; not in arguments, verbal wars, or physical wars. Atheism is the most peaceful Doctrine.
“Bertrand Arthur William Russell” the famous Philosopher, Mathematician, Logician, received 1950 Nobel Prize for Literature.
So those who want to learn can continue learning ...
See youtube.com/results?search_query=History+of+science
See youtube.com/results?search_query=history+of+science+the+complete+full+documentary+
I will choose only two extreme examples of what Human beings have “ seen “ by now …
For far and big ) Very powerful cameras ready with video recording facilities were scanning the sky. Coincidentally the “place or region “ a camera was looking had an event ( many million years back though ) of a black hole devouring a star.
youtube.com/watch?v=O3Z5AS3TTS4
youtube.com/watch?v=x7ZX10UbMus
For small ) Photographs of molecules and subsequently atoms
youtube.com/watch?v=yqLlgIaz1L0
youtube.com/watch?v=ofp-OHIq6Wo
youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0
youtube.com/watch?v=RTLeWIqynW4
youtube.com/watch?v=J3xLuZNKhlY
youtube.com/watch?v=SMgi2j9Ks9k
youtube.com/watch?v=V0KjXsGRvoA&list=PLC3E0tG-9im_kuMwYIM7-NZR62VyWZ6rl
-
Entertainment and relaxed mind is required. Students can improve Visual Presentation skills by watching "Two men and wardrobe" by Roman Polanski
youtube.com/watch?v=Cs2RZewMuAg
Imagine a world where Millions of People have “better“ Visual story telling or Visual presentation skills than Roman Polanski or say Jim Jarmusch …
youtube.com/watch?v=wJS2mC-7LSM
Enjoy
-
Spoon Feeding Series – Physics
General Physics by Landau, Akhiezer, Lifshitz
This was my first book of Physics book. Nobel Laureate L D Landau did a great job.
archive.org/details/GeneralPhysics
Books by another Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman
archive.org/details/RichardFeynman
University Physics by Wolfgang Bauer and Gary Westfall
archive.org/stream/University_Physics_with_Modern_Physics_by_Wolfgang_Bauer_Gary_D._Westfall#page/n7/mode/2up
Physics book
archive.org/stream/ost-physics-physics_grade_10-12/Physics_Grade_10-12#page/n7/mode/2up
Physics Book by Alan Giambattista, Betty Richardson, Robert Richardson
archive.org/stream/Physics_by_Alan_Giambattista#page/n1/mode/2up
Conceptual Physics by Crowell
archive.org/stream/ConceptualPhysics/PhysicsCrowell#page/n1/mode/2up
Derivations are given at
archive.org/stream/ModernCollegePhysics_201510/ModernCollegePhysics#page/n0/mode/2up
College Physics
archive.org/stream/ost-physics-col11406/col11406#page/n5/mode/2up
archive.org/stream/CollegePhysics_201505/College%20Physics#page/n0/mode/2up
Irodov
archive.org/stream/IrodovProblemsInGeneralPhysics/Irodov-Problems_in_General_Physics#page/n0/mode/2up
archive.org/stream/IrodovBasicLawsOfElectromagnetism/irodov-basic-laws-of-electromagnetism#page/n0/mode/2up
Every student already have so many Indian Text Books, guides, Coaching Material etc
Halliday, Resnick and Walker
archive.org/stream/FundamentalsOfPhysicsHallidayResnickWalker/Fundamentals%20of%20Physics-Halliday%2CResnick%2CWalker#page/n0/mode/2up
Everyone talks about Double Slit experiment ? Did anyone imagine of Triple Slit experiment ?
youtube.com/watch?v=bKjgNznlkcI
Planck Space and Quantum Gravity
youtube.com/watch?v=VhHE86d-Th8
youtube.com/watch?v=XDAJinQL2c0&list=PLSfQvTxRM27MCjhxLfYkLxg5ZuL9cAXh_&index=2
-
Gravitation
archive.org/stream/CollegePhysics_201505/College%20Physics#page/n205/mode/2up
archive.org/stream/ost-physics-col11406/col11406#page/n199/mode/2up
Beyond Big Bang and Dark Flow
youtube.com/watch?v=Hik8hJ0_T9Q
Dark Matter and Dark Energy
youtube.com/watch?v=wOK_htkd-OI
youtube.com/watch?v=GFxPMMkhHuA
youtube.com/watch?v=aMWCkcn7TD4
youtube.com/watch?v=5LW_2J2qs0Y
youtube.com/watch?v=8sUfiP9AUSo
youtube.com/watch?v=I-VjLG702Go
youtube.com/watch?v=ZMgrAnX3ViE
youtube.com/watch?v=rLWfsTB85PM
youtube.com/watch?v=ZV-LcRVB5U8
youtube.com/watch?v=Yl-fgVLf6zc
youtube.com/watch?v=lrTfHSP9U1E
youtube.com/watch?v=w0bqnAdr1A0
Quantum Gravity
youtube.com/watch?v=vNb3iM_268I
youtube.com/watch?v=CbPWYjnQIO8
youtube.com/watch?v=9crggox5rbc
youtube.com/watch?v=WQU9yOtWrQk
youtube.com/watch?v=VhHE86d-Th8&list=PLSfQvTxRM27MCjhxLfYkLxg5ZuL9cAXh_
youtube.com/watch?v=FqwXeeXnDZg
Cassiopeia Project Quantum Electrodynamics
youtube.com/watch?v=KZ67q4pv0HI
Quantum Mechanics
youtube.com/watch?v=JKGZDhQoR9E
youtube.com/watch?v=3gIdMEAvQk0&index=3&list=PLd4qF6QzoiUfiwlBLClKpAVWkr4-ViyQn
youtube.com/user/viascience/videos
Time Dilation
youtube.com/watch?v=YRwZ55zjzxc
youtube.com/watch?v=fUKN5oaP52s
Space+Time Relativity
youtube.com/watch?v=LOpPK6sZL5s
youtube.com/watch?v=iu7LDGhSi1A
youtube.com/watch?v=rKbJjzmFCco
youtube.com/watch?v=vk3KrP5F1Ao
youtube.com/watch?v=HHRK6ojWdtU
youtube.com/watch?v=aZrjMmMBa_8
Gravity as you have in your Course
youtube.com/user/mathdude2012/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/tdewitt451/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/bhswarthout/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/brightstorm2/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/SciencePi/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/DrPhysicsA/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/DoodleScience/search?query=Gravitation
youtube.com/user/bozemanbiology/search?query=Gravitation
youtube.com/user/windhorsage/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/channel/UCHoGuWbAlGw3dPYPlbiFaaw/search?query=Gravitation
youtube.com/user/lasseviren1/search?query=Gravity
youtube.com/user/onlearningcurve/search?query=Gravity
And Finally with Love
youtube.com/user/mrlovescience/search?query=Gravity
:-{D
Appendix :
The word Appendix is from mid 16 th century Latin word Appendere meaning hang upon. Apart from the hanging body part; which is not needed by us now; We all know; it also means, supplementary material at the end of a book, article, document, or other text, usually of an explanatory, statistical, or bibliographic nature.
[ in simple words Appendix is extra, and may not exactly be needed ].
Almost all authors, including me, feel, that something more can be here. Not everything was supposed to be at the beginning. It is not possible to put everything at the beginning, nor that should be done.
I reserved this place for my personal idea, and lots of reading that I did regarding that.
When I was in school ( 1980s ) it occurred to me, why not in movies, we keep a “smell track” as well. Everyone knows history of movies …. Then came talkies, then color, music, dance … song sequels.
Well, why not a hero and heroine, as they dance in a park, ( with melodious song, and enchanting music ) they be in various parts of the beautiful gardens. At various parts they get nice smells, and the “smell track” emits the smells for the Audience.
Technically this needed many steps or parts. Sniffers as “cameras of Smells”, smell spectrum definition, ( similar to RGB where combination in various ratio can give us various colour, combination of some smell blocks may give various smells ), emitting the required smell, and flushing the molecules out of the room, to allow next smell sequel to come etc.
Many years later ( in 1990s ) in a movie hall in Chennai some great minds conducted an experimental show. Many kinds of essence sticks, and smell sources such as scents, were taken in various combinations. A smell emitter blew the “smell”, time to time as per the sequence in the movie. The exhaust fans kept flushing out the “older” molecules!
This is pretty costly, clumsy, and surely slow. The scan rate we have in ultrafast cameras can be crore frames per second. While scanning smell, say in a scene of cooking, or eating, or in a park, it has to be very slow. May be, a change of smell once a minute be tolerable. If it is a “smell music” … then every 5-10 seconds a change may be tried.
A Japanese company made a cellphone which emitted different smells depending on the calling id. Commonly we can set different ring tones for every caller. In this equipment an old deaf man could set an “obnoxious smell” for the calls from his wife. Let people decide the smell which represent various characters in their life.
[ A ( software ) virus may emit smells in random from a phone of this kind…. Particularly Badboo. Or “remains” of a sweet smell may tell who called even if the caller history is cleaned ]
techinasia.com/japan-chatperf
techinasia.com/scentee-mobile-app-that-emits-smell
japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/16/business/corporate-business/firm-wants-your-smartphone-to-smell/#.V9bjr63yDIU
( Cyrano - is a “digital smell speaker” and the endeavor from Harvard professor and serial inventor, David Edwards ) hotsaucedrops.com/?author=91
textually.org/textually/archives/2007/01/014726.htm
theneweconomy.com/technology/using-mobiles-to-smell-how-technology-is-giving-us-our-senses-video
Extremely sensitive smell sensors are available.
japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/23/world/science-health-world/nose-job-smells-smart-sensors-last-frontier/#.V9bkGa3yDIU
books.google.co.in/books?id=odT-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=smell+spectrum+detection+and+reproduction&source=bl&ots=a4pyDl8CZy&sig=kZ--x5qeo3V4tKTlzV7vkyGrgpA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjelb7xq4rPAhUDpJQKHS7pDyEQ6AEISjAJ#v=onepage&q=smell%20spectrum%20detection%20and%20reproduction&f=false
extremetech.com/extreme/146986-olfactory-breakthrough-a-theory-of-quantum-smell
Quantum smelling Devices, and various kinds of Artificial Nose have been made
enose.nl/rd/technology/
theguardian.com/science/2014/apr/02/electronic-noses-explainer-sniffing-disease
popsci.com/science/article/2013-01/bolstered-new-study-quantum-smell-theory-olfactory-sense-gains-traction
Luca Turin in king of Smell
Luca is one of the very rare persons, who has understood the secrets of smell, the best!
ted.com/talks/luca_turin_on_the_science_of_scent?language=en
sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/turin.htm
You can go to market, and buy a few different kinds of scents, then make a combination. If you give this combination to Luca, he can make 3 or 4 different molecules which will smell the same. It is your choice to synthesize one or more kind of molecules, as production cost / efficiency / complexity / raw material availability etc.
-
About cryptochromes
Magnetic sensing is a type of sensory perception that has long captivated the human imagination, although it seems inaccessible to humans. Over the past 50 years, scientific studies have shown that a wide variety of living organisms have the ability to perceive magnetic fields and can use information from the earth's magnetic field in orientation behavior. Examples abound: salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), lobsters (Panulirus argus), honeybees (Apis mellifera), and fruitflies (Drosophila melongaster) can all perceive and utilize geomagnetic field information. But perhaps the most well-studied example of animal magnetoreception is the case of migratory birds (e.g. European robins (Erithacus rubecula), silvereyes (Zosterops l. lateralis), garden warblers (Sylvia borin)), who use the earth's magnetic field, as well as a variety of other environmental cues, to find their way during migration.
sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160606100519.htm
The avian magnetic compass is a complex entity with many surprising properties. The basis for the magnetic sense is located in the eye of the bird, and furthermore, it is light-dependent, i.e., a bird can only sense the magnetic field if certain wavelengths of light are available. Specifically, many studies have shown that birds can only orient if blue light is present. The avian compass is also an inclination-only compass, meaning that it can sense changes in the inclination of magnetic field lines but is not sensitive to the polarity of the field lines. Under normal conditions, birds are sensitive to only a narrow band of magnetic field strengths around the geomagnetic field strength, but can orient at higher or lower magnetic field strengths given accomodation time.
The blue light receptors cryptochromes mediate various light responses in plants. The photoexcited cryptochrome molecules undergo a number of biophysical and biochemical changes, including electron transfer, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination, resulting in conformational changes to propagate light signals. Two modes of cryptochrome signal transduction have been recently discovered, the CIB (cryptochrome-interacting basic-helix-loop-helix 1)-dependent CRY2 regulation of transcription and the SPA1/COP1 (SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA /CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1)-dependent cryptochrome regulation of proteolysis. Both cryptochrome signaling pathways rely on blue light-dependent interactions between the cryptochrome photoreceptor and its signaling proteins to modulate gene expression changes in response to blue light, leading to altered developmental programs of plants.
Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light. They are found in plants and animals. Cryptochromes are involved in the circadian rhythms of plants and animals, and in the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species.
So Cryptochromes are photoreceptors that regulate entrainment by light of the circadian clock in plants and animals. They also act as integral parts of the central circadian oscillator in animal brains and as receptors controlling photomorphogenesis in response to blue or ultraviolet (UV-A) light in plants. Cryptochromes are probably the evolutionary descendents of DNA photolyases, which are light-activated DNA-repair enzymes, and are classified into three groups - plant cryptochromes, animal cryptochromes, and CRY-DASH proteins. Cryptochromes and photolyases have similar three-dimensional structures, characterized by an α/β domain and a helical domain. The structure also includes a chromophore, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). The FAD-access cavity of the helical domain is the catalytic site of photolyases, and it is predicted also to be important in the mechanism of cryptochromes. Cryptochromes are photolyase-like blue light receptors originally discovered in Arabidopsis but later found in other plants, microbes, and animals. Arabidopsis has two cryptochromes, CRY1 and CRY2, which mediate primarily blue light inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic control of floral initiation, respectively. In addition, cryptochromes also regulate over a dozen other light responses, including circadian rhythms, tropic growth, stomata opening, guard cell development, root development, bacterial and viral pathogen responses, abiotic stress responses, cell cycles, programmed cell death, apical dominance, fruit and ovule development, seed dormancy, and magnetoreception. Cryptochromes have two domains, the N-terminal PHR (Photolyase-Homologous Region) domain that bind the chromophore FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), and the CCE (CRY C-terminal Extension) domain that appears intrinsically unstructured but critical to the function and regulation of cryptochromes. Most cryptochromes accumulate in the nucleus, and they undergo blue light-dependent phosphorylation or ubiquitination. It is hypothesized that photons excite electrons of the flavin molecule, resulting in redox reaction or circular electron shuttle and conformational changes of the photoreceptors. The photoexcited cryptochrome are phosphorylated to adopt an open conformation, which interacts with signaling partner proteins to alter gene expression at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels and consequently the metabolic and developmental programs of plants.
Cryptochromes are widely distributed in bacteria and eukaryotes but are not found in archaea, although archaea do have a CPD photolyase. Cryptochromes have now been found in various animal lineages, including insects, fish, amphibians, and mammals. Animal cryptochromes act as components of the circadian clock that control daily physiological and behavioral rhythms and as photoreceptors that mediate entrainment of the circadian clock to light.
ks.uiuc.edu/Research/cryptochrome/
genomebiology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/gb-2005-6-5-220
-
About Spintronics
Spintronics ( a portmanteau meaning spin transport electronics ), also known as spinelectronics or fluxtronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices.
Spintronics differs from the older magnetoelectronics, in that spins are manipulated by both magnetic and electrical fields.
Spintronics emerged from discoveries in the 1980s concerning spin-dependent electron transport phenomena in solid-state devices. This includes the observation of spin-polarized electron injection from a ferromagnetic metal to a normal metal by Johnson and Silsbee (1985) and the discovery of giant magnetoresistance independently by Albert Fert et al. and Peter Grünberg et al. (1988). The origins of spintronics can be traced to the ferromagnet/superconductor tunneling experiments pioneered by Meservey and Tedrow and initial experiments on magnetic tunnel junctions by Julliere in the 1970s. The use of semiconductors for spintronics began with the theoretical proposal of a spin field-effect-transistor by Datta and Das in 1990 and of the electric dipole spin resonance by Rashba in 1960.
Conventional electronic devices rely on the transport of electrical charge carriers - electrons - in a semiconductor such as silicon. Now, however, physicists are trying to exploit the 'spin' of the electron rather than its charge to create a remarkable new generation of 'spintronic' devices which will be smaller, more versatile and more robust than those currently making up silicon chips and circuit elements. The potential market is worth hundreds of billions of dollars a year.
All spintronic devices act according to the simple scheme: (1) information is stored (written) into spins as a particular spin orientation (up or down), (2) the spins, being attached to mobile electrons, carry the information along a wire, and (3) the information is read at a terminal. Spin orientation of conduction electrons survives for a relatively long time (nanoseconds, compared to tens of femtoseconds during which electron momentum decays), which makes spintronic devices particularly attractive for memory storage and magnetic sensors applications, and, potentially for quantum computing where electron spin would represent a bit (called qubit) of information.
phys.org/news/2015-09-shift-electronics-spintronics-possibilities-faster.html
spintronicbbsr.org/
About Excitons
Exciton, the combination of an electron and a positive hole (an empty electron state in a valence band), which is free to move through a nonmetallic crystal as a unit. An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force. It is an electrically neutral quasiparticle that exists in insulators, semiconductors and in some liquids. The exciton is regarded as an elementary excitation of condensed matter that can transport energy without transporting net electric charge.
Because the electron and the positive hole have equal but opposite electrical charges, the exciton as a whole has no net electrical charge (though it transports energy). This makes excitons difficult to detect, but detection is possible by indirect means.
Also read about polaron, magnon, phonon
When an electron in an exciton recombines with a positive hole, the original atom is restored, and the exciton vanishes. The energy of the exciton may be converted into light when this happens, or it may be transferred to an electron of a neighbouring atom in the solid. If the energy is transferred to a neighbouring electron, a new exciton is produced as this electron is forced away from its atom.
An exciton can form when a photon is absorbed by a semiconductor. This excites an electron from the valence band into the conduction band. In turn, this leaves behind a positively charged electron hole (an abstraction for the location from which an electron was moved). The electron in the conduction band is then effectively attracted to this localized hole by the repulsive Coulomb forces from large numbers of electrons surrounding the hole and excited electron. This attraction provides a stabilizing energy balance. Consequently, the exciton has slightly less energy than the unbound electron and hole. The wave-function of the bound state is said to be hydrogenic, an exotic atom state akin to that of a hydrogen atom. However, the binding energy is much smaller and the particle's size much larger than a hydrogen atom. This is because of both the screening of the Coulomb force by other electrons in the semiconductor (i.e., its dielectric constant), and the small effective masses of the excited electron and hole. The recombination of the electron and hole, i.e. the decay of the exciton, is limited by resonance stabilization due to the overlap of the electron and hole wave functions, resulting in an extended lifetime for the exciton.
The electron and hole may have either parallel or anti-parallel spins. The spins are coupled by the exchange interaction, giving rise to exciton fine structure. In periodic lattices, the properties of an exciton show momentum (k-vector) dependence.
The concept of excitons was first proposed by Yakov Frenkel in 1931, when he described the excitation of atoms in a lattice of insulators. He proposed that this excited state would be able to travel in a particle-like fashion through the lattice without the net transfer of charge.
About Bohr Magneton
The Bohr Magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an orbiting electron with an orbital angular momentum of ħ. According to the Bohr model, this is the ground state, i.e. the state of lowest possible energy. In the summer of 1913, this value was naturally obtained by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr as a consequence of his atom model. In 1920, Wolfgang Pauli gave the Bohr magneton its name in an article where he contrasted it with the Magneton of the experimentalists which he called the Weiss Magneton.
The idea of elementary magnets is due to Walther Ritz (1907) and Pierre Weiss. Already before the Rutherford model of atomic structure, several theorists commented that the magneton should involve Planck's constant h. By postulating that the ratio of electron kinetic energy to orbital frequency should be equal to h, Richard Gans computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr Magneton in September 1911. At the First Solvay Conference in November that year, Paul Langevin obtained a submultiple. The Romanian physicist Ștefan Procopiu had obtained the expression for the magnetic moment of the electron in 1911. The value is sometimes referred to as the "Bohr–Procopiu magneton" in Romanian scientific literature.
-
About Enrico Fermi ( 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics )
Enrico Fermi was born in Rome on 29th September, 1901, the son of Alberto Fermi, a Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Communications, and Ida de Gattis. He attended a local grammar school, and his early aptitude for mathematics and physics was recognized and encouraged by his father's colleagues, among them A. Amidei. In 1918, he won a fellowship of the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa. He spent four years at the University of Pisa, gaining his doctor's degree in physics in 1922, with Professor Puccianti. He was an Atheist.
Soon afterwards, in 1923, he was awarded a scholarship from the Italian Government and spent some months with Professor Max Born in Göttingen. With a Rockefeller Fellowship, in 1924, he moved to Leyden to work with P. Ehrenfest, and later that same year he returned to Italy to occupy for two years (1924-1926) the post of Lecturer in Mathematical Physics and Mechanics at the University of Florence.
In 1926, Fermi discovered the statistical laws, nowadays known as the «Fermi statistics», governing the particles subject to Pauli's exclusion principle (now referred to as «fermions», in contrast with «bosons» which obey the Bose-Einstein statistics).
In 1927, Fermi was elected Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Rome (a post which he retained until 1938, when he - immediately after the receipt of the Nobel Prize - emigrated to America, primarily to escape Mussolini's fascist dictatorship).
During the early years of his career in Rome he occupied himself with electrodynamic problems and with theoretical investigations on various spectroscopic phenomena. But a capital turning-point came when he directed his attention from the outer electrons towards the atomic nucleus itself. In 1934, he evolved the ß-decay theory, coalescing previous work on radiation theory with Pauli's idea of the neutrino. Following the discovery by Curie and Joliot of artificial radioactivity (1934), he demonstrated that nuclear transformation occurs in almost every element subjected to neutron bombardment. This work resulted in the discovery of slow neutrons that same year, leading to the discovery of nuclear fission and the production of elements lying beyond what was until then the Periodic Table.
In 1938, Fermi was without doubt the greatest expert on neutrons, and he continued his work on this topic on his arrival in the United States, where he was soon appointed Professor of Physics at Columbia University, N.Y. (1939-1942).
Upon the discovery of fission, by Hahn and Strassmann early in 1939, he immediately saw the possibility of emission of secondary neutrons and of a chain reaction. He proceeded to work with tremendous enthusiasm, and directed a classical series of experiments which ultimately led to the atomic pile and the first controlled nuclear chain reaction. This took place in Chicago on December 2, 1942 - on a squash court situated beneath Chicago's stadium. He subsequently played an important part in solving the problems connected with the development of the first atomic bomb (He was one of the leaders of the team of physicists on the Manhattan Project for the development of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.)
In 1944, Fermi became an American citizen, and at the end of the war (1946) he accepted a professorship at the Institute for Nuclear Studies of the University of Chicago, a position which he held until his untimely death in 1954. There he turned his attention to high-energy physics, and led investigations into the pion-nucleon interaction.
During the last years of his life Fermi occupied himself with the problem of the mysterious origin of cosmic rays, thereby developing a theory, according to which a universal magnetic field - acting as a giant accelerator - would account for the fantastic energies present in the cosmic ray particles.
Professor Fermi was the author of numerous papers both in theoretical and experimental physics. His most important contributions were:
"Sulla quantizzazione del gas perfetto monoatomico", Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei, 1935 (also in Z. Phys., 1936), concerning the foundations of the statistics of the electronic gas and of the gases made of particles that obey the Pauli Principle.
Several papers published in Rend. Accad. Naz. Lincei, 1927-28, deal with the statistical model of the atom (Thomas-Fermi atom model) and give a semiquantitative method for the calculation of atomic properties. A resumé of this work was published by Fermi in the volume: Quantentheorie und Chemie, edited by H. Falkenhagen, Leipzig, 1928.
"Uber die magnetischen Momente der AtomKerne", Z. Phys., 1930, is a quantitative theory of the hyperfine structures of spectrum lines. The magnetic moments of some nuclei are deduced therefrom.
"Tentativo di una teoria dei raggi ß", Ricerca Scientifica, 1933 (also Z. Phys., 1934) proposes a theory of the emission of ß-rays, based on the hypothesis, first proposed by Pauli, of the existence of the neutrino.
The Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Fermi for his work on the artificial radioactivity produced by neutrons, and for nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons. The first paper on this subject "Radioattività indotta dal bombardamento di neutroni" was published by him in Ricerca Scientifica, 1934. All the work is collected in the following papers by himself and various collaborators: "Artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment", Proc. Roy. Soc., 1934 and 1935; "On the absorption and diffusion of slow neutrons", Phys. Rev., 1936. The theoretical problems connected with the neutron are discussed by Fermi in the paper "Sul moto dei neutroni lenti", Ricerca Scientfica, 1936.
His Collected Papers are being published by a Committee under the Chairmanship of his friend and former pupil, Professor E. Segrè (Nobel Prize winner 1959, with O. Chamberlain, for the discovery of the antiproton).
Fermi was member of several academies and learned societies in Italy and abroad (he was early in his career, in 1929, chosen among the first 30 members of the Royal Academy of Italy).
As lecturer he was always in great demand (he has also given several courses at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Stanford University, Calif.). He was the first recipient of a special award of $50,000 - which now bears his name - for work on the atom.
Professor Fermi married Laura Capon in 1928. They had one son Giulio and one daughter Nella. His favourite pastimes were walking, mountaineering, and winter sports.
He died in Chicago on 28th November, 1954.
-
About Paul Dirac ( 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics )
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born on 8th August, 1902, at Bristol, England, his father being Swiss and his mother English. He was educated at the Merchant Venturer's Secondary School, Bristol, then went on to Bristol University. Here, he studied electrical engineering, obtaining the B.Sc. (Engineering) degree in 1921. He then studied mathematics for two years at Bristol University, later going on to St. John's College, Cambridge, as a research student in mathematics. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1926. The following year he became a Fellow of St.John's College and, in 1932, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge.
Paul Dirac was an Atheist.
Dirac's work has been concerned with the mathematical and theoretical aspects of quantum mechanics. He began work on the new quantum mechanics as soon as it was introduced by Heisenberg in 1925 - independently producing a mathematical equivalent which consisted essentially of a noncommutative algebra for calculating atomic properties - and wrote a series of papers on the subject, published mainly in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, leading up to his relativistic theory of the electron (1928) and the theory of holes (1930). This latter theory required the existence of a positive particle having the same mass and charge as the known (negative) electron. This, the positron was discovered experimentally at a later date (1932) by C. D. Anderson, while its existence was likewise proved by Blackett and Occhialini (1933 ) in the phenomena of "pair production" and "annihilation".
The importance of Dirac's work lies essentially in his famous wave equation, which introduced special relativity into Schrödinger's equation. Taking into account the fact that, mathematically speaking, relativity theory and quantum theory are not only distinct from each other, but also oppose each other, Dirac's work could be considered a fruitful reconciliation between the two theories.
Dirac's publications include the books Quantum Theory of the Electron (1928) and The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1930; 3rd ed. 1947).
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, being awarded the Society's Royal Medal and the Copley Medal. He was elected a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1961.
Dirac has travelled extensively and studied at various foreign universities, including Copenhagen, Göttingen, Leyden, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Princeton (in 1934, as Visiting Professor). In 1929,after having spent five months in America, he went round the world, visiting Japan together with Heisenberg, and then returned across Siberia.
In 1937 he married Margit Wigner, of Budapest.
-
celebatheists.com/wiki/Main_Page gives names of Hundreds of Atheists.
Douglas Adams, Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Woody Allen, Fred Armisen, Lance Armstrong, Darren Aronofsky, Isaac Asimov, Julian Assange, Dan Barker, Dave Barry, Ingmar Bergman, Pierre Berton, Niels Bohr, Richard Branson, Derren Brown, Kari Byron, James Cameron, Asia Carrera, George Carlin, John Carmack, Adam Carolla, John Carpenter, Asia Carrera, Fidel Castro, Noam Chomsky, Jeremy Clarkson, Billy Connolly, Francis Crick, David Cronenberg, David Cross, Alan Cumming, Rodney Dangerfield, Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, Ani DiFranco, Micky Dolenz, Albert Einstein, Harlan Ellison, Paul Erdős, Richard Feynman, Harvey Fierstein, Reginald Finley, Barney Frank, Morgan Freeman, Larry Flynt, Dave Foley, Arian Foster, Jodie Foster, Janeane Garofalo, Bill Gates, Bob Geldof, Ricky Gervais, Ira Glass, James Gleick, Robert Heinlein, Ernest Hemingway, Katharine Hepburn, Christopher Hitchens, Jamie Hyneman, Eddie Izzard, Penn Jillette, Billy Joel, Ana Kasparian, Diane Keaton, Skandar Keynes Michael Kinsley, Keira Knightley, Kramer, John Landis, Hugh Laurie, Artie Lange, Richard Leakey, Bruce Lee, Tom Lehrer, John Lennon, Tom Leykis, James Lipton, H.P. Lovecraft, Ernst Mach, Seth MacFarlane, Bill Maher, John Malkovich, Barry Manilow, Todd McFarlane, Sir Ian McKellen, Arthur Miller, Frank Miller, Claude Monet, Julianne Moore, Rafael Nadal, Randy Newman, Mike Nichols, Jack Nicholson, Gary Numan, Bob Odenkirk, Patton Oswalt, Camille Paglia, Trey Parker, PewDiePie, Steven Pinker, Brad Pitt, Joaquin Phoenix, Paula Poundstone, Terry Pratchett, Robin Quivers, Daniel Radcliffe, James Randi, Ron Reagan Jr., Rob Reiner, Keanu Reeves, Rick Reynolds, Gene Roddenberry, Henry Rollins, Andy Rooney, Salman Rushdie, Adam Savage, Brian Sapient, Erwin Schrödinger, Bob Simon, Steven Soderbergh, Annika Sorenstam, George Soros, Richard Stallman, Howard Stern, Matt Stone, Julia Sweeney, Teller, Studs Terkel, Pat Tillman, Tool, Alan Turing, Eddie Vedder, Jesse Ventura, Gore Vidal, Vincent van Gogh, Kurt Vonnegut Jr., Steven Weinberg, Joss Whedon, Ted Williams, Steve Wozniak, HUNDREDS MORE...
World’s Greatest Scientists are all Atheists
See youtube.com/watch?v=UKbslSOfrRo
youtube.com/watch?v=GdqC2bVLesQ
youtube.com/watch?v=BCUmeE8sIVo
youtube.com/watch?v=YUe0_4rdj0U
youtube.com/watch?v=eY1pDkP9Qxk
youtube.com/watch?v=XYohZRivNhI
youtube.com/watch?v=f4tbDI3K1ZU
About Coriolis Force or Coriolis Effect
An effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force ) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems.
Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis was a French mathematician, mechanical engineer and scientist. He is best known for his work on the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference, leading to the Coriolis effect. He was the first to coin the term "work" for the transfer of energy by a force acting through a distance.
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/crls.rxml
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_force
youtube.com/watch?v=aeY9tY9vKgs
geography.about.com/od/physicalgeography/a/coriolis.htm
youtube.com/watch?v=_sayCU1TNyg
youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI
universetoday.com/73828/what-is-the-coriolis-effect/
About Parapsychology by Dr Dean Radin
Dean Radin is a researcher and author in the field of parapsychology.
He has been Senior Scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS), in Petaluma, California, USA, since 2001, served on dissertation committees at Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, and former President of the Parapsychological Association. He is also co-editor-in-chief of the journal Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing.
Radin's ideas and work have been criticized by scientists and philosophers skeptical of paranormal claims.
Parapsychology is a field of study concerned with the investigation of paranormal and psychic phenomena which include telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation, apparitional experiences, and other paranormal claims. It is often identified as pseudoscience.
Parapsychology research is largely conducted by private institutions in several countries and funded through private donations, and the subject rarely appears in mainstream science journals. Most papers about parapsychology are published in a small number of niche journals. Parapsychology has been criticised for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research.
It has been noted that most academics do not take the claims of parapsychology seriously.
Para is from Greek, and means "beside, closely related to, beyond..." The term parapsychology was coined in or around 1889 by philosopher Max Dessoir. It was adopted by J. B. Rhine in the 1930s as a replacement for the term psychical research in order to indicate a significant shift toward experimental methodology and academic discipline. The term originates from the Greek: παρά para meaning "alongside", and psychology.
In parapsychology, psi is the unknown factor in extrasensory perception and psychokinesis experiences that is not explained by known physical or biological mechanisms. The term is derived from the Greek ψ psi, 23rd letter of the Greek alphabet and the initial letter of the Greek ψυχή psyche, "mind, soul". The term was coined by biologist Berthold P. Wiesner, and first used by psychologist Robert Thouless in a 1942 article published in the British Journal of Psychology.
The Parapsychological Association divides psi into two main categories: psi-gamma for extrasensory perception and psi-kappa for psychokinesis. In popular culture, "psi" has become more and more synonymous with special psychic, mental, and "psionic" abilities and powers.
youtube.com/watch?v=qw_O9Qiwqew
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology
youtube.com/watch?v=fSP_YPv6qS0
youtube.com/watch?v=VgEmZ2xwZec
youtube.com/watch?v=ObGSGXzt328
youtube.com/watch?v=m5w42aZH9cc&list=PL2A74rJwZavVhwIk9ZH9BAWFgm-m1rSVu
youtube.com/watch?v=KqwphfRD0o8
youtube.com/watch?v=fSP_YPv6qS0&list=PL2A74rJwZavX_6bPdAzrykMutjEIzgsWG
deanradin.com/
Most important youtube.com/watch?v=W5KNNR-yPMM
About Parity Violation - Space is not Perfectly Symmetric - Yang Lee ( Nobel Physics 1957 )
Chinese Physicists Yang and Lee; received Nobel Prize for one of the quickest; the gap between Theoretical Prediction to Experimental confirmation being shortest.
Yang and Lee Predicted broken Symmetry. Experimental proof by Chien Shiung Wu et al. came within 2 years. Asymmetry is used by charges and dipoles for extracting and pouring out Electromagnetic energy from the vacuum, yet not one current Electrical Engineering or classical electromagnetics textbook mentions the energy implications of dipolar asymmetry. Nor do they mention that every charge and dipole freely pours out real observable EM energy continuously, with no observable energy input.
In 1943 Tsung Dao Lee was a student in the Kweichow province of China. It was the time of the Sino-Japanese War, and the Japanese invasion of the mainland forced Lee to move to Kunming. There he attended the National Southwest University where he met Chen Ning Yang. Lee and Yang had only a nodding acquaintance then. In 1946 both students received fellowships to study in the United States. Yang had pursued Enrico Fermi from Columbia to the University of Chicago - he was to have a close association with Fermi. Lee, on the other hand, had little choice. Only one school in the U.S. then allowed an undergraduate to work towards the PhD without the intermediate degrees, the University of Chicago. The two graduate students fast became friends.
For a while Yang had tried experimental physics, but it was not to be. Other graduate students had teased him, "Where there was a bang, there was Yang". Yang eventually did his doctoral thesis under the supervision of Edward Teller. Lee on the other hand knew he was a theorist from the start. He did his doctoral thesis under Fermi. Yang recalls Fermi's advice on his career: As a young man, work on practical problems; do not worry about things of fundamental importance. For all of his admiration of Fermi, Yang chose to ignore this bit of advice. Both Lee and Yang graduated and for awhile worked as staff members at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Lee had become a reputable theoretical physicist, invoking praise from J. Robert Oppenheimer as "one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists then known". Thus the individual physicists T. D. Lee and C. N. Yang had established their reputations by 1956, when their work together would help clear a mystery known as the theta-tau puzzle and topple of the most fundamental conservation laws.
The Theta-Tau Puzzle
Within the cosmic rays in which C. F. Powell had discovered the pi meson (pion) were other new particles. In 1949 Powell identified a cosmic ray particle which disintegrated into three pions. He dubbed this new particle the tau meson. Another particle called the theta meson was also discovered. It disintegrated into two pions. Both particles disintegrated via the weak force. Now, a problem arose when the masses and the lifetimes of the tau and theta particles were considered. The two particles turned out to be indistinguishable other than their mode of decay. Their masses and lifetimes were identical, within the experimental uncertainties. Were they in fact the same particle? The problem itself was not that the tau and theta, if indeed they were the same particle, decayed in two different modes, one by two pions, the other by three pions. The problem dealt with the more fundamental parity conservation law. In 1953 the physicist R. H. Dalitz argued that since the pion has parity of -1, two pions would combine to produce a net parity of (-1)(-1) = +1, and three pions would combine to have total parity of (-1)(-1)(-1) = -1. Hence, if conservation of parity holds, the theta should have parity of +1, and the tau of -1. Hence, they could not be the same particle. Thus was born the theta-tau puzzle. It's resolution would involve an almost unacceptable proposition to the physicists of the time.
The Beginnings of Doubt
The events which led to the publication of Lee and Yang's historic paper, Question of Parity Conservation in Weak Interactions, began at the International Conference on High Energy Physics at the University of Rochester in April 1956. Lee and Yang attended the conference with a proposal for ending the theta-tau puzzle. Their idea was that certain kinds of elementary particles occur in two forms with different parities. The idea was called parity doubling. Also attending the conference was the theoretical physicist Richard Feynman, who is renowned for his development of the field of physics called quantum electrodynamics. Feynman's roommate at the conference was the experimentalist Martin Block. Block suggested to Feynman on the first night of the conference that parity just may not be conserved in certain interactions. The next day, following Yang's presentation of the parity doubling idea, Feynman brought up the question of non-conservation of parity. Feynman himself later said, "I thought the idea (of parity violation) unlikely, but possible, and a very exciting possibility." Indeed Feynman later made a fifty dollar bet with a friend that parity would not be violated. Yang's reply was that he and Lee had considered the idea but had arrived at no conclusions. During the discussion, Wigner, who had formulated the law of conservation of parity in the first place, also suggested that perhaps it did not hold in weak interactions.
Lee and Yang pursued the question further after the conference. "Early in May, when they were sitting in the White Rose Cafe near the corner of Broadway and 125th Street, in the vicinity of Columbia University, it suddenly struck them that it might be profitable to make a careful study of all known experiments involving weak interactions". After several weeks of reviewing past experiments, they had come to two conclusions:
"Past experiments on the weak interactions had actually no bearing on the question of parity conservation."
"In strong interactions, ... there were indeed many experiments that established parity conservation to a high degree of accuracy...".
As Yang commented in his Nobel lecture, "The fact that parity conservation in the weak interactions was believed for so long without experimental support was very startling. But what was more startling was the prospect that a space-time symmetry law which the physicists have learned so well may be violated. This prospect did not appeal to use."
The Proposed Experiment
When Lee and Yang's paper appeared in the October 1, 1956 issue of The Physical Review, physicists were not immediately prompted into action. The proposition of parity nonconservation was not unequivocally denied; rather, the possibility appeared so unlikely that experimental proof did not warrant immediate attention. The physicist Freeman Dyson wrote of his reaction to the paper: "A copy of it was sent to me and I read it. I read it twice. I said, `This is very interesting,' or words to that effect. But I had not the imagination to say, `By golly, if this is true it opens up a whole new branch of physics.' And I think other physicists, with very few exceptions, at that time were as unimaginative as I.". Hence, the initial reaction among most physicists to verifying parity conservation was not enthusiastic.
In their paper, Lee and Yang stated, "To decide unequivocally whether parity is conserved in weak interactions, one must perform an experiment to determine whether weak interactions differentiate the right from the left.". And they proposed several experiments. One of the simplest experiments (conceptually) invovled measurements on the beta decay of cobalt-60. The idea involved orienting cobalt nuclei with a strong magnetic field so that their spins are aligned in the same direction. Beta rays (electrons) are emitted at the poles of the nuclei. A mirror image of the system would also show beta rays being emitted from the poles of the mirror cobalt nuclei, the only difference being that the north and south poles of the mirror nuclei would be reversed since they spin in opposite direction of their real counterparts. Hence parity conservation demands that the emitted beta rays be equally distributed between the two poles. If more beta particles emerged from one pole than the other, it would be possible to distinguish the mirror image nuclei from their counterparts. Thus an anisotropy in the emitted beta rays would be tantamount to parity violation.
Madame Chien Shiung Wu
Another immigrant was now to play the next major role, Madame Chien-Shiung Wu. Arriving at Berkely in 1936 from Shanghai, Wu was one of the most ardently pursued coeds on campus. But she was also a hard worker who abhorred the marked absence of women from the American scientific establishment. She says, " ... it is shameful that there are so few women in science... In China there are many, many women in physics. There is a misconception in America that women scientists are all dowdy spinsters. This is the fault of men. In Chinese society, a woman is valued for waht she is, and men encourage her to accomplishments --- yet she retains eternally feminine.". In this view, there is a clear distinction between American and Chinese cultures. Yang, too, had to come to terms with the differences between the two cultures. In his Nobel address, he says, "I am heavy with awareness of the fact that I am in more than one sense a product of both the Chinese and Western cultures, in harmony and in conflict... I am as proud of my Chinese heritage and background as I am devoted to modern science, a part of human civilization of Western origin...". Returning to Madame Wu, the physicist Emile Segre', one of her teachers, said of her, "She is a slave driver. She is the image of the militant woman so well known in Chinese literature as either empress or mother." But by 1956 she had a world-wide reputation for her work on beta decay. Beta decay involves the weak interaction. Wu's experiments were highly regarded for their simplicity and elegance. At the time Lee and Yang considered the question of parity, Wu was a professor at Columbia and a long time friend of both men. She was the first to act on the proposed experiment involving beta decay in cobalt 60.
Even before Lee and Yang's paper had been submitted to The Physical Review, Lee had discussed the experiment with Wu. At the time, Wu and her husband had planned a trip to Europe and the Far East. But she chose instead to remain and perform the experiment rather than lose the opportunity to other physicists who might recognize its importance. However, the experiment could not be performed with only her expertise. Reaching the low temperatures necessary to be able to orient the cobalt nuclei spins required equipment few laboratories possessed. Nevertheless, one such laboratory existed in the United States --- the Cryogenics Physics Laboratory at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington. Early in June of 1956, Wu sought the help of Ernest Ambler at NBS. Ambler accepted enthusiastically. Indeed his doctoral thesis dealt with the orientation of cobalt-60 nuclei. In addition, Ralph Hudson, with expertise in cryogenics, and Raymond Hayward and Dale Hoppes, with experience in radiation detection, joined the team. By early October they began to assemble and test their equipment. The same month saw the publication of Lee and Yang's paper.
Lederman, who worked with Columbia's cyclotron, realized that he could perform an independent test of parity with the cyclotron. His experiment, which involved the decay of pi and mu mesons, had also been proposed by Lee and Yang in their paper. Soon, Lederman, along with his graduate students, Marcel Weinrich, and Richard Garwin began their experiments. At the same time, the group under Wu was running into problems. Wanting to verify their results from December 27, they repeated the experiment. Their original finding of a large asymmetry in the beta ray distribution was not consistently reproducible. However, after a week of solving problems with the apparatus, consistent results were obtained. And the results pointed to parity violation. Much consideration was given to the question of the origin of the beta ray asymmetry --- was it really an indication of the failure of parity or some result intrinsic to the experiment? "The group worked around the clock, assembling the apparatus many times, and took their breaks for a few hours sleep when the superfluid helium spoiled their vacuum by finding its way around the stopper at the bottom of the cryostat. Hoppes then slept beside the apparatus, telephoning to the others as soon as its temperature was low enough to begin their experiments again. Finally, on Januray 9th, at 2 o'clock in the morning, Hudson brought out a bottle of Chateau Lafite-Rothschild, 1949, and they drank to the overthrow of the law of parity"
Broken symmetry essentially means that something virtual (shadowy, but real in a special sense and widely used in physics; it has real physical consequences, since it creates all the forces of nature) has become observable (real in the ordinary everyday sense that it can be detected, measured, observed, and used.). The broken symmetry of the end charges of a dipole rigorously means that, once the charges are forcibly separated to form that dipole, the dipole (its end charges) continuously absorbs virtual (fleeting) photons from the seething vacuum, coherently integrates these "photon pieces" into real observable photons, and re-emits the resulting real EM energy in the form of real observable photons in all directions at the speed of light.
That's why a dipolar permanent magnet, with opposite magnetic charges on its ends locked in there by the material itself, continuously exhibits magnetic field in the space surrounding it (out to the ends of the universe, if the magnet has been around long enough). There is a continuous and steady stream of EM energy, extracted directly from the vacuum and integrated into observable magnetic field energy, pouring forth from the dipolarity of that magnet. At any external point in that stream, the steady flow will give a steady or "static" reading for the magnetic field and thus for the intensity of the flow at that point.
Actually there is no such thing as a "static" field or potential in the universe; simply check out Whittaker's 1903 decomposition of the "electrostatic" scalar potential into bidirectional longitudinal EM waves, and his 1904 decomposition of any field and wave pattern into two such potentials comprised of bidirectional longitudinal EM waves. The 1904 paper founded what today is known as superpotential theory.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)
About String Theory
I am least interested in String theory. The reasons will be soon clear to the reader. Since 1970 s I may have read more than 200 Popular Science articles, on String theory; in various magazines. What a waste of time! and quite foolish act in my part to read so many. I should have stopped bothering about String theory much earlier if the right information was given in these articles. The authors / writers often hide or not tell some information, about the string theory; which are its limitations.
[ You may read about String theory as given below, or directly go to the last part / Paragraph ( marked in Red ) ]
String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory is a mathematical theory of particle physics which models all the subatomic particles in the universe (protons, neutrons, electrons, quarks, photons, etc) as bits of vibrating string. Since last 50 years not a single experiment has verified any of the predictions / explanations of String Theory. Not even got any hint regarding its predictions. So it is a theoretical framework, but with no experimental backup.
Strings and membranes
When the theory was originally developed in the 1970s, the filaments of energy in string theory were considered to be 1-dimensional objects: strings. (One-dimensional indicates that a string has only one dimension, length, as opposed to say a square, which has both length and height dimensions.) These strings came in two forms — closed strings and open strings. An open string has ends that don’t touch each other, while a closed string is a loop with no open end. It was eventually found that these early strings, called Type I strings, could go through five basic types of interactions. The interactions are based on a string’s ability to have ends join and split apart. Because the ends of open strings can join together to form closed strings, you can’t construct a string theory without closed strings. The closed strings have properties that make physicists believe they might describe gravity. Instead of just being a theory of matter particles, physicists began to realize that string theory may just be able to explain gravity and the behavior of particles.
Over the years, it was discovered that the theory required objects other than just strings. These objects can be seen as sheets, or branes. Strings can attach at one or both ends to these branes. Quantum gravity
Modern physics has two basic scientific laws: quantum physics and general relativity. These two scientific laws represent radically different fields of study. Quantum physics studies the very smallest objects in nature, while relativity tends to study nature on the scale of planets, galaxies, and the universe as a whole. (Obviously, gravity affects small particles too, and relativity accounts for this as well.) Theories that attempt to unify the two theories are theories of quantum gravity, and the most promising of all such theories today is string theory.
Unification of forces
Hand-in-hand with the question of quantum gravity, string theory attempts to unify the four forces in the universe — electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, and gravity — together into one unified theory. In our universe, these fundamental forces appear as four different phenomena, but string theorists believe that in the early universe (when there were incredibly high energy levels) these forces are all described by strings interacting with each other.
Supersymmetry
All particles in the universe can be divided into two types: bosons and fermions. String theory predicts that a type of connection, called supersymmetry, exists between these two particle types. Under supersymmetry, a fermion must exist for every boson and vice versa. Unfortunately, experiments have not yet detected these extra particles.
Supersymmetry is a specific mathematical relationship between certain elements of physics equations. It was discovered outside of string theory, although its incorporation into string theory transformed the theory into supersymmetric string theory (or superstring theory) in the mid-1970s.
Supersymmetry vastly simplifies string theory’s equations by allowing certain terms to cancel out. Without supersymmetry, the equations result in physical inconsistencies, such as infinite values and imaginary energy levels.
Because scientists haven’t observed the particles predicted by supersymmetry, this is still a theoretical assumption. Many physicists believe that the reason no one has observed the particles is because it takes a lot of energy to generate them. ( Energy is related to mass by Einstein’s famous E = mc2 equation, so it takes energy to create a particle. ) They may have existed in the early universe, but as the universe cooled off and energy spread out after the big bang, these particles would have collapsed into the lower-energy states that we observe today. ( We may not think of our current universe as particularly low energy, but compared to the intense heat of the first few moments after the big bang, it certainly is. )
String Theory Lovers, hope that astronomical observations or experiments with particle accelerators will uncover some of these higher-energy supersymmetric particles, providing support for this prediction of string theory.
Extra dimensions
Another mathematical result of string theory is that the theory only makes sense in a world with more than three space dimensions! ( Our universe has three dimensions of space — left/right, up/down, and front/back. ) Two possible explanations currently exist for the location of the extra dimensions:
The extra space dimensions (generally six of them) are curled up ( compactified, in string theory terminology) to incredibly small sizes, so we never perceive them.
We are stuck on a 3-dimensional brane, and the extra dimensions extend off of it and are inaccessible to us.
A major area of research among string theorists is on mathematical models of how these extra dimensions could be related to our own. Some of these recent results have predicted that scientists may soon be able to detect these extra dimensions (if they exist) in upcoming experiments, because they may be larger than previously expected.
25 years ( or 50 years ) and 11 dimensions later, no luck with experiments. String theorists have fallen into an elegance trap and that trap is a product of theorists attacking mathematics the way experimentalists attack data. The problem with that is math is not data. The aggressive take-no-prisoners sociology of experimental physics has a natural constraint: results. Hypotheses may be as bold and counter-intuitive as you like because at the end of the week, we'll see what comes out of the accelerator. But when your research is pure math, you have to be more conservative, staying within the bounds of established observation and suggesting experiments to be done before you proceed further. In their quest for the elegant theory of everything, string theorists have broken free of these constraints and in doing so, of science itself. So complete is this break with science, in fact, that prominent string theorists opining that perhaps it is science itself which needs to change to accommodate string theory and that quaint traditions like experiment and result should make room for the notion that every self-consistent mathematical model is in fact a physically real universe and for the anthropic principle, which is a polite term for intelligent design. So much for "elegance".
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy which is hypothesized to permeate all of space, tending to accelerate the expansion of the universe. Dark energy is the most accepted hypothesis to explain the observations since the 1990s indicating that the universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. Assuming that the standard model of cosmology is correct, the best current measurements indicate that dark energy contributes 68.3% of the total energy in the present-day observable universe. The mass–energy of dark matter and ordinary (baryonic) matter contribute 26.8% and 4.9%, respectively, and other components such as neutrinos and photons contribute a very small amount. Again, on a mass–energy equivalence basis, the density of dark energy (~ 7 × 10-30 g/cm3 ) is very low, much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. However, it comes to dominate the mass–energy of the universe because it is uniform across space.
In quintessence models of dark energy, the observed acceleration of the scale factor is caused by the potential energy of a dynamical field, referred to as quintessence field. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant in that it can vary in space and time. In order for it not to clump and form structure like matter, the field must be very light so that it has a large Compton wavelength.
No evidence of quintessence is yet available, but it has not been ruled out either. It generally predicts a slightly slower acceleration of the expansion of the universe than the cosmological constant. Some scientists think that the best evidence for quintessence would come from violations of Einstein's equivalence principle and variation of the fundamental constants in space or time. Scalar fields are predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics and string theory, but an analogous problem to the cosmological constant problem (or the problem of constructing models of cosmological inflation) occurs: renormalization theory predicts that scalar fields should acquire large masses.
Some theorists think that dark energy and cosmic acceleration are a failure of general relativity on very large scales, larger than superclusters. However most attempts at modifying general relativity have turned out to be either equivalent to theories of quintessence, or inconsistent with observations. Other ideas for dark energy have come from string theory, brane cosmology and the holographic principle, but have not yet proved; as compelling as quintessence and the cosmological constant. In other hand, M.R. Khoshbin-e-Khoshnazar believes that a model discretization of the universe could explain the origin of dark energy.
If an Atom is of the size of Earth, the Nucleus is of the size of an Apple! Physicists say, in Science videos. To draw an analogy, Physicists say... If the atom is of the size of Universe, the string is of the size of a tree! This needs 1018 times more energy than present technology allows us to verify. I read somewhere that if a huge particle accelerator like a ring around the Earth or say along the perimeter of Earth is made ( which is just not possible ), then the experiments may hint about the ranges which String theory is talking about.
The Mathematical elegance that String Theory was so excited about, did not predict Dark Matter, Dark energy etc. Today we know that more than 95% of the Universe is of Dark Matter + Dark Energy. Many simple and "normal" calculations explain all these without Multiple Universe. These calculations have last 100 years of experimental backup, and Madala Boson is being used to explain Dark World. Physicists are doing fine with 4 dimensions. ( x, y, z and time ). Since 1910s Einstein’s equations gave relations between space and time. Since then time is the 4 rth dimension. We did not require any more dimensions to explain experimental observations, for last 100 years!
If I have 100 hours or 1000 hours of time, it will be much more useful and profitable for me to read, research and do Business with Artificial Chlorophyll, Bio-Batteries, Bacteria Motors / energy, Desalination technologies for cheap potable water from sea, etc; rather than wasting time in high Energy Physics, or Theoretical constructs of Modification of Superstring theory!
-
About Christopher Hitchens ( 1949–2011 )
Christopher was an Anglo-American author, columnist, essayist, orator, religious and literary critic, social critic, and journalist. He contributed to New Statesman, The Nation, The Atlantic, London Review of Books, The Times Literary Supplement, Slate, and Vanity Fair. Hitchens was the author, co-author, editor or co-editor of over 30 books, including five collections of essays, on a range of subjects, including politics, literature, and religion. A staple of talk shows and lecture circuits, his confrontational style of debate made him both a lauded and controversial figure and public intellectual. Known for his contrarian stance on a number of issues, Hitchens criticised such public and generally popular figures as Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He was the elder brother of the conservative journalist and author Peter Hitchens.
A writer who could match the volume of exquisitely crafted columns, essays, articles, and books he produced over the past four decades. He wrote often—constantly, in fact, and right up to the end—and he wrote fast; frequently without the benefit of a second draft or even corrections. Christopher was the beau ideal of the public intellectual. You felt as though he was writing to you and to you alone. And as a result many readers felt they knew him.
He was a legend on the speakers’ circuit, and could debate just about anyone on anything. He won umpteen awards—although that was not the sort of thing that fueled his work—and in the last decade he wrote best-sellers, including a memoir, Hitch-22, that finally put some money into his family’s pocket. In the last weeks of his life, he was told that an asteroid had been named after him. He was pleased by the thought, and inasmuch as the word is derived from the Greek, meaning “star-like,” and asteroids are known to be volatile, it is a fitting honor.
Having long described himself as a socialist, a Marxist and an anti-totalitarian, Hitchens began his break from the established political left after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the Western left to the controversy over The Satanic Verses, followed by the left's embrace of Bill Clinton, and the antiwar movement's opposition to NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1990s.
An atheist, and a self-described antitheist, Hitchens viewed the concept of a god or a supreme being as a totalitarian belief that destroys individual freedom, and argued free expression and scientific discovery should replace religion as a means of teaching ethics and defining human civilisation. In 2007, Hitchens published his most popular book, God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, which was a New York Times bestseller.
-
About Sir Nicholas Winton ( 1909 – 2015 )
Sir Nicholas George Winton was a British humanitarian who organized the rescue of 669 children, most of them Jewish, from Czechoslovakia on the eve of the Second World War in an operation later known as the Czech Kindertransport (German for "children transportation"). Winton found homes for the children and arranged for their safe passage to Britain. The world found out about his work over 40 years later, in 1988. The British press dubbed him the "British Schindler". On 28 October 2014, he was awarded the highest honour of the Czech Republic, the Order of the White Lion (1st class), by Czech President Miloš Zeman.
About Vaclav Havel ( 1936 – 2011 )
Vaclav Havel was a Czech writer, philosopher, political dissident, and statesman. From 1989 to 1992, he served as the last president of Czechoslovakia. He then served as the first president of the Czech Republic (1993–2003) after the Czech–Slovak split. Within Czech literature, he is known for his plays, essays, and memoirs.
His educational opportunities limited by his bourgeois background, Havel first rose to prominence within the Prague theater world as a playwright. Havel used the absurdist style in works such as The Garden Party and The Memorandum to critique communism. After participating in Prague Spring and being blacklisted after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, he became more politically active and helped found several dissident initiatives such as Charter 77 and the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted. His political activities brought him under the surveillance of the secret police and he spent multiple stints in prison, the longest being nearly four years, between 1979 and 1983.
Havel's Civic Forum party played a major role in the Velvet Revolution that toppled communism in Czechoslovakia in 1989. He assumed the presidency shortly thereafter, and was reelected in a landslide the following year and after Slovak independence in 1993. Havel was instrumental in dismantling the Warsaw Pact and expanding NATO membership eastward. Many of his stances and policies, such as his opposition to Slovak independence, condemnation of the Czechoslovak treatment of Sudeten Germans after World War II, and granting of general amnesty to all those imprisoned under communism, were very controversial domestically. As such, he continually enjoyed greater popularity abroad than at home. Havel continued his life as a public intellectual after his presidency, launching several initiatives including the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism, the VIZE 97 Foundation, and the Forum 2000 annual conference.
Havel's political philosophy was one of anti-consumerism, humanitarianism, environmentalism, civil activism, and direct democracy. He supported the Czech Green Party from 2004 until his death. He received numerous accolades during his lifetime including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Gandhi Peace Prize, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the Four Freedoms Award, the Ambassador of Conscience Award, and the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award. The 2012–2013 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour. He is considered by some to be one of the most important intellectuals of the 20th century.
During the first week of the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Havel assisted the resistance by providing an on-air narrative via Radio Free Czechoslovakia station (at Liberec). Following the suppression of the Prague Spring in 1968, he was banned from the theatre and became more politically active. Short of money, he took a job in a brewery, an experience he wrote about in his play Audience. This play, along with two other "Vaněk" plays (so-called because of the recurring character Ferdinand Vaněk, a stand in for Havel), became distributed in samizdat form across Czechoslovakia, and greatly added to Havel's reputation of being a leading dissident (several other Czech writers later wrote their own plays featuring Vaněk). This reputation was cemented with the publication of the Charter 77 manifesto, written partially in response to the imprisonment of members of the Czech psychedelic rock band The Plastic People of the Universe. (Havel had attended their trial, which centered on the group's non-conformity in having long hair, using obscenities in their music, and their overall involvement in the Czech underground). Havel co-founded the Committee for the Defense of the Unjustly Prosecuted in 1979. His political activities resulted in multiple stays in prison, and constant government surveillance and questioning by the secret police, (Státní bezpečnost). His longest stay in prison, from May 1979 to February 1983, is documented in letters to his wife that were later published as Letters to Olga.
He was known for his essays, most particularly The Power of the Powerless, in which he described a societal paradigm in which citizens were forced to "live within a lie" under the communist regime. In describing his role as a dissident, Havel wrote in 1979: "...we never decided to become dissidents. We have been transformed into them, without quite knowing how, sometimes we have ended up in prison without precisely knowing how. We simply went ahead and did certain things that we felt we ought to do, and that seemed to us decent to do, nothing more nor less."
About Irena Sendler ( 1910 – 2003 )
Irena Sendler (née Krzyżanowska), also referred to as Irena Sendlerowa in Poland, nom de guerre "Jolanta", was a Polish nurse and social worker who served in the Polish Underground in German-occupied Warsaw during World War II, and was head of the children's section of Żegota, the Polish Council to Aid Jews (Polish: Rada Pomocy Żydom), which was active from 1942 to 1945.
Assisted by some two dozen other Żegota members, Sendler smuggled approximately 2,500 Jewish children out of the Warsaw Ghetto and then provided them with false identity documents and shelter outside the Ghetto, saving those children from the Holocaust. With the exception of diplomats who issued visas to help Jews flee Nazi-occupied Europe, Sendler saved more Jews than any other individual during the Holocaust.
The German occupiers eventually discovered her activities and she was arrested by the Gestapo, tortured, and sentenced to death, but she managed to evade execution and survive the war. In 1965, Sendler was recognised by the State of Israel as Righteous among the Nations. Late in life she was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest honor, for her wartime humanitarian efforts.
Jewish children were placed with Polish families, the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, or Roman Catholic convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Conceived Immaculate. Sendler worked closely with a group of about 30 volunteers, mostly women, who included Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, a resistance fighter and writer, and Matylda Getter, Mother Provincial of the Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary.
"Every child saved with my help is the justification of my existence on this Earth, and not a title to glory." (Irena Sendler)
According to American historian Debórah Dwork, Sendler was "the inspiration and the prime mover for the whole network that saved those 2,500 Jewish children." About 400 of the children were directly smuggled out by Sendler herself. She and her co-workers buried lists of the hidden children in jars in order to keep track of their original and new identities. The aim was to return the children to their original families when the war was over.
In 1943 Sendler was arrested by the Gestapo and severely tortured. The Gestapo beat her brutally, fracturing her feet and legs in the process. Despite this, she refused to betray any of her comrades or the children they rescued, and was sentenced to death by firing squad. Żegota saved her life by bribing the guards on the way to her execution. After her escape, she hid from the Germans, but returned to Warsaw under a fake name and continued her involvement with the Żegota. During the Warsaw Uprising, she worked as a nurse in a public hospital, where she hid five Jews. She continued to work as a nurse until the Germans left Warsaw, retreating before the advancing Soviet troops.
After the war, she and her co-workers gathered all of the children's records with the names and locations of the hidden Jewish children and gave them to their Żegota colleague Adolf Berman and his staff at the Central Committee of Polish Jews. However, almost all of the children's parents had been killed at the Treblinka extermination camp or had gone missing.
After the war, Sendler was imprisoned from 1948 to 1949 and brutally interrogated by the communist secret police (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) due to her connections with Poland's principal resistance organisation, the Home Army (AK), which was loyal to the wartime Polish government in exile. As a result, she gave birth prematurely to her son, Andrzej, who did not survive. Although she was eventually released and agreed to join the communist party (PZPR), her ties to the AK meant that she was never made into a hero. In fact, in 1965 when Sendler was recognized by Yad Vashem as one of the Polish Righteous among the Nations, Poland's communist government did not allow her to travel abroad at that time to receive the award in Israel; she was able to do so only in 1983. She was later employed as a teacher and vice-director in several Warsaw medical schools, and worked for the Ministries of Education and Health. She was also active in various social work programs. She helped organize a number of orphanages and care centers for children, families and the elderly, as well as a center for prostitutes in Henryków. However, she was forced into early retirement for her public declarations of support for Israel in the 1967 Israeli-Arab War (countries of the Soviet-controlled Eastern Bloc, including Poland, broke off diplomatic relations with Israel in the aftermath of this war). Sendler resigned her PZPR membership following the events of March 1968 in Poland.
In 1980 she joined the Solidarity movement.
Since Many years there are too many articles on Women Sex Predators, and aggressive women
Motherly Love Redefined …
crimeblog.dallasnews.com/2016/05/prosper-woman-who-had-sex-with-sons-teenage-friend-headed-to-prison.html/
wtol.com/story/6975375/mother-sentenced-for-having-sex-with-son
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2716412/Mother-jailed-having-sex-12-year-old-SON-partner-watched-told-webcam.html
dreamindemon.com/2012/05/18/mistie-atkinson-mother-pleads-guilty-sex-teenage-son/
patch.com/california/dixon/vacaville-mom-convicted-sex-son-seeks-retrial-0
nhregister.com/article/NH/20120921/NEWS/309219751
articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-10-27/news/9610260994_1_extorting-endangerment-elementary-school-principal
independent.ie/irish-news/incest-mother-is-convicted-of-sex-assault-on-her-two-sons-26462211.html
canadiancrc.com/newspaper_articles/Tor_Star_Mother_confesses_sex_with_sons_03OCT04.aspx
thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/06/10/canada-s-newest-refugee-a-florida-mom-convicted-of-unlawful-sex-with-a-minor.html
ibtimes.co.uk/us-idaho-lawsuit-reveals-sexual-assault-by-staff-male-teens-juvenile-detention-centers-1494582
mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/biology-teacher-who-sex-five-8850667
littlethings.com/foster-child-wwyd/
youtube.com/watch?v=htrItTarozA
youtube.com/watch?v=MC7hfCaRHIQ
gympietimes.com.au/news/roma-mother-guilty-of-bruising-sons-genitals/3089847/
breitbart.com/big-government/2016/09/14/mother-arranged-rape-murder-10-yr-old-daughter-allegedly-said-liked-watch/
thesmokinggun.com/buster/cigarette/cigarette-in-eye-628759#
equalitycanada.com/why-are-so-many-women-raping-boys-research-into-female-perpetrated-sexual-violence/
theindychannel.com/news/local-news/teacher-accused-of-sex-with-student-10-times-reaches-plea-deal-for-1-count-of-child-seduction
news.com.au/world/florida-mum-rachael-leahy-ordered-hit-on-exhusband-david-leahy/news-story/11b25d3fd6c5e007132d7fe28a4f7de1
9news.com.au/national/2016/09/14/07/26/poisoned-meatball-accused-due-in-vic-court/
bostonherald.com/news/local_coverage/2016/09/saugus_mom_pleads_guilty_to_rape_of_two_teenage_boys
express.co.uk/news/world/656971/Bullies-bikinis-attacked-sunbathing-victim-filmed-assault
bustle.com/articles/123975-6-signs-you-have-a-toxic-mother
txktoday.com/news/new-boston-woman-pleads-guilty-to-sexually-assaulting-13-year-old-boy/
ibtimes.co.uk/married-teacher-who-had-affair-14-year-old-pupil-sent-him-video-online-charged-rape-1579807
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3782055/Furious-bride-24-bit-fiance-s-ear-slashed-face-broken-glass-wedmin-meetings-went-horribly-wrong.html
nydailynews.com/news/national/conn-woman-drowned-baby-shorter-sentence-article-1.2783131
theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/oct/06/children-older-women-abused-jade-hatt
thechannelhiphop.com/boyfriend-saw-his-girlfriend-having-sex-with-two-dogs-and-called-the-police/
telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5251042/Rise-of-ladette-culture-as-241-women-arrested-each-day-for-violence.html
thespectrum.com/story/news/2016/06/07/18-year-old-laverkin-woman-arrested-having-sex-15-year-old-boys/85571780/
huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/09/nicole-kurowski-teacher-sex_n_4241276.html
craveonline.com/site/1062074-uk-teacher-had-sex-with-15-year-old-more-than-50-times-claimed
sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-female-bank-robbers-20160722-story.html
heraldsun.com.au/news/law-order/fight-to-extradite-ultraorthodox-jewish-school-principal-accused-of-molesting-and-raping-students-dropped/news-story/194cad2f934cca5858500ffebf4858c4
theguardian.com/society/2009/oct/04/uk-female-child-sex-offenders
adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/woman-who-tried-to-kill-exs-new-girlfriend-unable-to-show-empathy-for-her-victim-court-told/news-story/7b22da29e8cc18e413269a0be58800b0
youtube.com/watch?v=syWtUykS7L0
youtube.com/watch?v=3g_OPKvDgpU
youtube.com/watch?v=VPl5PkjVs3A
youtube.com/watch?v=AFk1FyKDYec
youtube.com/watch?v=oIn5OfNFa5I
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3274956/Disturbing-rise-women-child-sex-predators-s-punished-leniently-men.html?ito=social-facebook
youtube.com/watch?v=L5gWMO2JPa4
youtube.com/watch?v=76rAn4JZfiA
youtube.com/watch?v=W5RJBcsQq7Q
youtube.com/watch?v=yXAM83Lq8d0
youtube.com/watch?v=XfxkVjawYYg
youtube.com/watch?v=4_Uum7tEUqg
youtube.com/watch?v=D3ILPAUmPrw&list=PLfqvIEGoZYGzaCWw7VPYrY6sCtkbxOat8
youtube.com/watch?v=H6a9Szp8FwY
youtube.com/watch?v=p-GLJUPrtNU
youtube.com/watch?v=8uDEB2KG9XU
A Psychologist has an explanation …
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1391626/Whats-wrong-female-teachers-America-As-schools-summer-young-teacher-arrested-sex-16-year-old-student--latest-dozens-cases-school-year.html
youtube.com/watch?v=vWikSl0j_wA
A Mother Who Killed Her 5 Children
youtube.com/watch?v=Mp-zuabUeXU
youtube.com/watch?v=tz7DCorxLbo
youtube.com/watch?v=jf6VU5meuho
youtube.com/watch?v=gEP0k4ZMFfk
youtube.com/watch?v=vfVFklqG0NM
Why are Modern Women so aggressive ?
theguardian.com/education/2006/jan/23/pupilbehaviour.schools
See facebook.com/WomenCriminals/
See facebook.com/groups/499811210056249/
australianetworknews.com/melissa-kitchens-incest-american-mom-sex-son-25-gets-arrested/
irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/waterford-mother-convicted-of-child-cruelty-following-seven-week-trial-1.2657598
fox19.com/story/32236822/convicted-sex-offender-asks-mother-of-14-year-old-i-want-her-what-do-you-want-for-it
insideedition.com/headlines/16733-mom-and-female-partner-convicted-of-torturing-murdering-2-year-old-son-who-fell-off
rt.com/uk/354212-wales-mother-porn-court/
q13fox.com/2016/02/04/marysville-mother-convicted-of-sex-crimes-involving-daughter/
charlotteobserver.com/news/local/crime/article77122242.html
omaha.com/bellevue-mom-convicted-of-sexually-abusing-son-gets--/article_1393b0df-a383-58c3-a8e7-e5af713cc630.html
huffingtonpost.in/entry/wisconsin-mom-sentenced-sex-crimes-toddler_n_6237550
dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2287494/Grand-Junction-mom-Wendy-Crowell-sex-sons-underage-best-friend.html
vindy.com/news/2011/oct/06/pa-mom-sentenced-for-sex-with-son8217s-t/
murfreesboropost.com/mother-convicted-of-raping-son-years-ago-cms-41753
digitaljournal.com/article/294597
cnews.canoe.com/CNEWS/Crime/2014/08/05/21854361.html
politicsforum.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=121028
complex.com/pop-culture/2012/08/orange-county-mother-convicted-for-crossing-line-with-sons-friend
usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2015/08/21/molly-shattuck-ravens-cheerleader-sentenced-rape-boy/32108039/
6abc.com/archive/8554005/
bossip.com/920633/hide-ya-kids-cali-mom-sentenced-6-years-in-prison-for-sexing-sons-12-year-old-friend-43081/
wncn.com/2016/07/02/ga-mom-sentenced-after-teen-naked-twister-party-with-sex-and-drugs/
chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Mother-who-supplied-drugs-in-prom-death-pleads-7431853.php
starherald.com/news/local_news/sidney-mom-sentenced-in-molestation-of-son/article_09b03185-47a1-51a2-a6b6-98adc270d8ed.html
twcnews.com/archives/nys/central-ny/2007/12/14/mom-sentenced-in-sex-abuse-case-NY_38392.old.html
wtvr.com/2015/08/23/molly-shattuck-oldest-ravens-cheerleader-rapes-sons-15-year-old-friend/
maddad0467.newsvine.com/_news/2011/10/07/8203176-mom-sentenced-for-threesome-with-sons-friends
dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2012/09/05/mother-sentenced-for-raping-her-baby.html
news24.com/world/news/mom-had-sex-with-son-20100128
nypost.com/2016/04/09/mom-and-son-admit-to-incest-go-into-hiding-to-avoid-jail/
cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/mom-gets-1-year-for-sex-with-foster-son-1.1121822
mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-verdict-woman-accused-molesting-boy-20160309-story.html
nytimes.com/2015/10/25/magazine/the-strange-case-of-anna-stubblefield.html?_r=0
norwalkreflector.com/Local/2015/09/21/Sex-offender-039-s-mom-talks-about-2009-juvenile-court-case
abcnews.go.com/US/hummer-mom-christine-hubbs-force-sex-teen-boys/story?id=13541399
scpr.org/news/2011/09/19/28941/oc-mom-had-sex-sons-underage-teammates-authorities/
gasmicgore.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-3786.html
lancasteronline.com/news/mom-sentenced-for-prostituting-son/article_d035429a-9354-5d37-8d17-0815efd0a3c2.html
mercurynews.com/2009/12/15/north-carolina-mom-sentenced-for-putting-son-in-boiling-water/
us.geosnews.com/p/us/oh/cuyahoga-county/cleveland/appellate-court-again-rules-mom-convicted-of-helping-son-in-madison-township-murder-should-get-new-trial_4970914
propublica.org/article/false-rape-accusations-an-unbelievable-story
world.sports--news.com/news/lacey-spears-a-mother-accused
archive.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/070621/mom.shtml
tdcaa.com/node/3056
pravdareport.com/news/world/americas/04-11-2005/69955-0/
shanghaiexpat.com/phpbbforum/idaho-mom-had-sex-with-son-s-friends-t151005.html
newsgrio.com/articles/248052-mom-drunkenly-let-a-convicted-sex-offender-who-exposed-himself-to-girls-under-13-give-her-three-children-permanent-tattoos.html
traffickalerts.wordpress.com/2015/01/15/incest-mom-sentenced-to-219-year-in-prison-over-alabama-sex-ring/
dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2081674/Poppy-Burge-gets-liposuction-voucher-Human-Barbie-mum-Sarah-Christmas.html
nydailynews.com/news/national/florida-mom-charged-setting-fight-daughter-amp-classmate-article-1.1012931#ixzz1kx3LwRVQ
uk.style.yahoo.com/blogs/yahoo-lifestyles/mother-gives-botox-injections-her-eight-old-daughter-184941192.html
About Fallacies and Logic
Hasty Generalisation is one of the most common Fallacies practiced by Human Beings. This is ( often ) the case; because 2 of the important “ theorems “ of Statistics are NOT appreciated.
Two of these theorems of Statistics being –
S1 – Larger the sample size better the observation. As the sample size approaches the “ Total Population “ the reality is manifested better.
S2 – The sample types should vary widely. Wider is the variation the random noise is eliminated the most.
It is fallacious to generalize with a very few observations or by personal experience / perception. [ Before seeing the Statistics below, try to answer from your perception … “who amongst Men and Women instigate violence ?“ ]
Also it is known from study of Psychology that ( often ) people tend to justify their perception and actions ‘ more than required ‘ to avoid being seen as foolish.
People give asymmetrical importance to their opinions and emphasize it too much.
Daniel Kahneman got Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on “ Behavioral Finance “. He had shown that people are NOT “ equi-proportionate “ in their choices, actions and decisions.
There have been interesting developments in “ Game theory “ also giving insights on “ sub-optimal “ choices that people make in their decisions.
An unbiased statistical experiment with sample size larger than the minimum required, and varying widely can throw light on the REALITY.
There are many types of Fallacies, namely –
1 ) Post Hoc
2 ) Poisoning the Well
3 ) Bandwagon
Etc ...
18 types of Logical Fallacies are described at kspope.com/fallacies/fallacies.php
42 types of Fallacies are described at nizkor.org/features/fallacies/
One of the ways of classifying the fallacies is –
1 ) Formal Fallacies
2 ) Informal Fallacies
3 ) Aristotelian Fallacies
3.1 – Material Fallacies
3.2 – Verbal Fallacies
3.3 – Logical Fallacies
A nice list of Fallacies is given at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies
The following Cognitive Traps we succumb to –
1 ) Availability Bias – This causes us to base our decisions on information that are more readily available than doing an exhaustive search. If someone asks you the question … In English do we have more words starting with R or more words where R is in the 3rd place ? …. The correct way to answer this is …. I do not know, we have to search / analyze and see. But as we tend to remember words by their first alphabet we tend to recall words starting with R but hardly can remember words such as FoRt, MaRt, FeRtilizer etc. ( It seems after an exhaustive search it is found that we have more WoRds where R is in the 3rd place than in 1st place ! )
2 ) Hindsight Bias – ( ex post ) – This causes us to attach higher probability to events after they have happened than we did before they happened. This bias also lasts for only a small amount of time such as few days or weeks. In 1970s at Howrah station ( Calcutta / Kolkata ) a passenger train could not brake in time and dashed at the end of the line ( Platform ) to stop. [ Similar to Chennai / Madras the rail ends one way at Howrah station. The trains do not cross through the station but comes and returns the same way. ] This crash caused the first bogie to get mutilated very badly and a few people died. Now this first bogie generally is very crowded, as people want to rush out and run a smaller distance to reach the office / Business. For next few days the first bogie was almost empty in local trains, and slowly was forgotten. In history of Howrah station this type of accident may have happened only 3 – 4 times. Except the one mentioned above the other crashes were minor in nature. So the “ Hindsight Bias “ explains why people were too cautious for a few days to keep the first bogie empty and then slowly forget.
3 ) The problem of Induction – This causes us to formulate general rules on the basis of insufficient information. ( Hasty Generalization ). CPI / CPM parties have been ruling West Bengal for decades so often many outsiders term all Bengalis as communists. I have even seen the following type of conversation sequence … In a training program the trainer gave me a Red pen and jokingly said you will like this colour ! As I asked why do you think so ? He said : You are a Bengali, so you are a communist. Red is the colour of communists ! So you should like it !
4 ) The fallacy of Conjunction – ( or Disjunction ) – This causes us to overestimate the probability of 10 events each with 90% probability, will ALL occur, while underestimating the probability that at least 1 of the 10 events with just 10% probability is quite likely to occur. In fact human beings in general are not good as estimating probability or estimating the occurrence frequency of an event.
5 ) Confirmation Bias – This inclines us to look for confirming evidence of an initial hypothesis, rather than falsifying evidence that would disprove it. Often when the Media / Press wants to malign someone ( Character Assassination ) then keeps giving biased Negative evidences to paint the character. The readers / TV viewers refer to only this propaganda rather than search opposite evidences of their own.
6 ) Contamination Effects – This causes us to allow irrelevant but proximate information to influence a decision.
7 ) The Affect Heuristic – This causes us preconceived value-judgments interfere with our assessment of costs and benefits.
8 ) Scope Neglect – This prevents us from proportionately adjusting what we should be willing to sacrifice to avoid harms of different orders of magnitude. As the stock market rises, a prudent investor should switch part of equity systematically to Debt funds ( say MIPs ) and at the peak day should exit all equity to put all her investments into Liquid / Debt funds. But in practice how many people does this ? The peak of Equity market is peak because majority are buying more equity than are selling !
9 ) Overconfidence in Calibration – This leads us to underestimate the confidence intervals within which our estimates will be robust. ( to mixup best case scenario with most probable scenario ).
10 ) Bystander Apathy – This inclines us to abdicate individual responsibility when in a crowd. John Darley & Bibb Latane – Bad Samaritan explanation. Victims chance of being helped within 45 secs was 50% in case of 1 bystander while 0% in case of 5 or more bystander. In the industry, “
Group email “ is great for Information propagation but not for seeking help. Only handful people are active in Discussion groups. Individual emails evoke better response.
Some of the psychological traps that affect way people make business decisions …
– The anchoring trap – Leads to give disproportionate weight to first information or a few first information. Can be avoided by circulating the agenda beforehand.
– The status quo trap – Momentum , culture , heritage problem.
– Sunk-Cost trap – This inclines us to perpetuate the mistakes of the past.
– The confirming evidence trap – This leeds us to seek out information supporting an existing predilection and to discount opposing information
– The framing Trap – This occurs when we misstate a problem, undermining the entire decision – making process.
– The prudence tap – This leads us to be overcautious when we make estimates about uncertain events.
– The recallability trap – This leads us to give undue weight to recent, dramatic events.
For example Dr Warren Farrell is not limited or trapped with traditional Biases
See … what he says …
How many people are bothered about Male suicide rate being so high ? Worldwide average rate ( of all ages combined ) of Male suicide rate is 4 times higher that of Women. Does anyone care ? Most people are Biased to assume Men are Disposable.
Some series Expansions -
Solve a series problem
Plato and many others, since long told something about Truth …
So I “lied” on a few things in this Book ! :-{D
“Logic of Religion and Mythology” is like above …
( Some people may agree that I am much more Polite, than Christopher Hitchens … May be I achieved much lesser because of that! )
( In 2016 Celebrating 27 years of Excellence in Teaching )
Good Luck to you for your Preparations, References, and Exams
All Other Books written by me can be downloaded from
zookeepersblog.wordpress.com/free-pdf-e-book-download-for-iit-jee-cbse-isc-cet-physics-chemistry-maths-from-professor-subhashish-skmclasses/
Professor Subhashish Chattopadhyay
Learn more at skmclasses.weebly.com/iit-jee-home-tuitions-bangalore.html
Twitter – twitter.com/ZookeeperPhy
Facebook – facebook.com/IIT.JEE.by.Prof.Subhashish/
Blog – skmclasses.kinja.com
-
Class videos can be seen by Boys and Men at
archive.org then search for creator "Professor Subhashish". You should get most videos
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contact email [email protected]
The Key words
IIT, JEE, IITJEE, Solutions, India, IPhO, APhO, IMO, RMO, INMO, through, lectures, problems, numericals, Zookeeper, Subhashish, Chattopadhyay, Projectile, Laten, Heat, Thermodynamics, std, 11, 12, ISc, Calculus, BE, BTech, Differentiation, Integration, Mechanics, Surface, Tension, Viscosity, Accelerating, Frame, velocity, wedge, mass, pulley, Moment, Inertia, Roorkey, Joint, Entrance, Exam, CET, AIEEE, Irodov, HCV, Verma, South, Bangalore, Intermediate, Algebra, Trigonometry, Sexy, Free, Coaching, study, material, preparation, Olympiad, Friction, sin, Modelling, cos, Potential, tan, cot, Gravitation, Electrostatics, sec, Field, cosec, Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola, inverse, string, Tuition, Kinetic, Theory, Gases, Isothermal, Adiabatic, Isochoric, Isobaric, Processes, Root, Mean, Square, Differential, Equation, Specific, Cp, Cv, PV, Diagram, Bending, Stress, Strain, Geostationary, Satellite, Entropy, Coefficient, Linear, Expansion, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Pendulum, Conductivity, Latent, ice, water, Hydrometer, Glass, tube, series, Parallel, travelling, standing, wave, Sound, Radiation, stefan, Boltzmann, law, Newton, cooling, cylinder, Harmonic, Overtone, Resonance, Sonometer, Kunds, Beat, Frequency, vibration, tuning, Fork, Swimmer, Young, Bulk, Modulus, welded, chamber, not, similar, dissimilar, MIT, Caltech, Yale, pipe, Magnetic, Tesla, Lenz, LvB, Vijaya, Bank, Enclave, Apartments, Bannerghatta, Road, Behind, IIM, Jayanagar, J-P-Nagar, Buoyant, Buoyancy, Rho, efflux, Bernoullis, rare, Poiseuilles, Torricellis, critical, Terminal, Reynolds, Poise, coalescing, Laplace, Ventury, Hoop, orifice, Siphon, Foucault, stretched, compression, ball, scale, constant, length, shear, poisson, Ratio, clock, loosing, time, tvanausdal1, vkiledj, Density, Partial, Pressure, Humidity, Leak, SmartlearnwebTV, Space, Puncture, Photon, RC, RLC, LR, Circuit, Electrical, Capacitor, Inductance, Linked, Flux, Wheatstone, Bridge, Freelanceteach, Troutons, Rule, Van, Arkel, Method, Overview, Metallurgy, Roasting, Calcination, Froth, Floatation, Purification, Projected, Area, PET, Kerala, MPPET, Delta, Star, conversion, Internal, Resistance, Battery, Trick, Questions, Infinite, Ladder, Quadratic, Cubic, Quartic, Quintic, Orissa, NSEP, ckt, eqn, mesh, Folding, Lenzs, J&K, Karnataka, RMS, instantaneous, BCECE, Maharastra, MHCET, RPET, stepup, stepdown, transformer, Bilekahalli, UPSEAT, shunt, galvanometer, susceptibility, oscillating, magnetometer, pole, strength, Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttarpradesh, Punjab, Hariana, TN, Tamilnadu, Andhra, WB, west, Bengal, Vacuum, Diode, Triode, Rectifier, Truth, Table, Thermionic, emission, Radioactivity, Half, Life, Langmiur, Child, Law, FCC, BCC, Cube, Optics, Lens, Mirror, Focus, Focal, Concave, Convex, Lux, Phot, Lumen, Double, slit, Complex, Integral, coordinate, Geometry, compounds, Biochemistry
key words
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IIT, JEE,IITJEE, Solutions, India, IPhO, APhO, IMO, RMO, INMO, through, lectures, problems, numericals, Zookeeper, Subhashish, Chattopadhyay, Projectile, Latent, Heat Thermodynamics std 11 12 ISc Calculus BE BTech Differentiation Integration Mechanics Surface Tension Viscosity Accelerating Frame velocity wedge mass pulley Moment Inertia Roorkey Joint Entrance Exam CET AIEEE Irodov HCV Verma South Bangalore Intermediate Algebra Trigonometry Sexy Free Coaching study material preparation Olympiad Friction sin Modelling cos Potential tan cot Gravitation Electrostatics sec Field cosec Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola inverse string Tuition Kinetic Theory Gases Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric Processes Root Mean Square Differential Equation Specific Cp Cv PV Diagram Bending Stress Strain Geostationary Satellite Entropy Coefficient Linear Expansion Alpha Beta Gamma Pendulum Conductivity Latent ice water Hydrometer Glass tube series Parallel travelling standing wave Sound Radiation stefan Boltzmann law Newton cooling cylinder Harmonic Overtone Resonance Sonometer Kunds Beat Frequency vibration tuning Fork Swimmer Young Bulk Modulus welded chamber not similar dissimilar MIT Caltech Yale pipe Magnetic Tesla Lenz LvB Vijaya Bank Enclave Apartments Bannerghatta Road Behind IIM Jayanagar J-P-Nagar Buoyant Buoyancy Rho efflux Bernoullis rare Poiseuilles Torricellis critical Terminal Reynolds Poise coalescing Laplace Ventury Hoop orifice Siphon Foucault stretched compression ball scale constant length shear poisson Ratio clock loosing time tvanausdal1 vkiledj Density Partial Pressure Humidity Leak SmartlearnwebTV Space Puncture Photon RC RLC LR Circuit Electrical Capacitor Inductance Linked Flux Wheatstone Bridge Freelanceteach Troutons Rule Van Arkel Method Overview Metallurgy Roasting Calcination Froth Floatation Purification Projected Area PET Kerala MPPET Delta Star conversion Internal Resistance Battery Trick Questions Infinite Ladder Quadratic Cubic Quartic Quintic Orissa NSEP ckt eqn mesh Folding Lenzs J&K Karnataka RMS instantaneous BCECE Maharastra MHCET RPET stepup stepdown transformer Bilekahalli UPSEAT shunt galvanometer susceptibility oscillating magnetometer pole strength Bihar Rajasthan Uttarpradesh Punjab Hariana TN Tamilnadu Andhra WB west Bengal Vacuum Diode Triode Rectifier Truth Table Thermionic emission, Radioactivity, Half, Life, Langmiur, Child Law FCC BCC Cube Optics Lens Mirror Focus Focal Concave Convex Lux Phot Lumen Double slit Complex Integral coordinate Geometry compounds, Biochemistry, Plastic, Organic Chemistry Physical Analytical Inorganic Metallurgy, Biotechnology, Polymer Science, Rubber Technology, Geology, Pharma, Veterinary Science,Food Technology, Cryogenics, Ceramics acid species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com proton donor activation energy minimum energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction breaking bonds addition polymer very long molecular chain formed repeated addition reactions many unsaturated alkene molecules monomers addition polymerisation process unsaturated alkene molecules monomers add growing polymer chain one timeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com long saturated molecular chain addition polymer addition reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactant added IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com an unsaturated molecule saturated molecule adsorption process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com occurs gas, liquid solute held surface solid rarely liquid alicyclic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms joined together ring structure aliphatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms joined together straight branched chains alkali type base IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dissolves water forming hydroxide ions OH (aq) ions alkanes homologous series IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com general formula C alkyl group alkane IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hydrogen atom removed CH alkyl groups IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com ‘R’ amount substance quantity whose unit mole Chemists amount substance IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com IITJEE counting atoms anhydrous substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com contains water molecules anion negatively charged ion atom economy atomic orbital region within atom hold two electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com opposite spins atomic (proton number number protons nucleus atom 100 products masses molecular sum product desired mass molecular economy atom Chemistry average bond enthalpy average enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com place IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaking homolytic fission 1 molIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com type bond molecules gaseous species Avogadro constant,isotope number atoms mole carbon base species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com proton acceptor biodegradable material substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com broken IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com naturally environment living organisms Boltzmann distribution distribution energies molecules particular temperature IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com graph bond enthalpy enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaking homolytic fission 1 mol bond molecules gaseous species carbanion organic ion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atom hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com negative charge carbocation organic ion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atom hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com positive charge catalyst substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increases rate chemical reaction process cation positively charged ion cis trans isomerism special type isomerism IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com non hydrogen group skmclasses.weebly.com hydrogen atom C C=C double bond cis isomer ( Z isomer) IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com H atoms on IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon same side trans isomer E isomer H atoms carbon different bond compound substance formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemically bonded elements fixed ratio, usually chemical formula concentration amount solute mol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 1 dm 3 1000 cm solution coordinate bond shared pair electrons provided one bonding atoms called dative covalent bond covalent bond bond formed shared pair electrons cracking breaking long chained saturated hydrocarbonsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixture shorter chained alkanesalkenes curly arrow symbol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction mechanisms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com show movement electron Coaching ICWA Coaching CFA Coaching CFP Coaching CMAT Coaching School Tuitions CBSE School Tuitions Home Tuitions 9th STD Tuitions PUC Coaching 10th Std Tuitions College Tuitions Maths Tuitions Engineering Tuitions Accounts & Finance Tuitions MBA & BBA Coaching Microbiology & Biotech Tuitions Study Abroad GRE & SAT Coaching GMAT Coaching IELTS/TOEFL Coaching PTE Coaching proteins protonation pyridines pyrroles quinones quinolines radical reaction radicals rearrangement receptors reduction regioselectivity retro reaction rhodium ring closure ring contraction ring expansion ring opening ruthenium samarium scandium Schiff bases selenium self-assembly silicon sodium solid-phase synthesis solvent effects spectroscopy sphingolipids spiro compounds stereoselective synthesis stereoselectivity steric hindrance steroids Stille reaction substituent effects sulfates sulfonamides sulfones sulfoxides sulfur supported catalysis supramolecular tandem reaction tautomerism terpenoids thioacetals thiols tin titanium total synthesis transesterification transition metals transition states tungsten Umpolung vinylidene complexes vitamins Wacker reaction Wittig reaction ylides zeolites zinc BRST Quantization Effective field theories Field Theories Higher Dimensions Field Theories Lower Dimensions Large Extra Dimensions Lattice Quantum Field Theory Nonperturbative Effects Renormalization Group Renormalization Regularization skmclasses.weebly.com Renormalons Sigma Models Solitons Monopoles skmclasses.weebly.comInstantons Supersymmetric gauge theory Topological Field Theories 1/N Expansion Anyons Chern-Simons Theories Confinement Duality Gauge Field Theories Lattice Gauge Field Theories Scattering Amplitudes Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Strong Coupling Expansion Topological States Matter Wilson 't Hooft skmclasses.weebly.comPolyakov loops Anomalies Field skmclasses.weebly.comString Theories BRST Symmetry Conformal skmclasses.weebly.com W Symmetry Discrete skmclasses.weebly.comFinite Symmetries Gauge Symmetry Global Symmetries Higher Spin Symmetry Space-Time Symmetries AdS-CFT Correspondence Black Holes String Theory Bosonic Strings Brane Dynamics Gauge Theories Conformal Field Models String Theory D-branes dS vacua string theory F-Theory Flux compactifications Gauge-gravity correspondence Holography skmclasses.weebly.comcondensed matter physics (AdS CMT) Holography skmclasses.weebly.comquark-gluon plasmas Intersecting branes models Long strings M(atrix) Theories M-Theory p-branes Penrose limit skmclasses.weebly.compp-wave background String Duality String Field Theory String theory skmclasses.weebly.comcosmic string Superstring Vacua Superstrings skmclasses.weebly.comHeterotic Strings Tachyon Condensation Topological Strings 2D Gravity Black Holes Classical Theories Gravity Higher Spin Gravity Lattice Models Gravity Models Quantum Gravity Spacetime Singularities Extended Supersymmetry Supergravity Models Superspaces Supersymmetric Effective Theories Supersymmetry skmclasses.weebly.com Duality Supersymmetry Breaking Differential skmclasses.weebly.comAlgebraic Geometry Integrable Hierarchies Non-Commutative Geometry Quantum Groups Statistical Methods Stochastic Processes Cosmology Theories beyond SM Solar skmclasses.weebly.comAtmospheric Neutrinos Thermal Field Theory Be Ansatz Boundary Quantum Field Theory Exact S-Matrix Quantum Dissipative Systems Random Systems B-Physics Beyond Standard Model Compactification skmclasses.weebly.comString Models CP violation Electromagnetic Processes skmclasses.weebly.com Properties GUT Heavy Quark Higgs Kaon LEP HERA skmclasses.weebly.comSLC Neutrino Physics Quark Masses skmclasses.weebly.comSM Parameters Rare Decays Standard Model Supersymmetric Standard Model Technicolor skmclasses.weebly.comComposite Models Chiral Lagrangians Deep Inelastic Scattering Higher Twist Effects Lattice QCD Parton Model Phase Diagram QCD Phenomenological Models QCD Quark-Gluon Plasma Resummation Sum Rules Aim Global Education Koramangala Computer Networking Training Cloud Computing Training JBOSS Training Juniper Certification Training L2 & L3 Protocol Training MCTS Training Engineering design Training CAD & CAM Training MATLAB Training PLC Training SCADA Training VLSI Design Multimedia & Design Training 2D Animation Training 3D Animation Training 4D Animation Training CorelDRAW Training VFX Training Web Technologies Training ASP.Net Training JQuery pair breaking formation covalent bond dative covalent shared pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com been provided one bonding atoms only IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com called coordinate bond dehydration elimination reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com water removed saturated molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unsaturated molecule delocalised Electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com shared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two atoms displacement reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactive element displaces less reactive element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com aqueous solution latter’s ions displayed formula showing relative positioning atoms molecule skmclasses.weebly.com bonds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com disproportionation oxidation skmclasses.weebly.com reduction element redox reaction dynamic equilibrium equilibrium IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exists closed system IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com rate forward reaction equal IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com rate reverse reaction E/Z isomerism type stereoisomerism IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different groups attached IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon C=C double bond arranged differently space restricted rotation C=C bond electron configuration arrangement electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom electronegativity measure attraction bonded atom skmclasses.weebly.com pair electrons covalent bond electron shielding repulsion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrons different inner shells Shielding reduces net attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive nucleus outer shell electrons electrophile atom group atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com attracted IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron rich centre atom IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts pair electrons covalent bond electrophilic addition type addition reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrophile attracted electron rich centre atom accepts pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com new covalent bond elimination reaction removal molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com saturated molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unsaturated molecule empirical formula simplest whole number ratio atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element present compound endothermic reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products greater enthalpy reactants resulting heat being taken surroundings enthalpy heat content IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com stored chemical system standard enthalpy change combustion enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole substance reacts completely IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxygen under standard conditions reactants skmclasses.weebly.com products being IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states (standard) enthalpy change formation enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole compound formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com constituent elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states under standard conditions (standard) enthalpy change reaction enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accompanies reaction molar quantities expressed chemical equation under standard conditions reactants skmclasses.weebly.com products being IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states enthalpy cycle diagram showing alternative routes IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactants products IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com allows indirect determination IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com other known enthalpy changes using Hess’ law enthalpy profile diagram skmclasses.weebly.com reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com compare enthalpy reactants IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products esterification reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com alcohol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carboxylic acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com produce ester skmclasses.weebly.com water exothermic reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products smaller enthalpy reactants, resulting heat loss IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com surroundings fractional distillation separation components liquid mixture skmclassesfractions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com differ boiling point skmclasses.weebly.com hence chemical composition IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com distillation typically using fractionating column fragmentation process mass spectrometry IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com causes positive ion split skmclasses pieces one positive fragment ion functional group part organic molecule responsible skmclasses.weebly.com chemical reactions general formula simplest algebraic formula member homologous series. skmclasses.weebly.com example general formula alkanes giant covalent lattice dimensional structure atoms, bonded together strong covalent bonds giant ionic lattice three dimensional structure oppositely charged ions, bonded together strong ionic bonds giant metallic lattice three dimensional structure positive ions skmclasses.weebly.com delocalised electrons, bonded together strong metallic bonds greenhouse effect process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com absorption subsequent emission infrared radiation atmospheric gases warms lower atmosphere planet’s surface group vertical column Periodic Table Elements group IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com similar chemical properties skmclasses.weebly.com atoms skmclasses.weebly.comnumber outer shell electrons Hess law reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one route skmclasses.weebly.com initial final conditions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com total enthalpy change skmclasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com route heterogeneous catalysis reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com catalyst IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com different physical state reactants; frequently, reactants IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gases whilst catalyst solid heterolytic fission breaking covalent bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com both bonded electrons going IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one atoms, forming cation (+ ion) skmclasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com anion ion homogeneous catalysis reaction catalyst skmclasses.weebly.com reactants physical state, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com frequently aqueous gaseous state homologous series series organic compounds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com functional group, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com successive member differing homolytic fission breaking covalent bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one bonded electrons going IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom, forming two radicals hydrated Crystalline skmclasses.weebly.com containing water molecules hydrocarbon compound hydrogen skmclasses.weebly.com carbon hydrogen bond strong dipole attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron deficient hydrogen atom (O H on different molecule hydrolysis reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com water aqueous hydroxide ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaks chemical compound skmclasses two compounds initiation first step radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com free radicals generated ultraviolet radiation intermolecular force attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com neighbouring molecules Intermolecular forces van der Waals’ forces induced dipole ces permanent dipole forces hydrogen bonds ion positively negatively charge atom covalently bonded group atoms molecular ion ionic bonding electrostatic attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oppositely charged ions first) ionisation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions second) ionisation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions successive ionisation measure energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron Chemistry energy second ionisation energy energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions isotopes Atoms skmclasses.weebly.com element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different numbers neutrons different masses le Chatelier’s principle system dynamic equilibrium subjected change position equilibrium will shift minimise change limiting reagent substance chemical reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com runs out first lone pair outer shell pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com involved chemical bonding mass nucleon number particles protons aneutrons) nucleus mechanism sequence steps showing path taken electrons reaction metallic bond electrostatic attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive metal ions adelocalised electrons molar mass substance units molar mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molar volume IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mole gas. units molar volume IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dm room temperature skmclasses.weebly.com pressure molar volume approximately 24.0 substance containing IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com many particles thereIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms exactly 12 g carbon isotope molecular formula number atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element molecule molecular ion M positive ion formed mass spectrometry IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecule loses electron molecule small group atoms held together covalent bonds monomer small molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com combines IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com monomers polymer nomenclature system naming compounds nucleophile atom group atoms attracted electron deficient centre atom donates pair electrons covalent bond nucleophilic substitution type substitution reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com nucleophile attracted electron deficient centre atom, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com new covalent bond oxidation Loss electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increase oxidation number oxidation number measure number electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom uses bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atoms another element. Oxidation numbers IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com derive d rules oxidising agent reagent IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidises (takes electrons from) another species percentage yield period horizontal row elements Periodic Table Elements show trends properties across period periodicity regular periodic variation properties elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic number position Periodic Table permanent dipole small charge difference across bond resulting IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com difference electronegativities bonded atoms permanent dipole dipole force attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com permanent dipoles neighbouring polar molecules pi bond (p bond reactive part double bond formed above skmclasses.weebly.com below plane bonded atoms sideways overlap p orbitalspolar covalent bond bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com permanent dipole polar molecule molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com overall dipole skmclasses account dipoles across bonds polymer long molecular chain built monomer units precipitation reaction formation solid solution during chemical reaction Precipitates IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two aqueous solutions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixed together principal quantum number n number representing relative overall energy orbital IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increases distance nucleus sets orbitals IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com value IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com electron shells energy levels propagation two repeated radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com build up products chain reaction radical species unpaired electron rate reaction change concentration reactant product redox reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reduction skmclasses.weebly.com oxidation take IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reducing agent reagent IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reduces (adds electron to) species reduction Gain electrons decrease oxidation number yield actual amount mol product theoretical amount mol product Chemistry reflux continual boiling skmclasses.weebly.com condensing reaction mixture ensure IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com without contents flask boiling dry relative atomic mass weighted mean mass atom element compared one twelfth mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom carbon relative formula mass weighted mean mass formula unit compared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one twelfth mass atom carbon relative isotopic mass mass atom isotope compared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one twelfth mass atom carbon relative molecular mass weighted mean mass molecule compared twelfth mass atom carbon 12 repeat unit specific arrangement atom s IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com occurs structure over over again. Repeat units IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com included brackets outside IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com symbol n Salt chemical compound formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com H+ ion acid IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com been replaced metal ion another positive ion such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com ammonium ion, NH saturated hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com single bonds only shell group atomic orbitals IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com principal quantum number known main energy level simple molecular lattice three dimensional structure molecules, bonded together weak intermolecular forces skeletal formula simplified organic formula, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hydrogen atoms removed alkyl chains, leaving carbon skeleton skmclasses.weebly.com associated functional groups species particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com part chemical reaction specific heat capacity, c energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com raise temperature 1 g substance 1 C spectator ions Ions present part chemical reaction standard conditions pressure 100 kPa 1 atmosphere stated temperature usually 298 K (25 °C), skmclasses.weebly.com concentration 1 mol dm reactions aqueous solutions standard enthalpies enthalpystandard solution solution known concentration Standard solutions normally IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com titrations IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com determine unknown information another substance Chemistry standard state physical state substance under standard conditions 100 kPa 1 atmosphere) skmclasses.weebly.com 298 K 25 C stereoisomers Compounds skmclasses.weebly.com structural formula IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different arrangement atoms space stoichiometry molar relationship IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com relative quantities substances part reaction stratosphere second layer Earth’s atmosphere, containing ‘ozone layer’, about 10 km IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 50 km above Earth’s surface structural formula formula showing minimal detail skmclasses.weebly.com arrangement atoms molecule structural isomers Molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com molecular formula different structural arrangements atoms subshell group skmclasses.weebly.com type atomic orbitals s, p, d f within shell substitution reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom group atoms replaced different atom group atoms termination step end radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two radicals combine IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecule thermal decomposition breaking chemical substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com heat skmclasses least two chemical substances troposphere lowest layer Earth’s atmosphere extending Earth’s surface about 7 km (above poles) about 20 km above tropics unsaturated hydrocarbon hydrocarbon containing carbon carbon multiple bonds van der Waals’ forces Very weak attractive forces IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com induced dipoles neighbouring molecules volatility ease IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid turns skmclasses gas Volatility increases boiling point decreases water crystallisation Water molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com essential part crystalline structure absolute zero - theoretical condition concerning system at zero Kelvin IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com system does IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com emit absorb energy (all atoms rest accuracy - how close value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com actual true value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com see precision acid compound that, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dissolved water pH less 7.0 compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates hydrogen ion acid anhydride compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two acyl groups boundIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com single oxygen atom acid dissociation constant - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com equilibrium constant skmclasses.weebly.com dissociation weak acid actinides - fifteen chemical elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com actinium (89) skmclasses.weebly.com lawrencium (103 activated complex - structure IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com forms because collisionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules new bondsvIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com formed activation energy - minimum energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com must be inputIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemical system activity series actual yield addition reaction - within organic chemistry, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules combineIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com larger aeration mixing air skmclasses liquid solid alkali metals metals Group 1 on periodic table alkaline earth metals - metals Group 2 on periodic table allomer substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comdifferent composition another skmclasses.weebly.comcrystalline structure allotropy elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different structures skmclasses.weebly.com therefore different forms IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Carbon diamonds, graphite, skmclasses.weebly.com fullerene anion negatively charge ions anode - positive side dry cell battery cell aromaticity - chemical property conjugated rings IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com results unusual stability. See IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com benzene atom - chemical element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com smallest form, skmclasses.weebly.com made up neutrons skmclasses.weebly.comprotons within nucleus skmclasses.weebly.comelectrons circling nucleus atomic mass unit atomic number number representing IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com corresponds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com number protons within nucleus atomic orbital region IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron atom may be found atomic radius average atomic mass Avogadro's law Avogadro's number number particles mole substance ( 6.02x10^23 ) barometer deviceIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measure pressure atmosphere base substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts proton skmclasses.weebly.com high pH; common example sodium hydroxide (NaOH biochemistry chemistry organisms boiling phase transition liquid vaporizing boiling point temperature IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substance startsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com boil boiling-point elevation process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com boiling point elevated adding substance bond - attraction skmclasses.weebly.com repulsion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atoms skmclasses.weebly.com molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com cornerstone Boyle's law Brønsted-Lowrey acid chemical species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates proton Brønsted–Lowry acid–base reaction Brønsted-Lowrey base - chemical species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts proton buffered solution - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com aqueous solution consisting weak acid skmclasses.weebly.comits conjugate base weak base skmclasses.weebly.comits conjugate acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com resists changes pH IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com strong acids basesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com added burette (IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com buret glasswareIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dispense specific amounts liquid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com precision necessary titration skmclasses.weebly.com resource dependent reactions example combustion catalyst chemical compoundIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com change rate IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com speed up slow down reaction,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com regenerated at end reaction cation - positively charged ion centrifuge equipmentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com separate substances based on density rotating tubes around centred axis cell potential force galvanic cell IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com pulls electron through reducing agentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidizing agent chemical Law certain rules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com pertain IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com laws nature skmclasses.weebly.comchemistry - examples chemical reaction - change one IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substances skmclassesanother multiple substances colloid mixture evenly dispersed substances such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comm milks combustion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exothermic reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidant skmclasses.weebly.comfuel IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com heat skmclasses.weebly.comoften light compound - substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com made up two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemically bonded elements condensation phase changeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gasIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid conductor material IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com allows electric flow IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com freely covalent bond - chemical bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com involves sharing electrons crystal solid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com packed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ions, molecules atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com orderly fashion cuvette glasswareIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com spectroscopic experiments. usually made plastic glass quartz skmclasses.weebly.comshould be IITJEE possible deionization removal ions, skmclasses.weebly.com water's case mineral ions such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comsodium, iron skmclasses.weebly.comcalcium deliquescence substances IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com absorb water IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atmosphereIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid solutions deposition - settling particles within solution mixture dipole electric magnetic separation charge dipole moment - polarity polar covalent bond dissolution solvation - spread ions monosacharide double bond sharing two pairs electradodes Microcentrifuge Eppendorf tube IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Coomassie Blue solution earth metal - see alkaline earth metal electrolyte solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com conducts certain amount current skmclasses.weebly.com split categorically IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com weak skmclasses.weebly.comstrong electrolytes electrochemical cell using chemical reaction's current electromotive force made electromagnetic radiation type wave IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com through vacuums IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comwell IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.commaterial skmclasses.weebly.comclassified IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com self-propagating wave electromagnetism fields IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electric charge skmclasses.weebly.comelectric properties IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com change way IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com particles move skmclasses.weebly.com interact electromotive force device IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gains energy IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comelectric charges pass through electron - subatomic particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com net charge IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com negative electron shells - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com orbital around atom's nucleus fixed number electrons usually two eight electric charge measured property (coulombs) IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com determine electromagnetic interaction element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com defined IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic number energy - system's abilityIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com do work enthalpy - measure total energy thermodynamic system (usually symbolized IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comH entropy - amount energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com available skmclasses.weebly.com work closed thermodynamic system usually symbolized IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com S enzyme - protein IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com speeds up catalyses reaction Empirical Formula - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com called simplest formula gives simplest whole -number ratio atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element present compound eppendorf tube - generalized skmclasses.weebly.comtrademarked term skmclasses.weebly.com type tube; see microcentrifuge freezing - phase transitionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solid Faraday constant unit electrical charge widelyIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrochemistry skmclasses.weebly.comequalIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ~ 96,500 coulombs represents 1 mol electrons, Avogadro number electrons: 6.022 × 1023 electrons. F = 96 485.339 9(24) C/mol Faraday's law electrolysis two part law IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Michael Faraday published about electrolysis mass substance altered at IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrode during electrolysis directly proportionalIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com quantity electricity transferred at IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrode mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com elemental material altered at IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrode directly proportionalIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element's equivalent weight frequency number cyclesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unit time. Unit: 1 hertz = 1 cycleIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 1 second galvanic cell battery made up electrochemical IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two different metals connected salt bridge gas particles container IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com no definite shape volume geochemistry - chemistry skmclasses.weebly.comchemical composition Earth Gibbs energy - value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com indicates spontaneity reaction usually symbolized G Cavalier India, Kalyan Nagar halogens Group 7 Periodic Table skmclasses.weebly.comare non-metals heat energy transferredIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one systemIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com another thermal interaction jodium – Latin name halogen element iodine Joule SI I.M.S. Learning Resources Pvt. Ltd., Jaya Nagar 4th Block unit energy, defined IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com newton-meter indicator special compound addedIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com changes color depending on acidity solution; different indicators Giraffe Coaching, Cunningham Road different colors effective pH ranges inorganic compound - compounds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com contain carbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exceptions main article inorganic chemistry part chemistry concerned IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com inorganic compounds International Union Pure skmclasses.weebly.comApplied Chemistry IUPAC insulator material IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com resists flow electric current ion molecule gained lost one IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron ionic bond electrostatic attractionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oppositely charged ions ionization breaking up compound skmclassesseparate ions Kinetics sub-field chemistry specializing reaction rates Kinetic energy energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com object IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com motion lanthanides Elements 57 through 71 lattice Unique arrangement atoms molecules crystalline liquid solid Laws thermodynamics liquid state matter IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com shape container light Portion electromagnetic spectrum IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com visibleIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com naked eye. IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com called "visible light London dispersion forces weak intermolecular force Law Motion object motion stay motion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com object rest stays rest unless IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unbalanced force acts molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one key components within chemistry Metal Chemical element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com good conductor both electricity skmclasses.weebly.comheat skmclasses.weebly.comforms cations skmclasses.weebly.comionic bonds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com non-metals melting phase changeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid metalloid substance possessing both properties metals skmclasses.weebly.comnon-metals methylene blue heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecular formula C16H18N3SCl microcentrifuge plastic container IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com store small amounts liquid mole - abbreviated mol measurement IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com amount substance single mole contains approximately 6.022×1023 units entities mole water contains 6.022×1023 H2O molecules molecule chemically I Beacons Academy, Jaya Nagar 4th Block bonded number atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrically neutral molecular orbital region mIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron found molecule opposed atom neat Alchemy India Services Pvt. Ltd. Residency Road conditions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid reagent gas performed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com no added solvent cosolvent neutron neutral unit subatomic particle Institute Engineering Studies, Malleswaram net charge neutrino particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com travel speeds close speed light skmclasses.weebly.comare created IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com result radioactive decay Brainstorm Consulting Pvt. Ltd., Jaya Nagar 4th Block nucleus centre Ace Creative Learning, Basavanagudi Anegundi Coaching Academy, Malleswaram atom made neutrons skmclasses.weebly.comprotons, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com net positive charge noble gases group 18 elements, those whose outer electron shell filled non-metal Career Launcher, Jaya Nagar 3rd Block element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com metallic nuclear pertainingIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic Gate Indian Institute Tutorials J.P. Nagar 2nd Phase nucleus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exploits magnetic properties certain nuclei, useful skmclasses.weebly.comidentifying unknown compounds number density measure concentration countable objects atoms molecules space; number volume orbital may referIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com either IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic orbital molecular orbital organic compound compounds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com contain carbon organic chemistry part chemistry concerned IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com organic compounds pH measure acidity basicity solution plasma state matter similar gas certain portion particlesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ionized other metal metallic elements p-block characterized having combination relatively low melting points less 950 K) skmclasses.weebly.comrelatively high electronegativity values IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 1.6 revised Pauling potential energy stored body system due position force field due toIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com configuration precipitate formation solid solution inside another solid during chemical reaction diffusion solid precision close results multiple experimental trials IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accuracy photon carrier electromagnetic radiation wavelength IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comgamma rays skmclasses.weebly.comradio waves proton positive unit subatomic particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive charge protonation addition proton (H+) atom, molecule ion Quantum mechanics study how atoms, molecules, subatomic particles behave Career Edge India, Hosur Road structured quarks - elementary Eduplot Learning Solutions in Malleswaram particle skmclasses.weebly.com fundamental constituent matter quanta minimum amount bundle energy radiation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com waves subatomic particles IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com high energyIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com low energy states radioactive decay - process unstable atomic nucleus losing energy emitting radiation Raoult's law reactivity series reagent s-block elements - Group 1 skmclasses.weebly.com2 elements (alkali skmclasses.weebly.comalkaline metals), IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com includes Hydrogen skmclasses.weebly.comHelium salts - ionic compounds composed anions skmclasses.weebly.comcations salt bridge - devicesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com connection reduction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidation half-cells IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrochemical cell saline solution - general term skmclasses.weebly.comNaCl water Schrödinger equation - quantum state equation IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com represents behaviour GoodIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Excellence, BTM 1st Stage election around IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom semiconductor IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrically conductive solid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com conductor insulator single bond - sharing one pair electrons sol suspension solid particles liquid Artificial examples include sol-gels solid - one states matter, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com moleculesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com packed close together,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com resistance movement/deformation skmclasses.weebly.comvolume change Young's solute part solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixed skmclassessolvent Gate Indian Institute Tutorials in J.P. Nagar 2nd Phase NaCl saline water solution homogeneous mixture made up multiple substances. solutes skmclasses.weebly.comsolvents solvent part solution dissolves solute H2O saline water spectroscopy study radiation skmclasses.weebly.commatter, such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com X-ray absorption skmclasses.weebly.comemission spectroscopy speed light speed anything IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com zero rest mass (Energyrest = mc² IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com m mass skmclasses.weebly.comc speed G.C. Rao Academy in Bull Temple Road light Standard conditions skmclasses.weebly.com temperature skmclasses.weebly.compressure SATP standardisationIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com order compare experimental results (25 °C skmclasses.weebly.com 100.000 kPa state matter matter having homogeneous, macroscopic phase; gas, plasma Ria Institute Technology in Marathahalli liquid solidIITJEE SKM Classes.weebly.com well known increasing concentration sublimation - phase transitionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com limewater fuel gas subatomic particles - particles IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com smaller atom; examplesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com protons neutrons skmclasses.weebly.comelectrons substance - material IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com definite chemical composition Phase diagram showing triple skmclasses.weebly.comcritical points substance talc mineral representing one on Mohs Scale skmclasses.weebly.comcomposed hydrated magnesium silicate IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 temperature - average energy microscopic motions particles theoretical yield yield theory model describing nature phenomenon thermal conductivity property material Communication skmclasses.weebly.com Careers R.M.V. Extn. 2nd Stage conduct heat (often noted IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com k thermochemistry study absorption release heat within chemical reaction thermodynamics study effects changing temperature, volume pressure work, heat, skmclasses.weebly.com energy on macroscopic scale I-Bas Consulting Pvt. Ltd., Ulsoor thermodynamic stability IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com system IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com lowest energy state IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com environment equilibrium thermometer device measures average energy system titration - process titrating one solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com another Cavalier India, Kalyan Nagar called volumetric analysis torr unit measure pressure (1 Torr equivalentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 133.322 Pa 1.3158×10-3 atm transition metal elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com incomplete d sub-shells IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com may referredIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com d-block elements transuranic element - element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic number greater 92; none transuranic elementsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com stable triple bond - sharing three pairs electrons within covalent bond example N2 triple point temperature skmclasses.weebly.compressure three phasesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com Water special National IAS Academy, Raja Rajeshwari Nagar phase diagram Tyndall effect effect light scattering colloidal mixture IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one substance dispersed evenly through another suspended particles UN number four digit codeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com note hazardous skmclasses.weebly.com flammable substances uncertainty characteristic IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measurement IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com involves estimation any amount cannot be exactly reproducible Uncertainty principle knowing Shaping Lives Education Pvt. Ltd., Rajaji Nagar location particle makes momentum uncertain knowing momentum particle makes location uncertain unit cell smallest repeating unit lattice unit factor statements Manhattan Review, Jaya Nagar convertingIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com units universal ideal gas constant proportionality constant ideal gas law (0.08206 L·atm/(K·mol)) valence electron outermost electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com located electron shells Valence bond theory theory explaining chemical bonding within molecules discussing valencies number chemical bonds formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom van der Waals force - one forces (attraction/repulsion)IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules van 't Hoff factor - ratio moles particles solutionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com moles solute dissolved vapor IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substance below critical temperature gas phase vapour pressure - pressure vapour over liquid at equilibrium vaporization phase changeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gas viscosity - resistance liquidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com flow (oil) volt one joule workIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com coulomb unit electrical potential transferred voltmeter - instrument IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measures cell potential volumetric analysis Endeavor, Jaya Nagar 5th Block titration water - H2O - chemical substance, major part cells skmclasses.weebly.com Earth, skmclasses.weebly.com covalently bonded wave function function describing electron's position three-dimensional space worknamount force over distance skmclasses.weebly.com terms joules energy X-ray ionizing, electromagnetic radiation gamma skmclasses.weebly.comUV rays X-ray diffraction - method skmclasses.weebly.com establishing structures crystalline solids using singe wavelength X-rays skmclasses.weebly.com looking diffraction pattern X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectroscopic technique IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measure composition material yield amount product produced during chemical reaction zone melting way remove impuritiesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element melting skmclasses.weebly.com slowly travel IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ingot (cast) Zwitterion chemical compound whose net charge zero skmclasses.weebly.comhence electrically neutral IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive skmclasses.weebly.com negative charges due formal charge, owing partial charges IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com constituent atoms acetals acylation addition aggregation alcohols aldehydes aldol reaction alkaloids alkanes alkenation alkene complexes alkenes alkyl halides alkylation alkyne complexes alkynes allenes allylation allyl complexes aluminum amides amination amines amino acids amino alcohols amino aldehydes annulation annulenes antibiotics antifungal agents antisense agents antitumor agents antiviral agents arene complexes arenes arylation arynes asymmetric catalysis asymmetric synthesis atropisomerism autocatalysis azapeptides azasugars azides azo compounds barium benzylation betaines biaryls bicyclic compounds biomimetic synthesis bioorganic biosynthesis boron bromine calixarenes carbanions carbene complexes carbenes carbenoids carbocation carbocycles carbohydrates carbonyl complexes carbonylation carboxylic acids catalysis catenanes cations cavitands chelates chemoselectivity chiral auxiliaries chiral pool chiral resolution chirality chromium chromophores cleavage clusters combinatorial complexes condensation conjugation copper coupling cross-coupling crown compounds cryptands cuprates cyanines cyanohydrins cyclization cycloaddition cyclodextrines cyclopentadienes cyclophanes dehydrogenation dendrimers deoxygenation desulfurization diastereoselectivity diazo compounds diene complexes Diels-Alder reaction dihydroxylation dimerization diols dioxiranes DNA domino reaction drugs electrocyclic reactions electron transfer electrophilic addition electrophilic aromatic substitution elimination enantiomeric resolution enantioselectivity ene reaction enols enones enynes enzymes epoxidation epoxides esterification esters ethers fluorine free radicals fullerenes furans fused-ring systems gas-phase reaction genomics glycolipids glycopeptides glycosidases glycosides glycosylation green chemistry Grignard reaction halides halogenation halogens Heck reaction helical structures heterocycles heterogeneous catalysis Jain International Residential School Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk Bangalore high-throughput JSS Public School, HSR Layout No 4/A, 14th Main, 6th Sector HSR Layout, Bangalore screening HIV homogeneous catalysis host-guest systems hydrazones hydrides hydroboration hydrocarbons hydroformylation hydrogen transfer hydrogenation Freedom International School C A # 33, Sector IV HSR Layout, Bangalore hydrolysis hydrosilylation hydrostannation hyperconjugation imides imines indium indoles induction inhibitors insertion iodine ionic liquids iridium iron isomerization The Brigade International School , Brigade Millenium JP Nagar Brigade Millenium, JP Nagar Bangalore ketones kinetic resolution lactams lactones lanthanides Lewis acids ligands lipids lithiation lithium macrocycles magnesium manganese Mannich bases medicinal chemistry metalation metallacycles metallocenes metathesis Michael addition Mitsunobu reaction molecular recognition molybdenum multicomponent reaction nanostructures natural products neighboring-group effects nickel nitriles nitrogen nucleobases nucleophiles nucleophilic addition nucleophilic National Centre For Excellence 154/1, “Victorian Enclave”, 5th Main, Malleshpalya, Bangalore aromatic substitution nucleosides nucleotides olefination oligomerization oligonucleotides oligosaccharides organometallic reagents osmium oxidation oxygen oxygenations ozonolysis palladacycles palladium peptides pericyclic reaction peroxides phase-transfer catalysis phenols pheromones phosphates phosphorus phosphorylation Adugodi Aga Abbas Ali Road Agaram Agrahara Dasara Halli Agrahara Dasarahalli Airport Exit Road Airport Main Road Airport Road Akkipet Ali Askar Road Alur Venkatarao Road Amarjyothi Layout Amruth Nagar Amrutha Halli Ananda Nagar Anandrao Circle Anche Palya Ane Palya Anekal Anjana Nagar Anubhava Nagar APMC Yard Arabic College Arakere Arcot Sreenivasachar Street Ashok Nagar Ashwath Nagar Attibele Attiguppe Austin Town Avala Halli Avenue Road B. Narayanapura Babusahib Palya Bagalagunte Bagalur Balaji Nagar Balepet Banashankari Banashankari 1st Stage Banashankari 2nd Stage Banashankari 3rd Stage Banaswadi Banaswadi Ring Road Bangalore G.P.O Bannerghatta Bannerghatta Road Bapuji Nagar Basappa Circle Basava Nagar Basavanagudi Basaveshwara Nagar Basaveshwara Nagar 2nd Stage Basaveshwara Nagar 3rd Block Basaveshwara Nagar 3rd Stage Basaveshwara Road Bazaar Street Begur BEL Road Bellandur Bellandur Outer Ring Road Bellary Road BEML Layout Benagana Halli Bendre Nagar Benson Town Bharati Nagar Bhattara Halli Bhoopasandra Bhuvaneshwari Nagar Bidadi Bileka Halli Bilekahalli Binny Mill Road Bismillah Nagar Bommana Halli Bommanahalli Kendriya Vidyalaya Malleswaram 18th Cross Malleswaram Bangalore Bommasandra Bommasandra Industrial Area Brigade Road Brindavan Nagar Brookefield Brunton Road BTM 1st Stage BTM 2nd Stage Bull Temple Road Palace Orchards/Sadashivnagar area located north city centre IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com property prices higher brackets possibly IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com up-market residential area in Bangalore M.G. Road/Brigade Road M.G. Road skmclasses.weebly.comBrigade Road main commercial areas Bangalore. Residential areas nearbyIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Brunton Road Rest House Road, St. Mark's Road skmclasses.weebly.comLavelle Road Airport Road/Indiranagar eastern suburb, Indiranagar is easily accessible IITJEE city centre skmclasses.weebly.com Airport Koramangala Located south Indiranagar, Koramangala quite favourite IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IT professionals Despite 7 kmsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com city centre, property values Ulsoor scenic man-made lake Ulsoor seen a spurt building activity last few years.IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com proximityIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com M.G Road jacked up property prices here Jayanagar/J.P. Nagar/Banashankari proximity areas Electronic City main reason skmclasses.weebly.comtheir growth recent past Jayanagar largest colonies Asia skmclasses.weebly.comthese areas popular areas Bangalore. Jayanagara originally namedIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Sri Jayachamarajendra wodeyar last king Mysore. Later Sri Kumaran Children's Home Survey No 44 – 50, Mallasandra Village Uttarahalli Hobli, Off Kanakapura Main Road, Bangalore skmclasseslocality namedIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com current DD kendra is situated known IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com JC Nagar or Jayachamarajendra Nagar Delhi Public School, North Campus Survey No. 35/A, Sathanur Village Jala Hobli, Bangalore Jayanagar IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com literally Victory City Jayanagar IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com traditionally regarded IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com southern end Bangalore South End Circle ", wherein six roadsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different areas meet skmclasses.weebly.com historic Ashoka Pillar mark southern end city bear this fact. newer extensions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com taken away this distinctionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Jayanagar still remains one IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com southern parts city Malleshwaram Basavanagudi Malleshwaram north Bangalore, Basavanagudi south IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com areas oldest Bangalore skmclasses.weebly.com residents IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com original inhabitants City. Malleswaram PSBB Learning Leadership Academy
# 52, Sahasra Deepika Road, Laxmipura Village, Off Bannerghatta Main Road Bangalore located actually north-west Bangalore derives IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com name IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com famous Kaadu Malleshwara temple 8th Cross in Malleshwaram, skmclasses.weebly.comGandhibazar/ DVG Road in Basavanagudi IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com popular areas in Bangalore skmclasses.weebly.comshopping during festival times. Malleswaram been homeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com several important personalities skmclasses.weebly.cominstitutions. Bangalore's own Nobel laureate, C.V. Raman, late Veena Doreswamy Iyengar skmclasses.weebly.com M.Chinnaswamy cricket stadium is named, academician M.P.L. Sastry, poet G.P. Rajaratnam skmclasses.weebly.com Dewan Seshadri Iyer institutions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Canara Union club Konkani-speaking people in 1930 IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com this day hosts a variety cultural activities Malleswaram Association, hub area's sporting activity since 1929 skmclasses.weebly.com Chowdaiah Memorial hosting great names music skmclasses.weebly.comtheatre. AccordingIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com recent figures available IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Bangalore Development Authority BDA Malleswaram's net population density is 521 personsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hectare, Bangalore City Corporation standard is 352IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hectare Sadhashivnagar Sadashivanagar arguably IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com elite skmclasses.weebly.comexpensive neighborhood in Bangalore India fashionable among politicians, movie starsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com millionaires afford homes "Beverly Hills Bangalore," having IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com address in Sadashivanagar connotes high level prestige success fame Vijayanagar derivesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com nameIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Vijayanagara empire IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com flourished in south India during 15th skmclasses.weebly.com16th centuries.Vijayanag ar East is popularly known IITJEE base skmclasses.weebly.com RPC Layout (Railway Parallel Colony Layout), since this layout is along railway track. IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com recently renamed Hampi Nagar Hampi capital Vijayanagar Empire Vijayanagar houses a large Public Library, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com is one largest in Karnataka Halasuru Halasuru formerly known IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Ulsoor oldest neighbourhoods Indian city Bangalore predominant Tamil speaking population renowned skmclasses.weebly.com numerous temples skmclasses.weebly.comrather narrow streets skmclassesprominant areas CityIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Sanjay Nagar skmclasses.weebly.com RT Nagar, Hebbal, Vyalikaval, Yeshwanthpur, Sriramapura, Rajajinagar, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Chickpet, Chamarajpet, V V Puram, Mavalli, Hanumanthanagar, Padmanabhanagar Hosakerehalli Sarakki, BTM Layout, Domlur, Gandhinagar, Vasanthanagar, Vivek Nagar, Cox Town, Frazer Town Benson Town Bangalore Roads Many roads Bangalore had European names South Parade Road, Albert Victor Road, Hardinge Road, Grant Road several roads Bangalore derived Delhi Public School Sarjapur, Bangalore East Survey No.43/1B & 45, Sulikunte Village, Dommasandra Post, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com military nomenclature Mahatma Gandhi Road MG Raod called IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com South Parade Roadskmclasses.weebly.com nomenclature Independence Edify School Electronic City
105, 34th Main, 23rd Cross, Sector-A, Surya Nagar Phase-2, Anekal-Chandapura Main Road, Electronic City Chamarajpet First Main Road named Albert Victor Road 1889 future King Edward VII Englskmclasses.weebly.com renamed Alur Venkatarao Road,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com well-known Kannada writer skmclasses.weebly.comprotagonist unification National Public School, Koramangala National Games Village Koramangala, Bangalore Kannada-speaking areas andlater shortened IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com A.V. Road. Avenue road earlier known Doddapete Infantry Road became Bhagavan Mahaveer Road 2004 Chamarajendra Park Jyothi Kendriya Vidyalaya Yelachenahalli, Kanakapura Road Bangalore IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Cubbon Park IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Sir Mark Cubbon British Commissioner Mysore mid-19th century. Fraser Town, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com named Sir Stuart Fraser scholar tutor Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV Pulakeshinagar. Hardinge Road old name Pampa Mahakavi Road. sometime, Cunningham Road crowded bazaar being called Sampangi Ramaswamy Temple Road Race Course Road became Devraj Urs Road National Public School, Rajajinagar 1036-A, Purandarapura, V Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore skmclasses.weebly.comGrant Road became Vittal Mallya Road IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two Vittal Mallya Roads skmclasses bund Sampangi Tank Kanteerava Stadium Gear Innovative International School GEAR Road, Doddakannelli, Off Sarjapur Road & Outer Ring Road, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com built MacIver Town Shantala Nagar Assayee Road Meanee Road those names commemoration wars fought Madras New Horizon Gurukul Ring Road Marathalli, Behind New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore , Bangalore IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Sappers, BGS National Public School Ramalingeshwara Cave Temple Hulimavu, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Presidency School (Bangalore - East) CA Site 7P1A, 2nd A Main, 3rd A cross, East of NGEF Layout, Kasturinagar, Bangalore British Army against Marathas first decade 19th century Basavanagudi, meaning temple Basava skmclasses.weebly.com big bull situated area reason behind naming area Basavanagudi extension skmclassesformed around 1900. Gandhi Bazar, earlier known merely Angadi Beedhi School Of India Anekal Road, Bannerghatta, Bangalore skmclasses formed Kumarapark came skmclasses existence 1947, year Indian Independence, whereas Jayanagar skmclasses.weebly.comRajajinagarIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com thought year later 1948 skmclasses.weebly.com orchards Bangalore Palace skmclasses developed housing colony skmclasses.weebly.comnamed Sadashivanagar 1960,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Orchids The International School Jalahalli, Nagarbavi, Mysore Road, Sarjapur Road, BTM, Bangalore well-known freedom fighter Dakshina Kannada Karnad Sadashiva Rao BVK Iyengar Road Byappana Halli Byatarayanapura Byrasandra C.V Raman Nagar Cambridge Layout Cambridge Road Cantonment Carmelaram Castle Street Central Street Chamarajapet Shanthi Theatre South End Circle INOX Shree Garuda Swagath Mall, 4th Floor, Tilak Nagar Main Road INOX Bangalore Central-2, 5th Floor, 45th Cross Maheshwari Theater Bannerghatta Main Road Gopalan Cinemas Gopalan Innovation Mall, JP Nagar 3rd Phase Chandapura Chandra Layout Global Academy For Learning Sri Chowdeshwari Farm, Near Global Village IT Park, National Public School, HSR Layout P2/32, Sector 4, HSR Layout Bangalore Pattanagere Main Road, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bangalore Chickpet Chikkabanavara Chikkadugodi Chikkallasandra Chikkamavalli Cholara Palya Chowdeshwari Temple Street Chunchagatta Church Street Clevelskmclasses.weebly.com Town CMH Road Coles Park Commercial Street Commissariat Road Cooke Town Corporation Circle Cottonpet Cox Town Crescent Road Cubbon Park Cubbon Road Cubbonpet Cunningham Road Dairy Circle Dasara Halli Dasarahalli Devaiah Park Devana Halli Devanahalli Devara Chikkana Halli Devara Jeevana Halli Devasandra Dharmaram College Dickenson Road Dispensary Road Dodda Banaswadi Dodda Bommasandra Dodda Kallasandra Dodda Kanna Hally Dodda Mavalli Doddaballapur Road Doddaballapura Doddana Kundi Dollars Colony Domlur Domlur 2nd Stage Domlur Ring Road Dooravani Nagar Dr. Ambedkar Veedhi Dr. DVG Road Delhi Public School, South 11 K.M., kanakapura Road Konanakunte Post, Bangalore Dr. Raj Kumar Road Dr. TCM Royan Road Ejipura Electronic City Field Marshal Cariappa Road Frazer Town Ganapathi Nagar Gandhi Bazaar Gandhi Nagar Ganga Nagar Gangadhar Chetty Road Ganigarpet Garvebhavi Palya Gavipuram Extension Gayathri Nagar Geddala Halli Geddalahalli Giri Nagar Giri Nagar 1st Phase Giri Nagar 2nd Phase GM Palya Gokula Golf Course Road Gorgunte Palya Govindaraj Nagar Green Park Extension, Guddada Halli Gundopanth Street National Public School, Indiranagar 12 A Main HAL II Stage, Bangalore H.Siddaiah Road Haines Road HAL HAL 2nd Stage HAL 3rd Stage HAL Airport Road Hampi Nagar Hanumantha Nagar Hayes Road HBR Layout Hebbal Kempapura Hebbal Ring Road Hegde Nagar Heggana Halli Hennur Hesaraghatta HKP Road HMT Layout Hongasandra Hoody Horamavu Hosakere Halli photochemistry photooxidation piperidines polyanions polycations polycycles polymers Porphyrins prostaglandins protecting groups Entrance Coaching IIT Entrance Coaching CLAT Entrance Coaching AICEE Coaching TANCET Entrance Coaching PMT Entrance Coaching Language Classes Spoken English Classes Spoken Hindi Classes Foreign Languages Coaching Spoken Kannada Classes Spoken Gujarati Classes Competitive Exams Coaching KMAT Coaching Online CAT Coaching GATE Coaching IBPS Coaching RRB Coaching Civil Services Coaching UGC Net Coaching SSB & NDA Coaching UPSC Coaching IAS Coaching TNPSC Coaching Accounts & Finance CA Training PHP & MySQL Training Spring Training Web Designing Training Administration Training VMWare Training ITIL Training SharePoint Training SAN Training Linux Administration Training Database Training Data Warehousing Training Database Testing Training HADOOP Training Oracle DBA Training SQL Server Training Programming Languages Java & J2EE Training C C++ Training Perl Programming Training Python Programming Training Shell Scripting Training Mobile Development Training Android Development Training iPhone Development Training Mobile Application Testing Training Mobile Gaming Training Mobile Application Development Training Oakridge International School Oakridge International School, Sarjapur Road, , Bangalore School of India, Bannerghatta, Bangalore Delhi Public School DPS North Campus, Yelahanka, Bangalore Jain International Residential School (JIRS), Jakkasandra Post, Bangalore Delhi Public School (DPS East), Sarjapur, Bangalore TREAMIS World School, Electronics City, Bangalore South Delhi Public School (South), Kanakapura Road, Bangalore The Deen’s Academy, Whitefield, Bangalore National Public School (NPS), Koramangala, Bangalore Royale Concorde International School, Kalyan Nagar, Bangalore Freedom International School, HSR Layout, Bangalore Air Force School Army Public School Bangalore Military School BGS International School Cambridge Public School Delhi Public School Deva Matha Central School Jain International Residential School Kendriya Vidyalaya A M C School A.S.C Public School Amara Jyothi Public School Anand Shiksha Kendra ICSE Syllabus ACTS Secondary School B Mona High School Baldwin Boys High School Baldwin Girls High School Bishop Cotton Boys School Bishop Cotton Girls School Brigade School Candor International School Cambridge Public School Cathedral High School Chinmaya Vidyalay Christ Academy Ekya School Gnan Srishti School of Excellence Gopalan National School India International School IIS Lawrence School-ICSE New Horizon Public School Notre Dame Academy Paradise Residential School Patel Public School Podar International School Prakriya Green Wisdom School Primus School Ryan International School Sishu Griha St. Francis De Sales (SFS) High School Sherwood High Sri Kumaran Childrens Home St Francis School St Johns High School St Thomas Public School St. Patricks Academy St. Peters School Vibgyor High CBSE Syllabus AECS Magnolia Maaruti Public School Amaatra Academy Amrita Vidyalayam BGS-NPS School Brigade School BRS Global Centre for Excellence Capitol Public School CMR National Public School Delhi Public School East, South, North Edify School EuroSchool Freedom International School Geethanjali Montessori Geethanjali Vidhyalaya Gitanjali International School GISB Greengrove International School @ Gomathy Global School Harvest International School JSS Public School Kendriya Vidyalaya KV Manipal Tattva School Mirambika School for New Age NITTE International School National Centre for Excellence NCFE National Public School New Horizon Gurukul NHG Oakridge International School Presidency School PSBB LLA Padma Seshadri Bal Bhavan Radcliffe School Ravindra Bharathi Global School Sadhguru Sainath International School SSI Sri Kumaran Childrens Home Sunrise International Residential School Sujaya School The Samhita Academy Vagdevi Vilas School Venkat International Public School VIPS Vyasa International School Zee School IGCSE Syllabus Asia Pacific World School Krupanidhi Cambridge International School Candor International School Ekya School Gitanjali International GISB Greengrove International School @ Gomathy Global School Gopalan International School Harvest International School India International School (IIS) Oakridge International School Primus School Shibumi Trio World School International Baccalaureate IB Candor International School Oakridge International School (IB-PYP) State Board Amaatra Academy Lawrence School-State Board Paradise Residential School Primus School St. Francis De Sales (SFS) High School Sri Kumaran Childrens Home St Francis School Vagdevi Vilas School Special Schools Sri Rakum School for the blind Mirambika School for New Age Sri Aurobindo Shibumi (J. Krishnamurthi Aurinko Academy Chetana Kini Institute Samarthanam Residential School XSeed Schools Mirambika School New Age Sri Aurobindo Mother Teresa Public School curriculum Chrysalis High List of Schools Achievers International Academy ACTS Secondary School Amaatra Academy Amar Jyothi School Amrita Vidyalayam Army Public School Asia Pacific World School Aurinko Academy B Mona High School Baldwin Boys High School Baldwin Girls High School Bangalore International School Bangalore School Bethany High Bethany Junior School BGS-NPS School Bishop Cotton Boys School Bishop Cotton Girls School Brigade School British International School BRS Global Centre for Excellence BVM Global Cambridge Public School Candor International School Capitol Public School Cathedral High School Chinmaya Vidyalaya Christ Academy Chrysalis High CMR National Public School Delhi Public School Deva Matha Central School Edify School Ekya School EuroSchool Freedom International School Gear School Geethanjali Montessori Geethanjali Vidhyalaya Gitanjali International (GISB) Global Indian International School Gnan Srishti School Gomathy Global School Gopalan School Green County Public School Greengrove International School Greenwood High Harvest International School India International School Innisfree House School JSS Public School Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV) Lawrence School-ICSE Lawrence School-State Magnolia Maaruti Public School Manipal Tattva School Mirambika School for New Age Mother Teresa Public School National Centre for Excellence National Hill View Public School National Public School New Horizon Gurukul New Horizon Public School Nitte International School Notre Dame Academy Oakridge International School Oxford Public School Parachute Regiment School Paradise Residential School Patel Public School Podar International School Prakriya Green Wisdom School Presidency School Primus School PSBB LLA Radcliffe School Ravindra Bharathi Global School Ryan International School Sadhguru Sainath International School Samarthanam Residential School SFS High School Sherwood High Shibumi Silver Oaks Sishu Griha Sri Chaitanya Techno School Sri Kumaran Childrens Home Sri Rakum School for the blind St Francis School St Johns High School St Mira School St Thomas Public School St. Patrick's Academy St. Peters School Sujaya School Sunrise International Residential School The Samhita Academy Trio World School Vagdevi Vilas School Venkat International Public School Vibgyor High Vidyaniketan School Vyasa International School Whitefield Global School Xseed Pre-School Zee School
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IIT, JEE,IITJEE, Solutions, India, IPhO, APhO, IMO, RMO, INMO, through, lectures, problems, numericals, Zookeeper, Subhashish, Chattopadhyay, Projectile, Latent, Heat Thermodynamics std 11 12 ISc Calculus BE BTech Differentiation Integration Mechanics Surface Tension Viscosity Accelerating Frame velocity wedge mass pulley Moment Inertia Roorkey Joint Entrance Exam CET AIEEE Irodov HCV Verma South Bangalore Intermediate Algebra Trigonometry Sexy Free Coaching study material preparation Olympiad Friction sin Modelling cos Potential tan cot Gravitation Electrostatics sec Field cosec Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola inverse string Tuition Kinetic Theory Gases Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric Processes Root Mean Square Differential Equation Specific Cp Cv PV Diagram Bending Stress Strain Geostationary Satellite Entropy Coefficient Linear Expansion Alpha Beta Gamma Pendulum Conductivity Latent ice water Hydrometer Glass tube series Parallel travelling standing wave Sound Radiation stefan Boltzmann law Newton cooling cylinder Harmonic Overtone Resonance Sonometer Kunds Beat Frequency vibration tuning Fork Swimmer Young Bulk Modulus welded chamber not similar dissimilar MIT Caltech Yale pipe Magnetic Tesla Lenz LvB Vijaya Bank Enclave Apartments Bannerghatta Road Behind IIM Jayanagar J-P-Nagar Buoyant Buoyancy Rho efflux Bernoullis rare Poiseuilles Torricellis critical Terminal Reynolds Poise coalescing Laplace Ventury Hoop orifice Siphon Foucault stretched compression ball scale constant length shear poisson Ratio clock loosing time tvanausdal1 vkiledj Density Partial Pressure Humidity Leak SmartlearnwebTV Space Puncture Photon RC RLC LR Circuit Electrical Capacitor Inductance Linked Flux Wheatstone Bridge Freelanceteach Troutons Rule Van Arkel Method Overview Metallurgy Roasting Calcination Froth Floatation Purification Projected Area PET Kerala MPPET Delta Star conversion Internal Resistance Battery Trick Questions Infinite Ladder Quadratic Cubic Quartic Quintic Orissa NSEP ckt eqn mesh Folding Lenzs J&K Karnataka RMS instantaneous BCECE Maharastra MHCET RPET stepup stepdown transformer Bilekahalli UPSEAT shunt galvanometer susceptibility oscillating magnetometer pole strength Bihar Rajasthan Uttarpradesh Punjab Hariana TN Tamilnadu Andhra WB west Bengal Vacuum Diode Triode Rectifier Truth Table Thermionic emission, Radioactivity, Half, Life, Langmiur, Child Law FCC BCC Cube Optics Lens Mirror Focus Focal Concave Convex Lux Phot Lumen Double slit Complex Integral coordinate Geometry compounds, Biochemistry, Plastic, Organic Chemistry Physical Analytical Inorganic Metallurgy, Biotechnology, Polymer Science, Rubber Technology, Geology, Pharma, Veterinary Science,Food Technology, Cryogenics, Ceramics acid species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com proton donor activation energy minimum energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction breaking bonds addition polymer very long molecular chain formed repeated addition reactions many unsaturated alkene molecules monomers addition polymerisation process unsaturated alkene molecules monomers add growing polymer chain one timeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com long saturated molecular chain addition polymer addition reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactant added IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com an unsaturated molecule saturated molecule adsorption process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com occurs gas, liquid solute held surface solid rarely liquid alicyclic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms joined together ring structure aliphatic hydrocarbon hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms joined together straight branched chains alkali type base IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dissolves water forming hydroxide ions OH (aq) ions alkanes homologous series IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com general formula C alkyl group alkane IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hydrogen atom removed CH alkyl groups IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com ‘R’ amount substance quantity whose unit mole Chemists amount substance IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com IITJEE counting atoms anhydrous substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com contains water molecules anion negatively charged ion atom economy atomic orbital region within atom hold two electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com opposite spins atomic (proton number number protons nucleus atom 100 products masses molecular sum product desired mass molecular economy atom Chemistry average bond enthalpy average enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com place IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaking homolytic fission 1 molIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com type bond molecules gaseous species Avogadro constant,isotope number atoms mole carbon base species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com proton acceptor biodegradable material substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com broken IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com naturally environment living organisms Boltzmann distribution distribution energies molecules particular temperature IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com graph bond enthalpy enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaking homolytic fission 1 mol bond molecules gaseous species carbanion organic ion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atom hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com negative charge carbocation organic ion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atom hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com positive charge catalyst substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increases rate chemical reaction process cation positively charged ion cis trans isomerism special type isomerism IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com non hydrogen group skmclasses.weebly.com hydrogen atom C C=C double bond cis isomer ( Z isomer) IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com H atoms on IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon same side trans isomer E isomer H atoms carbon different bond compound substance formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemically bonded elements fixed ratio, usually chemical formula concentration amount solute mol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 1 dm 3 1000 cm solution coordinate bond shared pair electrons provided one bonding atoms called dative covalent bond covalent bond bond formed shared pair electrons cracking breaking long chained saturated hydrocarbonsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixture shorter chained alkanesalkenes curly arrow symbol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction mechanisms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com show movement electron Coaching ICWA Coaching CFA Coaching CFP Coaching CMAT Coaching School Tuitions CBSE School Tuitions Home Tuitions 9th STD Tuitions PUC Coaching 10th Std Tuitions College Tuitions Maths Tuitions Engineering Tuitions Accounts & Finance Tuitions MBA & BBA Coaching Microbiology & Biotech Tuitions Study Abroad GRE & SAT Coaching GMAT Coaching IELTS/TOEFL Coaching PTE Coaching proteins protonation pyridines pyrroles quinones quinolines radical reaction radicals rearrangement receptors reduction regioselectivity retro reaction rhodium ring closure ring contraction ring expansion ring opening ruthenium samarium scandium Schiff bases selenium self-assembly silicon sodium solid-phase synthesis solvent effects spectroscopy sphingolipids spiro compounds stereoselective synthesis stereoselectivity steric hindrance steroids Stille reaction substituent effects sulfates sulfonamides sulfones sulfoxides sulfur supported catalysis supramolecular tandem reaction tautomerism terpenoids thioacetals thiols tin titanium total synthesis transesterification transition metals transition states tungsten Umpolung vinylidene complexes vitamins Wacker reaction Wittig reaction ylides zeolites zinc BRST Quantization Effective field theories Field Theories Higher Dimensions Field Theories Lower Dimensions Large Extra Dimensions Lattice Quantum Field Theory Nonperturbative Effects Renormalization Group Renormalization Regularization skmclasses.weebly.com Renormalons Sigma Models Solitons Monopoles skmclasses.weebly.comInstantons Supersymmetric gauge theory Topological Field Theories 1/N Expansion Anyons Chern-Simons Theories Confinement Duality Gauge Field Theories Lattice Gauge Field Theories Scattering Amplitudes Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Strong Coupling Expansion Topological States Matter Wilson 't Hooft skmclasses.weebly.comPolyakov loops Anomalies Field skmclasses.weebly.comString Theories BRST Symmetry Conformal skmclasses.weebly.com W Symmetry Discrete skmclasses.weebly.comFinite Symmetries Gauge Symmetry Global Symmetries Higher Spin Symmetry Space-Time Symmetries AdS-CFT Correspondence Black Holes String Theory Bosonic Strings Brane Dynamics Gauge Theories Conformal Field Models String Theory D-branes dS vacua string theory F-Theory Flux compactifications Gauge-gravity correspondence Holography skmclasses.weebly.comcondensed matter physics (AdS CMT) Holography skmclasses.weebly.comquark-gluon plasmas Intersecting branes models Long strings M(atrix) Theories M-Theory p-branes Penrose limit skmclasses.weebly.compp-wave background String Duality String Field Theory String theory skmclasses.weebly.comcosmic string Superstring Vacua Superstrings skmclasses.weebly.comHeterotic Strings Tachyon Condensation Topological Strings 2D Gravity Black Holes Classical Theories Gravity Higher Spin Gravity Lattice Models Gravity Models Quantum Gravity Spacetime Singularities Extended Supersymmetry Supergravity Models Superspaces Supersymmetric Effective Theories Supersymmetry skmclasses.weebly.com Duality Supersymmetry Breaking Differential skmclasses.weebly.comAlgebraic Geometry Integrable Hierarchies Non-Commutative Geometry Quantum Groups Statistical Methods Stochastic Processes Cosmology Theories beyond SM Solar skmclasses.weebly.comAtmospheric Neutrinos Thermal Field Theory Be Ansatz Boundary Quantum Field Theory Exact S-Matrix Quantum Dissipative Systems Random Systems B-Physics Beyond Standard Model Compactification skmclasses.weebly.comString Models CP violation Electromagnetic Processes skmclasses.weebly.com Properties GUT Heavy Quark Higgs Kaon LEP HERA skmclasses.weebly.comSLC Neutrino Physics Quark Masses skmclasses.weebly.comSM Parameters Rare Decays Standard Model Supersymmetric Standard Model Technicolor skmclasses.weebly.comComposite Models Chiral Lagrangians Deep Inelastic Scattering Higher Twist Effects Lattice QCD Parton Model Phase Diagram QCD Phenomenological Models QCD Quark-Gluon Plasma Resummation Sum Rules Aim Global Education Koramangala Computer Networking Training Cloud Computing Training JBOSS Training Juniper Certification Training L2 & L3 Protocol Training MCTS Training Engineering design Training CAD & CAM Training MATLAB Training PLC Training SCADA Training VLSI Design Multimedia & Design Training 2D Animation Training 3D Animation Training 4D Animation Training CorelDRAW Training VFX Training Web Technologies Training ASP.Net Training JQuery pair breaking formation covalent bond dative covalent shared pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com been provided one bonding atoms only IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com called coordinate bond dehydration elimination reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com water removed saturated molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unsaturated molecule delocalised Electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com shared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two atoms displacement reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactive element displaces less reactive element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com aqueous solution latter’s ions displayed formula showing relative positioning atoms molecule skmclasses.weebly.com bonds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com disproportionation oxidation skmclasses.weebly.com reduction element redox reaction dynamic equilibrium equilibrium IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exists closed system IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com rate forward reaction equal IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com rate reverse reaction E/Z isomerism type stereoisomerism IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different groups attached IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon C=C double bond arranged differently space restricted rotation C=C bond electron configuration arrangement electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom electronegativity measure attraction bonded atom skmclasses.weebly.com pair electrons covalent bond electron shielding repulsion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrons different inner shells Shielding reduces net attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive nucleus outer shell electrons electrophile atom group atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com attracted IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron rich centre atom IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts pair electrons covalent bond electrophilic addition type addition reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrophile attracted electron rich centre atom accepts pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com new covalent bond elimination reaction removal molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com saturated molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unsaturated molecule empirical formula simplest whole number ratio atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element present compound endothermic reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products greater enthalpy reactants resulting heat being taken surroundings enthalpy heat content IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com stored chemical system standard enthalpy change combustion enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole substance reacts completely IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxygen under standard conditions reactants skmclasses.weebly.com products being IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states (standard) enthalpy change formation enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole compound formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com constituent elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states under standard conditions (standard) enthalpy change reaction enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accompanies reaction molar quantities expressed chemical equation under standard conditions reactants skmclasses.weebly.com products being IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com standard states enthalpy cycle diagram showing alternative routes IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reactants products IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com allows indirect determination IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com other known enthalpy changes using Hess’ law enthalpy profile diagram skmclasses.weebly.com reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com compare enthalpy reactants IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products esterification reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com alcohol IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carboxylic acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com produce ester skmclasses.weebly.com water exothermic reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com enthalpy products smaller enthalpy reactants, resulting heat loss IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com surroundings fractional distillation separation components liquid mixture skmclassesfractions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com differ boiling point skmclasses.weebly.com hence chemical composition IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com distillation typically using fractionating column fragmentation process mass spectrometry IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com causes positive ion split skmclasses pieces one positive fragment ion functional group part organic molecule responsible skmclasses.weebly.com chemical reactions general formula simplest algebraic formula member homologous series. skmclasses.weebly.com example general formula alkanes giant covalent lattice dimensional structure atoms, bonded together strong covalent bonds giant ionic lattice three dimensional structure oppositely charged ions, bonded together strong ionic bonds giant metallic lattice three dimensional structure positive ions skmclasses.weebly.com delocalised electrons, bonded together strong metallic bonds greenhouse effect process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com absorption subsequent emission infrared radiation atmospheric gases warms lower atmosphere planet’s surface group vertical column Periodic Table Elements group IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com similar chemical properties skmclasses.weebly.com atoms skmclasses.weebly.comnumber outer shell electrons Hess law reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one route skmclasses.weebly.com initial final conditions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com total enthalpy change skmclasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com route heterogeneous catalysis reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com catalyst IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com different physical state reactants; frequently, reactants IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gases whilst catalyst solid heterolytic fission breaking covalent bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com both bonded electrons going IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one atoms, forming cation (+ ion) skmclasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com anion ion homogeneous catalysis reaction catalyst skmclasses.weebly.com reactants physical state, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com frequently aqueous gaseous state homologous series series organic compounds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com functional group, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com successive member differing homolytic fission breaking covalent bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one bonded electrons going IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom, forming two radicals hydrated Crystalline skmclasses.weebly.com containing water molecules hydrocarbon compound hydrogen skmclasses.weebly.com carbon hydrogen bond strong dipole attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron deficient hydrogen atom (O H on different molecule hydrolysis reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com water aqueous hydroxide ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com breaks chemical compound skmclasses two compounds initiation first step radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com free radicals generated ultraviolet radiation intermolecular force attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com neighbouring molecules Intermolecular forces van der Waals’ forces induced dipole ces permanent dipole forces hydrogen bonds ion positively negatively charge atom covalently bonded group atoms molecular ion ionic bonding electrostatic attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oppositely charged ions first) ionisation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions second) ionisation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions successive ionisation measure energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com remove IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron Chemistry energy second ionisation energy energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one electron IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ion one mole gaseous 1+ ions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one mole gaseous 2+ ions isotopes Atoms skmclasses.weebly.com element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different numbers neutrons different masses le Chatelier’s principle system dynamic equilibrium subjected change position equilibrium will shift minimise change limiting reagent substance chemical reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com runs out first lone pair outer shell pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com involved chemical bonding mass nucleon number particles protons aneutrons) nucleus mechanism sequence steps showing path taken electrons reaction metallic bond electrostatic attraction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive metal ions adelocalised electrons molar mass substance units molar mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molar volume IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mole gas. units molar volume IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dm room temperature skmclasses.weebly.com pressure molar volume approximately 24.0 substance containing IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com many particles thereIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com carbon atoms exactly 12 g carbon isotope molecular formula number atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element molecule molecular ion M positive ion formed mass spectrometry IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecule loses electron molecule small group atoms held together covalent bonds monomer small molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com combines IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com monomers polymer nomenclature system naming compounds nucleophile atom group atoms attracted electron deficient centre atom donates pair electrons covalent bond nucleophilic substitution type substitution reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com nucleophile attracted electron deficient centre atom, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates pair electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com new covalent bond oxidation Loss electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increase oxidation number oxidation number measure number electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom uses bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atoms another element. Oxidation numbers IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com derive d rules oxidising agent reagent IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidises (takes electrons from) another species percentage yield period horizontal row elements Periodic Table Elements show trends properties across period periodicity regular periodic variation properties elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic number position Periodic Table permanent dipole small charge difference across bond resulting IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com difference electronegativities bonded atoms permanent dipole dipole force attractive force IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com permanent dipoles neighbouring polar molecules pi bond (p bond reactive part double bond formed above skmclasses.weebly.com below plane bonded atoms sideways overlap p orbitalspolar covalent bond bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com permanent dipole polar molecule molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com overall dipole skmclasses account dipoles across bonds polymer long molecular chain built monomer units precipitation reaction formation solid solution during chemical reaction Precipitates IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two aqueous solutions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixed together principal quantum number n number representing relative overall energy orbital IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com increases distance nucleus sets orbitals IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com value IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com electron shells energy levels propagation two repeated radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com build up products chain reaction radical species unpaired electron rate reaction change concentration reactant product redox reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reduction skmclasses.weebly.com oxidation take IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reducing agent reagent IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reduces (adds electron to) species reduction Gain electrons decrease oxidation number yield actual amount mol product theoretical amount mol product Chemistry reflux continual boiling skmclasses.weebly.com condensing reaction mixture ensure IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com without contents flask boiling dry relative atomic mass weighted mean mass atom element compared one twelfth mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom carbon relative formula mass weighted mean mass formula unit compared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one twelfth mass atom carbon relative isotopic mass mass atom isotope compared IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one twelfth mass atom carbon relative molecular mass weighted mean mass molecule compared twelfth mass atom carbon 12 repeat unit specific arrangement atom s IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com occurs structure over over again. Repeat units IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com included brackets outside IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com symbol n Salt chemical compound formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com H+ ion acid IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com been replaced metal ion another positive ion such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com ammonium ion, NH saturated hydrocarbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com single bonds only shell group atomic orbitals IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com principal quantum number known main energy level simple molecular lattice three dimensional structure molecules, bonded together weak intermolecular forces skeletal formula simplified organic formula, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hydrogen atoms removed alkyl chains, leaving carbon skeleton skmclasses.weebly.com associated functional groups species particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com part chemical reaction specific heat capacity, c energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com raise temperature 1 g substance 1 C spectator ions Ions present part chemical reaction standard conditions pressure 100 kPa 1 atmosphere stated temperature usually 298 K (25 °C), skmclasses.weebly.com concentration 1 mol dm reactions aqueous solutions standard enthalpies enthalpystandard solution solution known concentration Standard solutions normally IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com titrations IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com determine unknown information another substance Chemistry standard state physical state substance under standard conditions 100 kPa 1 atmosphere) skmclasses.weebly.com 298 K 25 C stereoisomers Compounds skmclasses.weebly.com structural formula IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different arrangement atoms space stoichiometry molar relationship IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com relative quantities substances part reaction stratosphere second layer Earth’s atmosphere, containing ‘ozone layer’, about 10 km IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 50 km above Earth’s surface structural formula formula showing minimal detail skmclasses.weebly.com arrangement atoms molecule structural isomers Molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com molecular formula different structural arrangements atoms subshell group skmclasses.weebly.com type atomic orbitals s, p, d f within shell substitution reaction reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom group atoms replaced different atom group atoms termination step end radical substitution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two radicals combine IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecule thermal decomposition breaking chemical substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com heat skmclasses least two chemical substances troposphere lowest layer Earth’s atmosphere extending Earth’s surface about 7 km (above poles) about 20 km above tropics unsaturated hydrocarbon hydrocarbon containing carbon carbon multiple bonds van der Waals’ forces Very weak attractive forces IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com induced dipoles neighbouring molecules volatility ease IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid turns skmclasses gas Volatility increases boiling point decreases water crystallisation Water molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com essential part crystalline structure absolute zero - theoretical condition concerning system at zero Kelvin IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com system does IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com emit absorb energy (all atoms rest accuracy - how close value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com actual true value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com see precision acid compound that, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dissolved water pH less 7.0 compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates hydrogen ion acid anhydride compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two acyl groups boundIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com single oxygen atom acid dissociation constant - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com equilibrium constant skmclasses.weebly.com dissociation weak acid actinides - fifteen chemical elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com actinium (89) skmclasses.weebly.com lawrencium (103 activated complex - structure IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com forms because collisionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules new bondsvIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com formed activation energy - minimum energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com must be inputIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemical system activity series actual yield addition reaction - within organic chemistry, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules combineIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com larger aeration mixing air skmclasses liquid solid alkali metals metals Group 1 on periodic table alkaline earth metals - metals Group 2 on periodic table allomer substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hIITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comdifferent composition another skmclasses.weebly.comcrystalline structure allotropy elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different structures skmclasses.weebly.com therefore different forms IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Carbon diamonds, graphite, skmclasses.weebly.com fullerene anion negatively charge ions anode - positive side dry cell battery cell aromaticity - chemical property conjugated rings IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com results unusual stability. See IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com benzene atom - chemical element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com smallest form, skmclasses.weebly.com made up neutrons skmclasses.weebly.comprotons within nucleus skmclasses.weebly.comelectrons circling nucleus atomic mass unit atomic number number representing IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com corresponds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com number protons within nucleus atomic orbital region IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron atom may be found atomic radius average atomic mass Avogadro's law Avogadro's number number particles mole substance ( 6.02x10^23 ) barometer deviceIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measure pressure atmosphere base substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts proton skmclasses.weebly.com high pH; common example sodium hydroxide (NaOH biochemistry chemistry organisms boiling phase transition liquid vaporizing boiling point temperature IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substance startsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com boil boiling-point elevation process IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com boiling point elevated adding substance bond - attraction skmclasses.weebly.com repulsion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atoms skmclasses.weebly.com molecules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com cornerstone Boyle's law Brønsted-Lowrey acid chemical species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com donates proton Brønsted–Lowry acid–base reaction Brønsted-Lowrey base - chemical species IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accepts proton buffered solution - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com aqueous solution consisting weak acid skmclasses.weebly.comits conjugate base weak base skmclasses.weebly.comits conjugate acid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com resists changes pH IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com strong acids basesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com added burette (IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com buret glasswareIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com dispense specific amounts liquid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com precision necessary titration skmclasses.weebly.com resource dependent reactions example combustion catalyst chemical compoundIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com change rate IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com speed up slow down reaction,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com regenerated at end reaction cation - positively charged ion centrifuge equipmentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com separate substances based on density rotating tubes around centred axis cell potential force galvanic cell IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com pulls electron through reducing agentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidizing agent chemical Law certain rules IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com pertain IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com laws nature skmclasses.weebly.comchemistry - examples chemical reaction - change one IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substances skmclassesanother multiple substances colloid mixture evenly dispersed substances such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comm milks combustion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exothermic reaction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidant skmclasses.weebly.comfuel IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com heat skmclasses.weebly.comoften light compound - substance IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com made up two IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemically bonded elements condensation phase changeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gasIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid conductor material IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com allows electric flow IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com freely covalent bond - chemical bond IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com involves sharing electrons crystal solid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com packed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ions, molecules atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com orderly fashion cuvette glasswareIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com spectroscopic experiments. usually made plastic glass quartz skmclasses.weebly.comshould be IITJEE possible deionization removal ions, skmclasses.weebly.com water's case mineral ions such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comsodium, iron skmclasses.weebly.comcalcium deliquescence substances IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com absorb water IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atmosphereIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid solutions deposition - settling particles within solution mixture dipole electric magnetic separation charge dipole moment - polarity polar covalent bond dissolution solvation - spread ions monosacharide double bond sharing two pairs electradodes Microcentrifuge Eppendorf tube IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Coomassie Blue solution earth metal - see alkaline earth metal electrolyte solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com conducts certain amount current skmclasses.weebly.com split categorically IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com weak skmclasses.weebly.comstrong electrolytes electrochemical cell using chemical reaction's current electromotive force made electromagnetic radiation type wave IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com through vacuums IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comwell IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.commaterial skmclasses.weebly.comclassified IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com self-propagating wave electromagnetism fields IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electric charge skmclasses.weebly.comelectric properties IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com change way IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com particles move skmclasses.weebly.com interact electromotive force device IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gains energy IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comelectric charges pass through electron - subatomic particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com net charge IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com negative electron shells - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com orbital around atom's nucleus fixed number electrons usually two eight electric charge measured property (coulombs) IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com determine electromagnetic interaction element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com defined IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic number energy - system's abilityIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com do work enthalpy - measure total energy thermodynamic system (usually symbolized IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comH entropy - amount energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com available skmclasses.weebly.com work closed thermodynamic system usually symbolized IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com S enzyme - protein IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com speeds up catalyses reaction Empirical Formula - IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com called simplest formula gives simplest whole -number ratio atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element present compound eppendorf tube - generalized skmclasses.weebly.comtrademarked term skmclasses.weebly.com type tube; see microcentrifuge freezing - phase transitionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solid Faraday constant unit electrical charge widelyIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrochemistry skmclasses.weebly.comequalIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ~ 96,500 coulombs represents 1 mol electrons, Avogadro number electrons: 6.022 × 1023 electrons. F = 96 485.339 9(24) C/mol Faraday's law electrolysis two part law IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Michael Faraday published about electrolysis mass substance altered at IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrode during electrolysis directly proportionalIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com quantity electricity transferred at IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrode mass IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com elemental material altered at IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrode directly proportionalIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element's equivalent weight frequency number cyclesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unit time. Unit: 1 hertz = 1 cycleIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 1 second galvanic cell battery made up electrochemical IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two different metals connected salt bridge gas particles container IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com no definite shape volume geochemistry - chemistry skmclasses.weebly.comchemical composition Earth Gibbs energy - value IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com indicates spontaneity reaction usually symbolized G Cavalier India, Kalyan Nagar halogens Group 7 Periodic Table skmclasses.weebly.comare non-metals heat energy transferredIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one systemIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com another thermal interaction jodium – Latin name halogen element iodine Joule SI I.M.S. Learning Resources Pvt. Ltd., Jaya Nagar 4th Block unit energy, defined IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com newton-meter indicator special compound addedIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com changes color depending on acidity solution; different indicators Giraffe Coaching, Cunningham Road different colors effective pH ranges inorganic compound - compounds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com contain carbon IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exceptions main article inorganic chemistry part chemistry concerned IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com inorganic compounds International Union Pure skmclasses.weebly.comApplied Chemistry IUPAC insulator material IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com resists flow electric current ion molecule gained lost one IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron ionic bond electrostatic attractionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oppositely charged ions ionization breaking up compound skmclassesseparate ions Kinetics sub-field chemistry specializing reaction rates Kinetic energy energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com object IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com motion lanthanides Elements 57 through 71 lattice Unique arrangement atoms molecules crystalline liquid solid Laws thermodynamics liquid state matter IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com shape container light Portion electromagnetic spectrum IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com visibleIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com naked eye. IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com called "visible light London dispersion forces weak intermolecular force Law Motion object motion stay motion IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com object rest stays rest unless IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com unbalanced force acts molecule IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one key components within chemistry Metal Chemical element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com good conductor both electricity skmclasses.weebly.comheat skmclasses.weebly.comforms cations skmclasses.weebly.comionic bonds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com non-metals melting phase changeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid metalloid substance possessing both properties metals skmclasses.weebly.comnon-metals methylene blue heterocyclic aromatic chemical compound IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecular formula C16H18N3SCl microcentrifuge plastic container IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com store small amounts liquid mole - abbreviated mol measurement IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com amount substance single mole contains approximately 6.022×1023 units entities mole water contains 6.022×1023 H2O molecules molecule chemically I Beacons Academy, Jaya Nagar 4th Block bonded number atoms IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrically neutral molecular orbital region mIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electron found molecule opposed atom neat Alchemy India Services Pvt. Ltd. Residency Road conditions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquid reagent gas performed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com no added solvent cosolvent neutron neutral unit subatomic particle Institute Engineering Studies, Malleswaram net charge neutrino particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com travel speeds close speed light skmclasses.weebly.comare created IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com result radioactive decay Brainstorm Consulting Pvt. Ltd., Jaya Nagar 4th Block nucleus centre Ace Creative Learning, Basavanagudi Anegundi Coaching Academy, Malleswaram atom made neutrons skmclasses.weebly.comprotons, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com net positive charge noble gases group 18 elements, those whose outer electron shell filled non-metal Career Launcher, Jaya Nagar 3rd Block element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com metallic nuclear pertainingIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic Gate Indian Institute Tutorials J.P. Nagar 2nd Phase nucleus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com exploits magnetic properties certain nuclei, useful skmclasses.weebly.comidentifying unknown compounds number density measure concentration countable objects atoms molecules space; number volume orbital may referIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com either IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic orbital molecular orbital organic compound compounds IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com contain carbon organic chemistry part chemistry concerned IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com organic compounds pH measure acidity basicity solution plasma state matter similar gas certain portion particlesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ionized other metal metallic elements p-block characterized having combination relatively low melting points less 950 K) skmclasses.weebly.comrelatively high electronegativity values IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 1.6 revised Pauling potential energy stored body system due position force field due toIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com configuration precipitate formation solid solution inside another solid during chemical reaction diffusion solid precision close results multiple experimental trials IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com accuracy photon carrier electromagnetic radiation wavelength IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.comgamma rays skmclasses.weebly.comradio waves proton positive unit subatomic particle IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive charge protonation addition proton (H+) atom, molecule ion Quantum mechanics study how atoms, molecules, subatomic particles behave Career Edge India, Hosur Road structured quarks - elementary Eduplot Learning Solutions in Malleswaram particle skmclasses.weebly.com fundamental constituent matter quanta minimum amount bundle energy radiation energy IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com waves subatomic particles IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com change IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com high energyIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com low energy states radioactive decay - process unstable atomic nucleus losing energy emitting radiation Raoult's law reactivity series reagent s-block elements - Group 1 skmclasses.weebly.com2 elements (alkali skmclasses.weebly.comalkaline metals), IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com includes Hydrogen skmclasses.weebly.comHelium salts - ionic compounds composed anions skmclasses.weebly.comcations salt bridge - devicesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com connection reduction IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com oxidation half-cells IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrochemical cell saline solution - general term skmclasses.weebly.comNaCl water Schrödinger equation - quantum state equation IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com represents behaviour GoodIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Excellence, BTM 1st Stage election around IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom semiconductor IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com electrically conductive solid IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com conductor insulator single bond - sharing one pair electrons sol suspension solid particles liquid Artificial examples include sol-gels solid - one states matter, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com moleculesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com packed close together,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com resistance movement/deformation skmclasses.weebly.comvolume change Young's solute part solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com mixed skmclassessolvent Gate Indian Institute Tutorials in J.P. Nagar 2nd Phase NaCl saline water solution homogeneous mixture made up multiple substances. solutes skmclasses.weebly.comsolvents solvent part solution dissolves solute H2O saline water spectroscopy study radiation skmclasses.weebly.commatter, such IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com X-ray absorption skmclasses.weebly.comemission spectroscopy speed light speed anything IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com zero rest mass (Energyrest = mc² IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com m mass skmclasses.weebly.comc speed G.C. Rao Academy in Bull Temple Road light Standard conditions skmclasses.weebly.com temperature skmclasses.weebly.compressure SATP standardisationIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com order compare experimental results (25 °C skmclasses.weebly.com 100.000 kPa state matter matter having homogeneous, macroscopic phase; gas, plasma Ria Institute Technology in Marathahalli liquid solidIITJEE SKM Classes.weebly.com well known increasing concentration sublimation - phase transitionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com solidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com limewater fuel gas subatomic particles - particles IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com smaller atom; examplesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com protons neutrons skmclasses.weebly.comelectrons substance - material IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com definite chemical composition Phase diagram showing triple skmclasses.weebly.comcritical points substance talc mineral representing one on Mohs Scale skmclasses.weebly.comcomposed hydrated magnesium silicate IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com chemical formula H2Mg3(SiO3)4 Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 temperature - average energy microscopic motions particles theoretical yield yield theory model describing nature phenomenon thermal conductivity property material Communication skmclasses.weebly.com Careers R.M.V. Extn. 2nd Stage conduct heat (often noted IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com k thermochemistry study absorption release heat within chemical reaction thermodynamics study effects changing temperature, volume pressure work, heat, skmclasses.weebly.com energy on macroscopic scale I-Bas Consulting Pvt. Ltd., Ulsoor thermodynamic stability IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com system IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com lowest energy state IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com environment equilibrium thermometer device measures average energy system titration - process titrating one solution IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com another Cavalier India, Kalyan Nagar called volumetric analysis torr unit measure pressure (1 Torr equivalentIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com 133.322 Pa 1.3158×10-3 atm transition metal elements IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com incomplete d sub-shells IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com may referredIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com d-block elements transuranic element - element IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atomic number greater 92; none transuranic elementsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com stable triple bond - sharing three pairs electrons within covalent bond example N2 triple point temperature skmclasses.weebly.compressure three phasesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com skmclasses.weebly.com Water special National IAS Academy, Raja Rajeshwari Nagar phase diagram Tyndall effect effect light scattering colloidal mixture IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com one substance dispersed evenly through another suspended particles UN number four digit codeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com note hazardous skmclasses.weebly.com flammable substances uncertainty characteristic IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measurement IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com involves estimation any amount cannot be exactly reproducible Uncertainty principle knowing Shaping Lives Education Pvt. Ltd., Rajaji Nagar location particle makes momentum uncertain knowing momentum particle makes location uncertain unit cell smallest repeating unit lattice unit factor statements Manhattan Review, Jaya Nagar convertingIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com units universal ideal gas constant proportionality constant ideal gas law (0.08206 L·atm/(K·mol)) valence electron outermost electrons IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com located electron shells Valence bond theory theory explaining chemical bonding within molecules discussing valencies number chemical bonds formed IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com atom van der Waals force - one forces (attraction/repulsion)IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com molecules van 't Hoff factor - ratio moles particles solutionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com moles solute dissolved vapor IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com substance below critical temperature gas phase vapour pressure - pressure vapour over liquid at equilibrium vaporization phase changeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com liquidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com gas viscosity - resistance liquidIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com flow (oil) volt one joule workIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com coulomb unit electrical potential transferred voltmeter - instrument IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measures cell potential volumetric analysis Endeavor, Jaya Nagar 5th Block titration water - H2O - chemical substance, major part cells skmclasses.weebly.com Earth, skmclasses.weebly.com covalently bonded wave function function describing electron's position three-dimensional space worknamount force over distance skmclasses.weebly.com terms joules energy X-ray ionizing, electromagnetic radiation gamma skmclasses.weebly.comUV rays X-ray diffraction - method skmclasses.weebly.com establishing structures crystalline solids using singe wavelength X-rays skmclasses.weebly.com looking diffraction pattern X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectroscopic technique IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com measure composition material yield amount product produced during chemical reaction zone melting way remove impuritiesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com element melting skmclasses.weebly.com slowly travel IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com ingot (cast) Zwitterion chemical compound whose net charge zero skmclasses.weebly.comhence electrically neutral IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com positive skmclasses.weebly.com negative charges due formal charge, owing partial charges IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com constituent atoms acetals acylation addition aggregation alcohols aldehydes aldol reaction alkaloids alkanes alkenation alkene complexes alkenes alkyl halides alkylation alkyne complexes alkynes allenes allylation allyl complexes aluminum amides amination amines amino acids amino alcohols amino aldehydes annulation annulenes antibiotics antifungal agents antisense agents antitumor agents antiviral agents arene complexes arenes arylation arynes asymmetric catalysis asymmetric synthesis atropisomerism autocatalysis azapeptides azasugars azides azo compounds barium benzylation betaines biaryls bicyclic compounds biomimetic synthesis bioorganic biosynthesis boron bromine calixarenes carbanions carbene complexes carbenes carbenoids carbocation carbocycles carbohydrates carbonyl complexes carbonylation carboxylic acids catalysis catenanes cations cavitands chelates chemoselectivity chiral auxiliaries chiral pool chiral resolution chirality chromium chromophores cleavage clusters combinatorial complexes condensation conjugation copper coupling cross-coupling crown compounds cryptands cuprates cyanines cyanohydrins cyclization cycloaddition cyclodextrines cyclopentadienes cyclophanes dehydrogenation dendrimers deoxygenation desulfurization diastereoselectivity diazo compounds diene complexes Diels-Alder reaction dihydroxylation dimerization diols dioxiranes DNA domino reaction drugs electrocyclic reactions electron transfer electrophilic addition electrophilic aromatic substitution elimination enantiomeric resolution enantioselectivity ene reaction enols enones enynes enzymes epoxidation epoxides esterification esters ethers fluorine free radicals fullerenes furans fused-ring systems gas-phase reaction genomics glycolipids glycopeptides glycosidases glycosides glycosylation green chemistry Grignard reaction halides halogenation halogens Heck reaction helical structures heterocycles heterogeneous catalysis Jain International Residential School Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk Bangalore high-throughput JSS Public School, HSR Layout No 4/A, 14th Main, 6th Sector HSR Layout, Bangalore screening HIV homogeneous catalysis host-guest systems hydrazones hydrides hydroboration hydrocarbons hydroformylation hydrogen transfer hydrogenation Freedom International School C A # 33, Sector IV HSR Layout, Bangalore hydrolysis hydrosilylation hydrostannation hyperconjugation imides imines indium indoles induction inhibitors insertion iodine ionic liquids iridium iron isomerization The Brigade International School , Brigade Millenium JP Nagar Brigade Millenium, JP Nagar Bangalore ketones kinetic resolution lactams lactones lanthanides Lewis acids ligands lipids lithiation lithium macrocycles magnesium manganese Mannich bases medicinal chemistry metalation metallacycles metallocenes metathesis Michael addition Mitsunobu reaction molecular recognition molybdenum multicomponent reaction nanostructures natural products neighboring-group effects nickel nitriles nitrogen nucleobases nucleophiles nucleophilic addition nucleophilic National Centre For Excellence 154/1, “Victorian Enclave”, 5th Main, Malleshpalya, Bangalore aromatic substitution nucleosides nucleotides olefination oligomerization oligonucleotides oligosaccharides organometallic reagents osmium oxidation oxygen oxygenations ozonolysis palladacycles palladium peptides pericyclic reaction peroxides phase-transfer catalysis phenols pheromones phosphates phosphorus phosphorylation Adugodi Aga Abbas Ali Road Agaram Agrahara Dasara Halli Agrahara Dasarahalli Airport Exit Road Airport Main Road Airport Road Akkipet Ali Askar Road Alur Venkatarao Road Amarjyothi Layout Amruth Nagar Amrutha Halli Ananda Nagar Anandrao Circle Anche Palya Ane Palya Anekal Anjana Nagar Anubhava Nagar APMC Yard Arabic College Arakere Arcot Sreenivasachar Street Ashok Nagar Ashwath Nagar Attibele Attiguppe Austin Town Avala Halli Avenue Road B. Narayanapura Babusahib Palya Bagalagunte Bagalur Balaji Nagar Balepet Banashankari Banashankari 1st Stage Banashankari 2nd Stage Banashankari 3rd Stage Banaswadi Banaswadi Ring Road Bangalore G.P.O Bannerghatta Bannerghatta Road Bapuji Nagar Basappa Circle Basava Nagar Basavanagudi Basaveshwara Nagar Basaveshwara Nagar 2nd Stage Basaveshwara Nagar 3rd Block Basaveshwara Nagar 3rd Stage Basaveshwara Road Bazaar Street Begur BEL Road Bellandur Bellandur Outer Ring Road Bellary Road BEML Layout Benagana Halli Bendre Nagar Benson Town Bharati Nagar Bhattara Halli Bhoopasandra Bhuvaneshwari Nagar Bidadi Bileka Halli Bilekahalli Binny Mill Road Bismillah Nagar Bommana Halli Bommanahalli Kendriya Vidyalaya Malleswaram 18th Cross Malleswaram Bangalore Bommasandra Bommasandra Industrial Area Brigade Road Brindavan Nagar Brookefield Brunton Road BTM 1st Stage BTM 2nd Stage Bull Temple Road Palace Orchards/Sadashivnagar area located north city centre IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com property prices higher brackets possibly IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com up-market residential area in Bangalore M.G. Road/Brigade Road M.G. Road skmclasses.weebly.comBrigade Road main commercial areas Bangalore. Residential areas nearbyIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Brunton Road Rest House Road, St. Mark's Road skmclasses.weebly.comLavelle Road Airport Road/Indiranagar eastern suburb, Indiranagar is easily accessible IITJEE city centre skmclasses.weebly.com Airport Koramangala Located south Indiranagar, Koramangala quite favourite IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com IT professionals Despite 7 kmsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com city centre, property values Ulsoor scenic man-made lake Ulsoor seen a spurt building activity last few years.IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com proximityIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com M.G Road jacked up property prices here Jayanagar/J.P. Nagar/Banashankari proximity areas Electronic City main reason skmclasses.weebly.comtheir growth recent past Jayanagar largest colonies Asia skmclasses.weebly.comthese areas popular areas Bangalore. Jayanagara originally namedIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Sri Jayachamarajendra wodeyar last king Mysore. Later Sri Kumaran Children's Home Survey No 44 – 50, Mallasandra Village Uttarahalli Hobli, Off Kanakapura Main Road, Bangalore skmclasseslocality namedIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com current DD kendra is situated known IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com JC Nagar or Jayachamarajendra Nagar Delhi Public School, North Campus Survey No. 35/A, Sathanur Village Jala Hobli, Bangalore Jayanagar IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com literally Victory City Jayanagar IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com traditionally regarded IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com southern end Bangalore South End Circle ", wherein six roadsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com different areas meet skmclasses.weebly.com historic Ashoka Pillar mark southern end city bear this fact. newer extensions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com taken away this distinctionIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Jayanagar still remains one IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com southern parts city Malleshwaram Basavanagudi Malleshwaram north Bangalore, Basavanagudi south IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com areas oldest Bangalore skmclasses.weebly.com residents IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com original inhabitants City. Malleswaram PSBB Learning Leadership Academy
# 52, Sahasra Deepika Road, Laxmipura Village, Off Bannerghatta Main Road Bangalore located actually north-west Bangalore derives IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com name IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com famous Kaadu Malleshwara temple 8th Cross in Malleshwaram, skmclasses.weebly.comGandhibazar/ DVG Road in Basavanagudi IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com popular areas in Bangalore skmclasses.weebly.comshopping during festival times. Malleswaram been homeIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com several important personalities skmclasses.weebly.cominstitutions. Bangalore's own Nobel laureate, C.V. Raman, late Veena Doreswamy Iyengar skmclasses.weebly.com M.Chinnaswamy cricket stadium is named, academician M.P.L. Sastry, poet G.P. Rajaratnam skmclasses.weebly.com Dewan Seshadri Iyer institutions IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Canara Union club Konkani-speaking people in 1930 IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.comIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com this day hosts a variety cultural activities Malleswaram Association, hub area's sporting activity since 1929 skmclasses.weebly.com Chowdaiah Memorial hosting great names music skmclasses.weebly.comtheatre. AccordingIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com recent figures available IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Bangalore Development Authority BDA Malleswaram's net population density is 521 personsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hectare, Bangalore City Corporation standard is 352IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com hectare Sadhashivnagar Sadashivanagar arguably IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com elite skmclasses.weebly.comexpensive neighborhood in Bangalore India fashionable among politicians, movie starsIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com millionaires afford homes "Beverly Hills Bangalore," having IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com address in Sadashivanagar connotes high level prestige success fame Vijayanagar derivesIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com nameIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Vijayanagara empire IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com flourished in south India during 15th skmclasses.weebly.com16th centuries.Vijayanag ar East is popularly known IITJEE base skmclasses.weebly.com RPC Layout (Railway Parallel Colony Layout), since this layout is along railway track. IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com recently renamed Hampi Nagar Hampi capital Vijayanagar Empire Vijayanagar houses a large Public Library, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com is one largest in Karnataka Halasuru Halasuru formerly known IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Ulsoor oldest neighbourhoods Indian city Bangalore predominant Tamil speaking population renowned skmclasses.weebly.com numerous temples skmclasses.weebly.comrather narrow streets skmclassesprominant areas CityIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Sanjay Nagar skmclasses.weebly.com RT Nagar, Hebbal, Vyalikaval, Yeshwanthpur, Sriramapura, Rajajinagar, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Chickpet, Chamarajpet, V V Puram, Mavalli, Hanumanthanagar, Padmanabhanagar Hosakerehalli Sarakki, BTM Layout, Domlur, Gandhinagar, Vasanthanagar, Vivek Nagar, Cox Town, Frazer Town Benson Town Bangalore Roads Many roads Bangalore had European names South Parade Road, Albert Victor Road, Hardinge Road, Grant Road several roads Bangalore derived Delhi Public School Sarjapur, Bangalore East Survey No.43/1B & 45, Sulikunte Village, Dommasandra Post, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com military nomenclature Mahatma Gandhi Road MG Raod called IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com South Parade Roadskmclasses.weebly.com nomenclature Independence Edify School Electronic City
105, 34th Main, 23rd Cross, Sector-A, Surya Nagar Phase-2, Anekal-Chandapura Main Road, Electronic City Chamarajpet First Main Road named Albert Victor Road 1889 future King Edward VII Englskmclasses.weebly.com renamed Alur Venkatarao Road,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com well-known Kannada writer skmclasses.weebly.comprotagonist unification National Public School, Koramangala National Games Village Koramangala, Bangalore Kannada-speaking areas andlater shortened IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com A.V. Road. Avenue road earlier known Doddapete Infantry Road became Bhagavan Mahaveer Road 2004 Chamarajendra Park Jyothi Kendriya Vidyalaya Yelachenahalli, Kanakapura Road Bangalore IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Cubbon Park IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Sir Mark Cubbon British Commissioner Mysore mid-19th century. Fraser Town, IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com named Sir Stuart Fraser scholar tutor Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV Pulakeshinagar. Hardinge Road old name Pampa Mahakavi Road. sometime, Cunningham Road crowded bazaar being called Sampangi Ramaswamy Temple Road Race Course Road became Devraj Urs Road National Public School, Rajajinagar 1036-A, Purandarapura, V Block, Rajajinagar, Bangalore skmclasses.weebly.comGrant Road became Vittal Mallya Road IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com two Vittal Mallya Roads skmclasses bund Sampangi Tank Kanteerava Stadium Gear Innovative International School GEAR Road, Doddakannelli, Off Sarjapur Road & Outer Ring Road, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com built MacIver Town Shantala Nagar Assayee Road Meanee Road those names commemoration wars fought Madras New Horizon Gurukul Ring Road Marathalli, Behind New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore , Bangalore IITJEE skmclasses.weebly.com Sappers, BGS National Public School Ramalingeshwara Cave Temple Hulimavu, Bangalore IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Presidency School (Bangalore - East) CA Site 7P1A, 2nd A Main, 3rd A cross, East of NGEF Layout, Kasturinagar, Bangalore British Army against Marathas first decade 19th century Basavanagudi, meaning temple Basava skmclasses.weebly.com big bull situated area reason behind naming area Basavanagudi extension skmclassesformed around 1900. Gandhi Bazar, earlier known merely Angadi Beedhi School Of India Anekal Road, Bannerghatta, Bangalore skmclasses formed Kumarapark came skmclasses existence 1947, year Indian Independence, whereas Jayanagar skmclasses.weebly.comRajajinagarIITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com thought year later 1948 skmclasses.weebly.com orchards Bangalore Palace skmclasses developed housing colony skmclasses.weebly.comnamed Sadashivanagar 1960,IITJEE SKMClasses.weebly.com Orchids The International School Jalahalli, Nagarbavi, Mysore Road, Sarjapur Road, BTM, Bangalore well-known freedom fighter Dakshina Kannada Karnad Sadashiva Rao BVK Iyengar Road Byappana Halli Byatarayanapura Byrasandra C.V Raman Nagar Cambridge Layout Cambridge Road Cantonment Carmelaram Castle Street Central Street Chamarajapet Shanthi Theatre South End Circle INOX Shree Garuda Swagath Mall, 4th Floor, Tilak Nagar Main Road INOX Bangalore Central-2, 5th Floor, 45th Cross Maheshwari Theater Bannerghatta Main Road Gopalan Cinemas Gopalan Innovation Mall, JP Nagar 3rd Phase Chandapura Chandra Layout Global Academy For Learning Sri Chowdeshwari Farm, Near Global Village IT Park, National Public School, HSR Layout P2/32, Sector 4, HSR Layout Bangalore Pattanagere Main Road, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bangalore Chickpet Chikkabanavara Chikkadugodi Chikkallasandra Chikkamavalli Cholara Palya Chowdeshwari Temple Street Chunchagatta Church Street Clevelskmclasses.weebly.com Town CMH Road Coles Park Commercial Street Commissariat Road Cooke Town Corporation Circle Cottonpet Cox Town Crescent Road Cubbon Park Cubbon Road Cubbonpet Cunningham Road Dairy Circle Dasara Halli Dasarahalli Devaiah Park Devana Halli Devanahalli Devara Chikkana Halli Devara Jeevana Halli Devasandra Dharmaram College Dickenson Road Dispensary Road Dodda Banaswadi Dodda Bommasandra Dodda Kallasandra Dodda Kanna Hally Dodda Mavalli Doddaballapur Road Doddaballapura Doddana Kundi Dollars Colony Domlur Domlur 2nd Stage Domlur Ring Road Dooravani Nagar Dr. Ambedkar Veedhi Dr. DVG Road Delhi Public School, South 11 K.M., kanakapura Road Konanakunte Post, Bangalore Dr. Raj Kumar Road Dr. TCM Royan Road Ejipura Electronic City Field Marshal Cariappa Road Frazer Town Ganapathi Nagar Gandhi Bazaar Gandhi Nagar Ganga Nagar Gangadhar Chetty Road Ganigarpet Garvebhavi Palya Gavipuram Extension Gayathri Nagar Geddala Halli Geddalahalli Giri Nagar Giri Nagar 1st Phase Giri Nagar 2nd Phase GM Palya Gokula Golf Course Road Gorgunte Palya Govindaraj Nagar Green Park Extension, Guddada Halli Gundopanth Street National Public School, Indiranagar 12 A Main HAL II Stage, Bangalore H.Siddaiah Road Haines Road HAL HAL 2nd Stage HAL 3rd Stage HAL Airport Road Hampi Nagar Hanumantha Nagar Hayes Road HBR Layout Hebbal Kempapura Hebbal Ring Road Hegde Nagar Heggana Halli Hennur Hesaraghatta HKP Road HMT Layout Hongasandra Hoody Horamavu Hosakere Halli photochemistry photooxidation piperidines polyanions polycations polycycles polymers Porphyrins prostaglandins protecting groups Entrance Coaching IIT Entrance Coaching CLAT Entrance Coaching AICEE Coaching TANCET Entrance Coaching PMT Entrance Coaching Language Classes Spoken English Classes Spoken Hindi Classes Foreign Languages Coaching Spoken Kannada Classes Spoken Gujarati Classes Competitive Exams Coaching KMAT Coaching Online CAT Coaching GATE Coaching IBPS Coaching RRB Coaching Civil Services Coaching UGC Net Coaching SSB & NDA Coaching UPSC Coaching IAS Coaching TNPSC Coaching Accounts & Finance CA Training PHP & MySQL Training Spring Training Web Designing Training Administration Training VMWare Training ITIL Training SharePoint Training SAN Training Linux Administration Training Database Training Data Warehousing Training Database Testing Training HADOOP Training Oracle DBA Training SQL Server Training Programming Languages Java & J2EE Training C C++ Training Perl Programming Training Python Programming Training Shell Scripting Training Mobile Development Training Android Development Training iPhone Development Training Mobile Application Testing Training Mobile Gaming Training Mobile Application Development Training Oakridge International School Oakridge International School, Sarjapur Road, , Bangalore School of India, Bannerghatta, Bangalore Delhi Public School DPS North Campus, Yelahanka, Bangalore Jain International Residential School (JIRS), Jakkasandra Post, Bangalore Delhi Public School (DPS East), Sarjapur, Bangalore TREAMIS World School, Electronics City, Bangalore South Delhi Public School (South), Kanakapura Road, Bangalore The Deen’s Academy, Whitefield, Bangalore National Public School (NPS), Koramangala, Bangalore Royale Concorde International School, Kalyan Nagar, Bangalore Freedom International School, HSR Layout, Bangalore Air Force School Army Public School Bangalore Military School BGS International School Cambridge Public School Delhi Public School Deva Matha Central School Jain International Residential School Kendriya Vidyalaya A M C School A.S.C Public School Amara Jyothi Public School Anand Shiksha Kendra ICSE Syllabus ACTS Secondary School B Mona High School Baldwin Boys High School Baldwin Girls High School Bishop Cotton Boys School Bishop Cotton Girls School Brigade School Candor International School Cambridge Public School Cathedral High School Chinmaya Vidyalay Christ Academy Ekya School Gnan Srishti School of Excellence Gopalan National School India International School IIS Lawrence School-ICSE New Horizon Public School Notre Dame Academy Paradise Residential School Patel Public School Podar International School Prakriya Green Wisdom School Primus School Ryan International School Sishu Griha St. Francis De Sales (SFS) High School Sherwood High Sri Kumaran Childrens Home St Francis School St Johns High School St Thomas Public School St. Patricks Academy St. Peters School Vibgyor High CBSE Syllabus AECS Magnolia Maaruti Public School Amaatra Academy Amrita Vidyalayam BGS-NPS School Brigade School BRS Global Centre for Excellence Capitol Public School CMR National Public School Delhi Public School East, South, North Edify School EuroSchool Freedom International School Geethanjali Montessori Geethanjali Vidhyalaya Gitanjali International School GISB Greengrove International School @ Gomathy Global School Harvest International School JSS Public School Kendriya Vidyalaya KV Manipal Tattva School Mirambika School for New Age NITTE International School National Centre for Excellence NCFE National Public School New Horizon Gurukul NHG Oakridge International School Presidency School PSBB LLA Padma Seshadri Bal Bhavan Radcliffe School Ravindra Bharathi Global School Sadhguru Sainath International School SSI Sri Kumaran Childrens Home Sunrise International Residential School Sujaya School The Samhita Academy Vagdevi Vilas School Venkat International Public School VIPS Vyasa International School Zee School IGCSE Syllabus Asia Pacific World School Krupanidhi Cambridge International School Candor International School Ekya School Gitanjali International GISB Greengrove International School @ Gomathy Global School Gopalan International School Harvest International School India International School (IIS) Oakridge International School Primus School Shibumi Trio World School International Baccalaureate IB Candor International School Oakridge International School (IB-PYP) State Board Amaatra Academy Lawrence School-State Board Paradise Residential School Primus School St. Francis De Sales (SFS) High School Sri Kumaran Childrens Home St Francis School Vagdevi Vilas School Special Schools Sri Rakum School for the blind Mirambika School for New Age Sri Aurobindo Shibumi (J. Krishnamurthi Aurinko Academy Chetana Kini Institute Samarthanam Residential School XSeed Schools Mirambika School New Age Sri Aurobindo Mother Teresa Public School curriculum Chrysalis High List of Schools Achievers International Academy ACTS Secondary School Amaatra Academy Amar Jyothi School Amrita Vidyalayam Army Public School Asia Pacific World School Aurinko Academy B Mona High School Baldwin Boys High School Baldwin Girls High School Bangalore International School Bangalore School Bethany High Bethany Junior School BGS-NPS School Bishop Cotton Boys School Bishop Cotton Girls School Brigade School British International School BRS Global Centre for Excellence BVM Global Cambridge Public School Candor International School Capitol Public School Cathedral High School Chinmaya Vidyalaya Christ Academy Chrysalis High CMR National Public School Delhi Public School Deva Matha Central School Edify School Ekya School EuroSchool Freedom International School Gear School Geethanjali Montessori Geethanjali Vidhyalaya Gitanjali International (GISB) Global Indian International School Gnan Srishti School Gomathy Global School Gopalan School Green County Public School Greengrove International School Greenwood High Harvest International School India International School Innisfree House School JSS Public School Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV) Lawrence School-ICSE Lawrence School-State Magnolia Maaruti Public School Manipal Tattva School Mirambika School for New Age Mother Teresa Public School National Centre for Excellence National Hill View Public School National Public School New Horizon Gurukul New Horizon Public School Nitte International School Notre Dame Academy Oakridge International School Oxford Public School Parachute Regiment School Paradise Residential School Patel Public School Podar International School Prakriya Green Wisdom School Presidency School Primus School PSBB LLA Radcliffe School Ravindra Bharathi Global School Ryan International School Sadhguru Sainath International School Samarthanam Residential School SFS High School Sherwood High Shibumi Silver Oaks Sishu Griha Sri Chaitanya Techno School Sri Kumaran Childrens Home Sri Rakum School for the blind St Francis School St Johns High School St Mira School St Thomas Public School St. Patrick's Academy St. Peters School Sujaya School Sunrise International Residential School The Samhita Academy Trio World School Vagdevi Vilas School Venkat International Public School Vibgyor High Vidyaniketan School Vyasa International School Whitefield Global School Xseed Pre-School Zee School